Conjunctions (connectors) are words (e.g. and, because, but) or expressions (e.g.
in order that,
either ..... or) that join words, ideas or sentences together.
1- Addition: and – besides – moreover – in addition to – furthermore – both… …… and – not
only ………but
also –too – as well (as) – either – neither – either ……… or – neither ……… nor – or –
a- And: (a) - This conjunction must join two or more items of the same grammatical class that is
a noun, an adjective and an adverb … etc. It is used to join words of the same function. When we
join two or more expressions we usually put and before the last express
b- Or, Either..... Or, Neither..... Nor : These conjunctions are used to show choice or
alternatives within sentences.
c- Either, Neither: We usually use these words when there is a choice, especially when two
things or people are involved.
2- Contrast: but – however – yet – although – though – even if – despite – in spite of – while –
whereas – unlike-
a- But: This conjunction is used to combine contrasting ideas or statements, that is to show that
they are opposite in meaning. Although: This word is used to join contrasting statements.
b- Besides, Moreover, Furthermore: These connectors are used to show an addition of ideas
related to the main statement.
3- Cause, Reason: because – as – since – because of – due to –
a- Because, Since, As: These words are used to show the reason for something and
often answer the question ‘Why?’
b- Because, Since, As + subject + verb
c- Because of + noun / gerund (verb + ing)
4- Consequence, Result: so – therefore – consequently – as a result – thus – such / so ……
that –
lead to – cause – otherwise –
a- Therefore, As a Result: These connectors are used to show the result of some event or
action. b - So: So is used to show the result of something.
5- Purpose: to – in order to – so as to – so that
a- So That, In Order To: These are conjunctions that show purpose.
6- Conditional: if – in case – provided that – as / so long as –
a- If: If is used to show condition. The if-clause can be used at the beginning or end of the
sentence.
7- Time: when – as – while – as soon as – since – after – before
8- Relative pronouns: who – whom – which – that – whose - where
ACT. 1: Choose the best letter to complete each sentence.
1. _________ you had been more careful you wouldn’t have failed.
(A) Although (B) If (C) Either (D) Because
2. It was raining heavily ____________ we could not go out.
(A) so (B) and (C) or (D) because
3. They walked fast ___________________________ reach early.
(A) so that (B) because (C) so (D) in order to
4. Juriah works hard every day ______________________ she can do well in her test.
(A) and (B) although (C) so that (D) because
5. _________________ the weather was bad; they went to swim in the river.
(A) Because (B) Although (C) If (D) But
6. ________________ of them are hardworking; both are lazy.
(A) Either (B) Or (C) Neither (D) So
7. You can succeed ___________ you try very hard.
(A) and (B) because (C) although (D) if
8. Do you want cash ________ cheque?
(A) or (B) so (C) but (D) and
9. Malik came to school yesterday ____________________ he was ill.
(A) because (B) although (C) so (D) so that
10. He tried to meet the Minister _____________ failed.
(A) and (B) so (C) but (D) if
ACT. 2: Link each pair of sentences using a word from the list below.
But - because - so - and - if - or - Besides - Therefore - As a result
1. Father has promised to give me a camera. I do well in my test. 2. She is tall. She still cannot reach the
shelf.
3. The children talked. They danced the whole day. 4. He scored low marks. He was careless.
5. Can you lend me a pen? Can you lend me a pencil? 6. The supermarket was closed. I couldn’t buy
anything.
7. I could not see my way. It was dark.
8. Do you want a pen for your birthday? Do you want a watch for your birthday?
9. He was disobedient. He was punished. 10. She was tired. She went to bed early.
11. I like gardening. My daughter prefers drawing. 12. He drove very fast. He met with an accident.
13. You have misbehaved yourself. You should be punished. 14. I am weak in the subject. I need extra
guidance.
15. Games are beneficial to our health. They keep us usefully occupied.
ACT. 3: Join each pair of sentences using the word in brackets.
1- They went to university. They had passed their BAC exam. (After)
2- He went crazy. His wife broke the vase. (When)
3- You can understand what I'm saying. You stay quiet. (If)
4- I won't go on a trip with my schoolmates. My parents allow me. (Until)
5- He arrived home. I had already cooked lunch. (By the time)
6- The first exercise was difficult. This one is extremely easy. (Whereas)
7- She's selfish. People like her. (Yet)
8- We're broke. We can't buy a new car. (Since)
9- He didn't succeed. He won't give up his ideals. (Even though)
10- He knocked on the door. I was watching the film. (While)
11- I have bought a pair of trousers. I have bought a sweatshirt. (As well as)
12- He is twenty years old. His wife is forty. (Whereas)
13- That's the driver. His car crashed last week. (Whose)
14- She's extremely poor. She's generous. (However)
15- The workers are on strike. The factory is closed. (Since)
ACT. 4: Join each of pair of sentences using the appropriate connector.
1. I enjoy studying English. It is an interesting subject.
2. He smokes a lot. He has lung cancer.
3. The villagers have many enemies. They must unite to defend themselves.
4. I seldom play chess. I do not understand the game well.
5. He fell heavily from the room. He broke his leg.
6. You will fall down. You are not careful.
7. I had bread for breakfast. I had butter for breakfast.
8. You can travel to Kuantan by train. You can travel to Kuantan by bus.
9. I don’t like this town. It is very noisy.
10. He is intelligent. He is lazy.
11. They are the people. I saw yesterday.
12. I am coming next week. Peter is coming next week.
13. She gave up work. She wanted to have more time with the children.
14. He fell asleep. He was watching a film.
15. I will stay here. You will get back.
