ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

LECTURE NOTES

on

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

2020 – 2021

II B. Tech II Semester (EC405PC)

Mr. JEEVAN YANDA, Assistant Professor

Guru Nanak Institute of Technology

Ibrahimpatnam, R.R.District – 501 506 (T.S)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

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EC405PC: ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

B.Tech. II Year II Sem LTPC
3003
Pre-requisite: Electronic Devices and Circuits

Course Objectives:
➢ Learn the concepts of high frequency analysis of transistors.
➢ To give understanding of various types of amplifier circuits such as small signal, cascaded, large signal
and tuned amplifiers.
➢ To familiarize the Concept of feedback in amplifiers so as to differentiate between negative and
positive feedback
➢ To construct various multivibrators using transistors and sweep circuits.

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
➢ Design the multistage amplifiers and understand the concepts of High Frequency Analysis of
Transistors.
➢ Utilize the Concepts of negative feedback to improve the stability of amplifiers and positive feedback
to generate sustained oscillations
➢ Design and realize different classes of Power Amplifiers and tuned amplifiers useable for audio and
Radio applications.
➢ Design Multivibrators and sweep circuits for various applications.

UNIT II
Feedback Amplifiers: Concepts of feedback –
Classification of feedback amplifiers – General
characteristics of Negative feedback amplifiers – Effect of
Feedback on Amplifier characteristics – Voltage series,
Voltage shunt, Current series and Current shunt Feedback
configurations – Simple problems.

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UNIT II
Feedback Amplifiers

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The purpose of an amplifier is to amplify the input signal without changing its characteristics except its
amplitude.
An amplifier circuit simply increases the signal strength. But while amplifying, it just increases the strength
of its input signal whether it contains information or some noise along with information. This noise or some
disturbance is introduced in the amplifiers because of their strong tendency to introduce hum due to sudden
temperature changes or stray electric and magnetic fields. Therefore, every high gain amplifier tends to give
noise along with signal in its output, which is very undesirable.
The amplifier that works on the principle of feedback is called feedback amplifier.
Feedback is a process where a fraction of the output (voltage/current) is fed back to the input
2.1 Concepts of feedback
A feedback amplifier generally consists of two parts. They are the amplifier and the feedback circuit. The
feedback circuit usually consists of resistors. The concept of feedback amplifier can be understood from the
following figure.

From the above figure, the gain of the amplifier is represented as A. the gain of the amplifier is the ratio of
output voltage Vo to the input voltage Vi. the feedback network extracts a voltage Vf = β Vo from the output
Vo of the amplifier.
This voltage is added for positive feedback and subtracted for negative feedback, from the signal voltage Vs.
Now,
Vi= Vs + Vf = Vs+βVo
Vi=Vs – Vf = Vs−βVo
The quantity β = Vf /Vo is called as feedback ratio or feedback fraction.
The noise level in the amplifier circuits can be considerably reduced by using negative feedback done by
injecting a fraction of output in phase opposition to the input signal.

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Let us consider the case of negative feedback. The output Vo must be equal to the input voltage (Vs - βVo)
multiplied by the gain A of the amplifier.
Hence,
(Vs−βVo) A=Vo
Or
AVs−AβVo=Vo
Or
AVs=Vo(1+Aβ)
Therefore,
Vo /Vs=A/(1+Aβ)
Let Af be the overall gain (gain with the feedback) of the amplifier. This is defined as the ratio of output

voltage Vo to the applied signal voltage Vs, i.e.,

Af =Output voltage/Input signal voltage = Vo/Vs

So, from the above two equations, we can understand that,
The equation of gain of the feedback amplifier, with negative feedback is given by
Af =A/(1+Aβ)
The equation of gain of the feedback amplifier, with positive feedback is given by
Af = A/(1−Aβ)
These are the standard equations to calculate the gain of feedback amplifiers.
The process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known as Feedback.
It has been found that feedback is very useful in reducing noise and making the amplifier operation stable.

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Block diagram of Feedback network

A sampling network samples the output voltage or current and this signal is applied to the input through a
feedback two port network. The block diagram representation is as shown

The basic parts of a single-loop feedback connection around a basic amplifier are as follows:
(a) Signal source, (b) Feedback network with reverse transmission,
(c) Sampling network, (d) Comparator or mixer network, and
(e) Basic amplifier with forward transfer gain.

