Heat Transfer
ME F220
Prof. Satish K Dubey
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
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Two-Dimensional Steady Conduction:
Chapter 4
SolutionMethods
The Heat Equation and Methods of Solution
•Assuming steady-state, two-dimensional conduction in a rectangular domain with
constant thermal conductivity and heat generation, the heat equation is:
2T 2T q ( x, y )
+ 2 + =0
x2
y k
• Solution Methods:
– Exact/Analytical: Separation of Variables (Section 4.2)
➢ Limited to simple geometries and boundary conditions.
( )
– Approximate/Graphical q = 0 : Flux Plotting (Section 4 S.1)
– ➢ Of limited value for quantitative considerations but a quick aid to
establishing physical insights.
– Approximate/Numerical: Finite-Difference, Finite Element or Boundary
Element Method.
➢ Most useful approach and adaptable to any level of complexity.
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Hyderabad Campus
Two Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction
Variable Separation Method
The Method of Separation of Variables
Assuming steady-state, two-dimensional conduction in a rectangular domain with
constant thermal conductivity and heat generation, the heat equation is:
( )
2 2
T T
2 2
q x , y Boundary Conditions:
−
1 d X
=
1 d Y
+ 2 + =0
x 2
y k X dx2 Y dy2
1 d2 X 1 d 2Y
− = = 2
X dx2 Y dy2
GDE:
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The Method of Separation of Variables
BC1
BC2
BC4
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Problem-1
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Solution
If only three term
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BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Numerical Method: Finite Difference Method (FDM)
Two-Dimensional Conduction: Finite-Difference Method
Chapter 4
Finite-DifferenceMethod
The Finite-Difference Method
• An approximate method for determining temperatures at discrete (nodal) points
of the physical system.
• Procedure:
– Represent the physical system by a nodal network.
– Use the energy balance method to obtain a finite-difference equation for each node
of unknown temperature.
– Solve the resulting set of algebraic equations for the unknown nodal temperatures.
Finite-DifferenceApproximation
The Nodal Network and Finite-Difference Approximation
• The nodal network identifies discrete
points at which the temperature is
to be determined and uses an
m,n notation to designate their location.
What is represented by the temperature determined at a nodal point,
as for example, Tm,n?
• A finite-difference approximation
is used to represent temperature
gradients in the domain.
How is the accuracy of the solution affected by construction of the nodal network?
Trade-offs between selection of a fine or a coarse mesh?
EnergyBalanceMethod
Derivation of the Finite-Difference Equations
- The Energy Balance Method -
• As a convenience that obviates the need to predetermine the direction of heat flow,
assume all heat flows are into the nodal region of interest, and express all heat rates
accordingly. Hence, the energy balance becomes: Ein + Eg = 0
•Consider application to an interior nodal point (one that exchanges heat by conduction with four
equidistant nodal points): 4
q(i ) →( m, n ) + q ( x y 1) = 0
i =1
Tm −1, n − Tm , n
q( m −1, n )→( m , n ) = k ( y 1)
x
q ( x)2
Tm,n +1 + Tm,n −1 + Tm +1,n + Tm −1,n + − 4Tm,n = 0
k
Surface Node
Tm −1, n − Tm,n
q( m −1,n )→( m,n ) = k ( y 1)
x
x Tm , n +1 − Tm , n
q( m , n +1)→( m , n ) = k 1
2 y
x Tm , n −1 − Tm , n
q( m , n −1)→( m , n ) = k 1
2 y
q( h ,T )→( m , n ) = hy (T − Tm , n )
Tm −1,n − Tm,n x Tm,n +1 − Tm,n x Tm,n −1 − Tm,n
k ( y 1) + k 1 + k 1 + hy (T − Tm,n ) = 0
x 2 y 2 y
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External corner with convection heat transfer.
q( m −1,n )→( m,n ) + q( m ,n −1)→( m ,n ) + q( )→( m ,n ) = 0
y Tm −1, n − Tm, n x Tm, n −1 − Tm, n
k 1 + k 1
2 x 2 y
x y
+h 1 (T − Tm, n ) + h 1 (T − Tm, n ) = 0
2 2
,
For x = y
h x h x
Tm −1,n + Tm ,n −1 + 2 T − 2 + 1 Tm ,n = 0
k k 15
Internal corner of a solid with surface convection.
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Summary of nodal finite-difference equations
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Solving FDM Equations
For more details: Supplementary material uploaded on CMS (Npn Evaluative)
18
Problem -1
Using the energy balance method, derive the finite-difference
equation for the (m, n) nodal point located on a plane, insulated
surface of a medium with uniform heat generation.
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References
Text Book:
T1:Frank P. Incropera, David P. Dewitt , et al., Incropera's Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer,
Wiley India Edition, 2018
Reference Book:
R1: J.P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, 2002, 9th Edition.
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