Signal Source
Signal source is either a signal voltage Vs in series with a resistor Rs (a Thevenin’s representation) or a signal
current Is in parallel with a resistor Rs (a Norton’s representation).
Feedback Network
It is a passive two port network. It may contain resistors, capacitors or inductors. But usually, a resistance is
used as the feedback element. Here the output current is sampled and fedback. The feedback network is
connected in series with the output. This is called as Current Sampling or Loop Sampling.
For voltage feedback, the feedback element (resistor) will be in parallel with the output. For current feedback
the element will be in series.
Sampling Network:
Two types of sampling networks can be used. These two sampling networks are:
Voltage or node sampling: In this type of sampling system the output is sampled by connecting the
feedback network in shunt across the output

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Current or loop sampling: In this type of sampling system the output is sampled by connecting the
feedback network in series with the output
Comparator or Mixer Network
Like sampling there are two ways of mixing the input signal with feedback signal. Mixer network circuit is
either series (loop) input or shunt (node) input connections.

This is usually a differential amplifier. It has two inputs and gives a single output which is the difference of
the two inputs.
2.2 Classification of feedback amplifiers
Depending upon whether the feedback signal aids or opposes the input signal, there are two types of
feedbacks used.
Positive Feedback

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The feedback in which the feedback energy i.e., either voltage or current is in phase (aids) with the input
signal and thus it is called as Positive feedback. In this the signals get added up and the resultant output
increases. Positive feedback is also known as regenerative or direct feedback.

Both the input signal and feedback signal introduce a phase shift of 180o thus making a 360o resultant phase
shift around the loop, to be finally in phase with the input signal.
Though the positive feedback increases the gain of the amplifier, it has the disadvantages such as
• Increasing distortion
• Instability
It is because of these disadvantages the positive feedback is not recommended for the amplifiers. If the
positive feedback is sufficiently large, increases the gain and overall power of input signal and it leads to
oscillations, by which oscillator circuits are formed.
Negative Feedback
The feedback in which the feedback energy i.e., either voltage or current is out of phase with the input and
thus opposes it, is called as negative feedback. In this the resultant input signal is the difference of input and
feedback signals. This is called negative feedback. Negative feedback is also known as degenerative or
inverse feedback.

In negative feedback, the amplifier introduces a phase shift of 180o into the circuit while the feedback
network is so designed that it produces no phase shift or zero phase shift. Thus, the resultant feedback
voltage Vf is 180o out of phase with the input signal Vin.

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Though the gain of negative feedback amplifier is reduced, there are many advantages of negative
feedback such as
• Stability of gain is improved
• Reduction in distortion
• Reduction in noise
• Increase in input impedance
• Decrease in output impedance
• Increase in the range of uniform application
It is because of these advantages negative feedback is frequently employed in amplifiers.
Comparison Between Positive and Negative Feed Back
Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
Feedback energy is out phase with their input signal Feedback energy is in phase with the input signal.
Gain of the amplifier decreases Gain of the amplifier increases
Gain stability increases Gain stability decreases
Noise and distortion decreases. Noise and distribution increases.
Increase the band width Decreases bandwidth
Used in amplifiers Used in Oscillators
2.3 General characteristics of Negative feedback amplifiers
Negative feedback in an amplifier is the method of feeding a portion of the amplified output to the input but
in opposite phase. The phase opposition occurs as the amplifier provides 180o phase shift whereas the
feedback network doesn’t.
Properties of Negative Feedback Amplifier
The various properties of a negative feedback amplifier are:
• Desensitize the gain: It brings stability to amplifier by making gain less sensitive to all kind of
variations.
• Reduce non-linear distortion: The negative feedback makes the output proportional to the input, i.e.
reduces non-linear distortion.
• Reduce the effect of noise: It minimizes the contribution of unwanted electric signals. This noise
may be generated by circuit components or by extraneous interference.
• Control the input and output impedances: It increases or decreases the input and output
impedances. This is done by choosing appropriate feedback topology.

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• Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier: By incorporating negative feedback, the bandwidth can be
increased.
Advantages of Negative Feedback Amplifier
In a negative feedback amplifier, the gain of the amplifier reduces. However, it is still used in almost every
amplifier due to its various advantages. Some of the advantages are given below:
• Gain stability
• Significant extension of bandwidth
• Very less distortions
• Decreased output resistance
• Stable operating point
• Reduces noise and other interference in amplifier
2.4 Effect of Feedback on Amplifier characteristics
The effect of negative feedback on an amplifier is considered in relation to gain, gain stability, distortion,
noise, input/output impedance and bandwidth and gain-bandwidth product
Gain:
Vi=Vs – Vf = Vs−βVo
The output Vo must be equal to the input voltage (Vs - βVo) multiplied by the gain A of the amplifier.
Hence,
(Vs−βVo) A=Vo
Or
AVs−AβVo=Vo
Or
AVs=Vo(1+Aβ)
Therefore,
Vo /Vs=A/(1+Aβ)
Let Af be the overall gain (gain with the feedback) of the amplifier.
The equation of gain of the feedback amplifier, with negative feedback is given by
Af =A/(1+Aβ)
Hence, gain decreases with feedback

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Gain Stability or Desensitization:

An important advantage of negative voltage feedback is that the resultant gain of the amplifier can be made
independent of transistor parameters or the supply voltage variations,
Af =A/(1+Aβ)
For negative voltage feedback in an amplifier to be effective, the designer deliberately makes the product
Aβ much greater than unity (Aβ » 1). Therefore, in the above relation, ‘1’ can be neglected as compared to
Aβ and the expression becomes
Af =A/(1+Aβ) = A/(Aβ) = 1/β
It may be seen that the gain now depends only upon feedback fraction, β, i.e., on the characteristics of
feedback circuit. As feedback circuit is usually a voltage divider (a resistive network), therefore, it is
unaffected by changes in temperature, variations in transistor parameters and frequency. Hence, the gain of
the amplifier is extremely stable
Bandwidth:

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BWf = BW(1+Aβ)
Negative feedback, increases bandwidth.
Distortion:
A power amplifier will have non-linear distortion because of large signal variations. The negative feedback
reduces the nonlinear distortion. It can be proved mathematically that:
Df = D/(1+Aβ)
Where D = distortion in amplifier without feedback
Df = distortion in amplifier with negative feedback
It is clear that by applying negative feedback, the distortion is reduced by a factor (1+Aβ)
Noise:
There are numbers of sources of noise in an amplifier. The noise N can be reduced by the factor of (1+Aβ),
in a similar manner to non-linear distortion, so that the noise with feedback is given by
Nf = N/(1+Aβ)
However, if it is necessary to increase the gain to its original level by the addition of another stage, it is quite
possible that the overall system will be noisier that it was at the start. If the increase in gain can be
accomplished by the adjustment of circuit parameters, a definite reduction in noise will result from the use
of negative feedback.
Input / Output Impedance:
The input and output impedances will also improve by a factor of (1+Aβ), based on feedback connection
type
2.5 Voltage series, Voltage shunt, Current series and Current shunt Feedback
configurations

While the output energy is being applied to the input, for the voltage energy to be taken as feedback, the

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output is taken in shunt connection and for the current energy to be taken as feedback, the output is taken in
series connection.
Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified and form of the output (voltage or
current), amplifiers can be classified into four categories. Depending on the amplifier category, one of four
types of feedback structures should be used
There are two main types of negative feedback circuits. They are −
• Negative Voltage Feedback
• Negative Current Feedback
Negative Voltage Feedback
In this method, the voltage feedback to the input of amplifier is proportional to the output voltage. This is
further classified into two types −
• Voltage-series feedback
• Voltage-shunt feedback
Negative Current Feedback
In this method, the voltage feedback to the input of amplifier is proportional to the output current. This is
further classified into two types.
• Current-series feedback
• Current-shunt feedback

Let us have a brief idea on all of them.

(Type of Feedback) (Type of i/p) Type
(1) Series (Voltage) Shunt (Voltage) Voltage series
(2) Series (Voltage) Series (Current) Current Series
(3) Shunt (Current) Shunt (Voltage) Voltage Shunt
(4) Shunt (Current) Series (Current) Current Shunt

2.5.1 Voltage-Series Feedback (Voltage Amplifier)

In the voltage series feedback circuit, a fraction of the output voltage is applied in series with the input
voltage through the feedback circuit. This is also known as shunt-driven series-fed feedback, i.e., a
parallel-series circuit.
The following figure shows the block diagram of voltage series feedback, by which it is evident that the
feedback circuit is placed in shunt with the output but in series with the input.

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As the feedback circuit is connected in shunt with the output, the output impedance is decreased and due to
the series connection with the input, the input impedance is increased.
• Samples the output voltage and returns a feedback voltage signal
• Ideal feedback network has infinite input impedance and zero output resistance
• Increases input resistance and reduces output resistance, makes amplifier closer to ideal
A voltage amplifier is defined as an amplifier, which provides an output voltage proportional to the input
voltage, and the proportionality factor is independent of the magnitudes of the source resistance (Rs) and
load resistance (RL).
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of a two-port network, which represents an amplifier.

Here, Vs= source voltage,

Vi= amplifier input voltage,
Vo= output voltage,
Rs= source resistance,
Ri= amplifier input resistance,
Ro= amplifier output resistance,
RL= external load resistance.
If Ri is larger compared with Rs (Ri>> Rs), then Vi  Vs.
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Effect of Voltage Series on input and output resistances:

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2.5.2 Voltage-Shunt Feedback (Trans-resistance amplifier)

In the voltage shunt feedback circuit, a fraction of the output voltage is applied in parallel with the input
voltage through the feedback network. This is also known as shunt-driven shunt-fed feedback i.e., a
parallel-parallel proto type.
The below figure shows the block diagram of voltage shunt feedback, by which it is evident that the
feedback circuit is placed in shunt with the output and also with the input.

A trans-resistance amplifier is defined as an amplifier, which provides an output voltage proportional to the
input current, and the proportionality factor is independent of the magnitudes of the source resistance (Rs)
and load resistance (RL)
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of a two-port network, which represents an amplifier

If the amplifier input resistance Ri is smaller compared with the source resistance Rs (Ri <<Rs), then Ii  Is.
If the external load resistance RL is large compared with the output resistance Ro of the amplifier (Ro<< RL),
then Vo  RmIi RmIs.
The symbol Rm=Vo/Ii with RL=, and hence represents the open-circuit transfer resistance (trans-resistance),
or gain.
An ideal trans-conductance amplifier must have zero input resistance (i.e. Ri =0) and zero output resistance
(i.e. Ro = 0).

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Effect of Voltage Shunt on input and output resistances:

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2.5.3 Current-Series Feedback (Trans-conductance amplifier)

In the current series feedback circuit, a fraction of the output voltage is applied in series with the input
voltage through the feedback circuit. This is also known as series-driven series-fed feedback i.e., a series-
series circuit.
The following figure shows the block diagram of current series feedback, by which it is evident that the
feedback circuit is placed in series with the output and also with the input.

As the feedback circuit is connected in series with the output and the input as well, both the output
impedance and the input impedance are increased.
A trans-conductance amplifier is defined as an amplifier, which provides an output current proportional to
the input voltage, and the proportionality factor is independent of the magnitudes of the source resistance
(Rs) and load resistance (RL).

If the amplifier input resistance Ri is larger compared with the source resistance Rs (Ri>> Rs), then Vi  Vs.
If the external load resistance RL is smaller compared with the output resistance Ro of the amplifier (Ro>>
RL), then Io  GmVi GmVs. Hence, the output current is proportional to the input voltage
The symbol Gm =Io/Vi with RL=0, and hence represents the short-circuit transfer conductance (trans-
conductance) or gain.
An ideal trans-conductance amplifier must have infinite input resistance (i.e. Ri = ) and infinite output
resistance (i.e. Ro = ).

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Effect of Current Series on input and output resistances:

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2.5.4 Current-Shunt Feedback (Current amplifier)

In the current shunt feedback circuit, a fraction of the output voltage is applied in series with the input
voltage through the feedback circuit. This is also known as series-driven shunt-fed feedback i.e., a series-
parallel circuit.
The below figure shows the block diagram of current shunt feedback, by which it is evident that the
feedback circuit is placed in series with the output but in parallel with the input.

As the feedback circuit is connected in series with the output, the output impedance is increased and due to
the parallel connection with the input, the input impedance is decreased.
Current amplifier A current amplifier is defined as an amplifier, which provides an output current
proportional to the input current, and the proportionality factor is independent of the magnitudes of the
source resistance (Rs) and load resistance (RL).
Norton’s equivalent circuit of a two-port network, which represents an amplifier

Here, Is= source current,

Ii= amplifier input current,
Io= IL= output or load current,
If the amplifier input resistance Ri is smaller compared with the source resistance Rs (Ri<<Rs), then Ii  Is.

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If the external load resistance RL is smaller compared with the output resistance Ro of the amplifier (Ro>>
RL), then Io  AiIi AiIs. Hence, the output current is proportional to input current.
Ai=Io/Ii with RL=0, and hence represents the short-circuit current amplification, or current gain.
If the external load resistance RL is large compared with the output resistance Ro of the amplifier (Ro<< RL),
then Vo  AvVi AvVs. Hence, the output voltage is proportional to input voltage.
Av=Vo/Vi with RL=, and hence represents the open-circuit voltage amplification, or voltage gain
An ideal current amplifier must have zero input resistance (i.e. Ri =0) and infinite output resistance (i.e. Ro =
).
As the feedback circuit is connected in series with the output, the output impedance is increased and due to
the parallel connection with the input, the input impedance is decreased.

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Effect of Current shunt on input and output resistances:

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Let us now tabulate the amplifier characteristics that get affected by different types of negative feedbacks.

Types of Feedback

Characteristics
Voltage- Voltage- Current- Current-
Series Shunt Series Shunt

Voltage Gain Decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases

Bandwidth Increases Increases Increases Increases

Input resistance Increases Decreases Increases Decreases

Output resistance Decreases Decreases Increases Increases

Harmonic
Decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases
distortion

Noise Decreases Decreases Decreases Decreases

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Question bank
Short Answer Questions
1. List the four basic feedback topologies

2. What is meant by positive and negative feedback?

Negative Feedback Positive Feedback
Feedback energy is out phase with their Feedback energy is in phase with the
input signal input signal.
Gain of the amplifier decreases Gain of the amplifier increases
Gain stability increases Gain stability decreases
Noise and distortion decreases. Noise and distribution increases.
Increase the band width Decreases bandwidth
Used in amplifiers Used in Oscillators

3. How the stability of amplifier will affect by negative feedback amplifier?

Gain Stability:
An important advantage of negative voltage feedback is that the resultant gain of the amplifier can
be made independent of transistor parameters or the supply voltage variations,
Af =A/(1+Aβ)
For negative voltage feedback in an amplifier to be effective, the designer deliberately makes the
product Aβ much greater than unity. Therefore, in the above relation, ‘1’ can be neglected as
compared to Aβ and the expression becomes
Af =A/(1+Aβ) = 1/β
It may be seen that the gain now depends only upon feedback fraction, β, i.e., on the
characteristics of feedback circuit. As feedback circuit is usually a voltage divider (a resistive
network), therefore, it is unaffected by changes in temperature, variations in transistor parameters
and frequency. Hence, the gain of the amplifier is extremely stable

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4. What is effect of negative feedback on amplifier gain?

Gain:
Vi=Vs – Vf = Vs−βVo
The output Vo must be equal to the input voltage (Vs - βVo) multiplied by the gain A of the
amplifier.
Hence,
(Vs−βVo) A=Vo
Or
AVs−AβVo=Vo
Or
AVs=Vo(1+Aβ)
Therefore,
Vo /Vs=A/(1+Aβ)
Let Af be the overall gain (gain with the feedback) of the amplifier.
The equation of gain of the feedback amplifier, with negative feedback is given by
Af =A/(1+Aβ)
Hence, gain decreases with feedback
5. Define sensitivity & Desensitivity factors in feedback Amplifiers
Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with feedback to the
percentage change in voltage gain without feedback. S=1/ (1+Aβ)
De-sensitivity: It is the reciprocal of sensitivity. D=1/S = 1+Aβ
6. What are the advantages of negative feedback?
In a negative feedback amplifier, the gain of the amplifier reduces. However, it is still used in
almost every amplifier due to its various advantages. Some of the advantages are given below:
• Gain stability
• Significant extension of bandwidth
• Very less distortions
• Decreased output resistance
• Stable operating point
• Reduces noise and other interference in amplifier
Long Answer Questions

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1. Explain with the help of mathematical expressions, how the negative feedback in amplifiers
increases amplifier bandwidth and reduces distortion in amplifiers

Bandwidth:

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BWf = BW(1+Aβ)
Negative feedback, increases bandwidth.
Distortion:
A power amplifier will have non-linear distortion because of large signal variations. The negative feedback
reduces the nonlinear distortion. It can be proved mathematically that:
Df = D/(1+Aβ)
Where D = distortion in amplifier without feedback
Df = distortion in amplifier with negative feedback
It is clear that by applying negative feedback, the distortion is reduced by a factor (1+Aβ)

2. Show that for a current series feedback amplifier the input and output resistances are increased
by a factor if (1+Aβ) with feedback
Input resistance

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output resistance

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3. Draw the block diagrams of four types of negative feedback amplifier circuits and explain the
advantages and disadvantages with necessary derivations

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4. Explain the principle of negative feedback in amplifiers. Show quantitatively the effect of
negative feedback on (i) Gain (ii) Stability (iii) Noise (iv) Distortion.
Gain:
Vi=Vs – Vf = Vs−βVo
The output Vo must be equal to the input voltage (Vs - βVo) multiplied by the gain A of the amplifier.
Hence,
(Vs−βVo) A=Vo
Or
AVs−AβVo=Vo
Or
AVs=Vo(1+Aβ)
Therefore,
Vo /Vs=A/(1+Aβ)
Let Af be the overall gain (gain with the feedback) of the amplifier.
The equation of gain of the feedback amplifier, with negative feedback is given by
Af =A/(1+Aβ)
Hence, gain decreases with feedback
Gain Stability or Desensitization:
An important advantage of negative voltage feedback is that the resultant gain of the amplifier can be made
independent of transistor parameters or the supply voltage variations,
Af =A/(1+Aβ)
For negative voltage feedback in an amplifier to be effective, the designer deliberately makes the product
Aβ much greater than unity (Aβ » 1). Therefore, in the above relation, ‘1’ can be neglected as compared to
Aβ and the expression becomes
Af =A/(1+Aβ) = A/(Aβ) = 1/β
It may be seen that the gain now depends only upon feedback fraction, β, i.e., on the characteristics of
feedback circuit. As feedback circuit is usually a voltage divider (a resistive network), therefore, it is
unaffected by changes in temperature, variations in transistor parameters and frequency. Hence, the gain of
the amplifier is extremely stable
Distortion:

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A power amplifier will have non-linear distortion because of large signal variations. The negative feedback
reduces the nonlinear distortion. It can be proved mathematically that:
Df = D/(1+Aβ)
Where D = distortion in amplifier without feedback
Df = distortion in amplifier with negative feedback
It is clear that by applying negative feedback, the distortion is reduced by a factor (1+Aβ)
Noise:
There are numbers of sources of noise in an amplifier. The noise N can be reduced by the factor of (1+Aβ),
in a similar manner to non-linear distortion, so that the noise with feedback is given by
Nf = N/(1+Aβ)

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Problems
1. An amplifier circuit has a gain of 60 dB and an output impedance Zo=10KΩ. It is required to
modify its output impedance to 500Ω by applying negative feedback. Calculate the value of the
feedback factor. Also find the percentage change in the overall gain, for 10% change in the gain
of the internal amplifiers

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2. Identify the topology of feedback in the circuit of figure giving Justification. Two transistors are
identical with hie=2 K and hfe=100. Calculate i)Rif (ii) Avf

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3. An open loop amplifier has a midband gain of 500 and a pass band from 50Hz to 50KHz. Find
voltage gain and cut off frequencies if 10% of output voltage is fed back

4. An amplifier has a input resistance of 200 K ohms, with a certain negative feedback introduced in the
above amplifier the input resistance is found to be 20 M ohms and overall gain is found to be 1000.
Calculate the loop gain and feedback factor.

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Objective Questions
1. When negative voltage feedback is applied to an amplifier, its voltage gain ……………….
1. Is increased
2. Is reduced
3. Remains the same
4. Zero
Answer: 2
2. The value of negative feedback fraction is always …………….
1. Less than 1
2. More than 1
3. Equal to 1
4. Zero
Answer: 1
3. If the output of an amplifier is 10 V and 100 mV from the output is fed back to the input, then
feedback fraction is ………..
1. 10
2. 1
3. 01
4. 15
Answer: 3
4. The gain of an amplifier without feedback is 100 db. If a negative feedback of 3 db is applied, the
gain of the amplifier will become …………..
1. 5 db
2. 300 db
3. 103 db
4. 97 db
Answer: 4
5. If the feedback fraction of an amplifier is 0.01, then voltage gain with negative feedback is
approximately………..
1. 500
2. 100
3. 1000

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4. 5000
Answer: 2
6. A feedback circuit usually employs ……………… network
1. Resistive
2. Capacitive
3. Inductive
4. Non linear
Answer: 1
7. The gain of an amplifier with feedback is known as ………….. gain
1. Resonant
2. Open loop
3. Closed loop
4. Tuned
Answer: 3
8. When voltage feedback (negative) is applied to an amplifier, its input impedance ………….
1. Is decreased
2. Is increased
3. Remains the same
4. Zero
Answer: 2
9. When current feedback (negative) is applied to an amplifier, its input impedance …………..
1. Is decreased
2. Is increased
3. Remains the same
4. Zero
Answer: 1
10. Negative feedback is employed in ……………..
1. Oscillators
2. Rectifiers
3. Amplifiers
4. Switch
Answer: 3

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Q11. Emitter follower is used for …………

1. Current gain
2. Impedance matching
3. Voltage gain
4. Amplification
Answer : 2
Q12. The voltage gain of an emitter follower is ………..
1. Much less than 1
2. Approximately equal to 1
3. Greater than 1
4. Zero
Answer: 2
Q13. When current feedback (negative) is applied to an amplifier, its output impedance ……..
1. Is increased
2. Is decreased
3. Remains the same
4. Infinite
Answer: 1
Q14. Emitter follower is a ……………….. circuit
1. Voltage feedback
2. Current feedback
3. Both voltage and current feedback
4. No feedback
Answer: 2
Q15. If voltage feedback (negative) is applied to an amplifier, its output impedance …………..
1. Remains the same
2. Is increased
3. Is decreased
4. infinite
Answer: 3

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 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Q16. When a negative voltage feedback is applied to an amplifier, its bandwidth……….

1. Is increased
2. Is decreased
3. Remains the same
4. Insufficient data
Answer: 1
Q17. An emitter follower has ………… input impedance
1. Zero
2. Low
3. High
4. Infinite
Answer: 3
18. The output impedance of an emitter follower is ……….
1. High
2. Very high
3. Almost zero
4. Low
Answer: 4
19. Emitter follower is a ___________ circuit
1. Voltage feedback
2. Current feedback
3. Both voltage and current feedback
4. No feedback
Answer: 1
21. A feedback circuit usually employs ___________ network
1. Resistive
2. Capacitive
3. Inductive
4. None of the above
Answer: Option 1

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 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

22. The gain of an amplifier with feedback is known as ___________ gain

1. Resonant
2. Open loop
3. Closed loop
4. None of the above
Answer: 3
23. When negative voltage feedback is applied to an amplifier, its voltage gain ___________
1. Is increased
2. Is reduced
3. Remains the same
4. Zero
Answer: 2
24.When a negative voltage feedback is applied to an amplifier, its bandwidth___________
1. Is increased
2. Is decreased
3. Remains the same
4. Insufficient data
Answer: 1
25. If the output of an amplifier is 10 V and 100 mV from the output is fed back to the input, then
feedback fraction is ___________
1. 10
2. 5
3. 1
4. 15
Answer: 3
26. The gain of an amplifier without feedback is 100 db. If a negative feedback of 3 db is applied, the
gain of the amplifier will become ___________
1. 5 db
2. 300 db
3. 103 db
4. 97 db
Answer: 4

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 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

27. The voltage gain of an emitter follower is ___________

1. Much less than 1
2. Approximately equal to 1
3. Greater than 1
4. Zero
Answer: 2
28. The output impedance of an emitter follower is ___________
1. High
2. Very high
3. Almost zero
4. Low
Answer: 4
29. If the feedback fraction of an amplifier is 0.01, then voltage gain with negative feedback is
approximately___________
1. 500
2. 100
3. 1000
4. 5000
Answer: 2
30. Emitter follower is used for ___________
1. Current gain
2. Impedance matching
3. Voltage gain
4. Buffer
Answer: 2

JEEVAN YANDA 44