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Estimation of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Portland Composite

Cement Produced by Using Raw Perlite with Fuzzy Logic Model

Article in Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · January 2024

DOI: 10.1007/s13369-023-08577-z

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Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-08577-z

RESEARCH ARTICLE-CIVIL ENGINEERING

Estimation of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Portland

Composite Cement Produced by Using Raw Perlite with Fuzzy Logic
Model
Hüseyin Yılmaz Aruntaş1 · Mehmet Bulgu2 · M. Tansu Baydaş3 · Mustafa Albayrak4

Received: 12 August 2023 / Accepted: 27 November 2023

© King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2023

Abstract
In this experimental study, the usability of raw perlite from the Manisa (Yuntdagi) region as a pozzolanic material in the
production of Portland composite cement was investigated. In the study, raw perlite Portland composite cements (RPCCs)
were produced by grinding raw perlite (RP), clinker, and gypsum together. In the production of composite cement, RP has
been used as an additive to a mixture of up to 30%. Standard consistency, setting times, expansion, density, specific surface,
and fineness tests were performed on RPCC. Flexural tensile strength, compressive strength, and length change experiments
were performed on the mortar samples. According to the experiment results obtained, RP increases the compressive strength
of mortars at advanced ages. It can be said that RPCCs comply with the limit values of the EN 197-1 standard, and therefore,
RP from the Manisa region can be used as a pozzolanic material in cement production. In addition, with the developed fuzzy
logic model, it was accepted that the experimental results of RPCCs could be predicted with an acceptable approach. In the
fuzzy logic model, the correlation coefficients of RPCCs were determined between 0.91 and 0.98, indicating that it gave a
successful result in the estimation of the experimental results.

Keywords Raw perlite · Additives composite cement · CEN sand · Length change · Fuzzy logic

1 Introduction of cement and are taken from nature, will decrease with the
use of pozzolanic materials in cement production. Thus, it is
As it is known, one of the most used materials in the construc- thought that the cement industry will both cause less dam-
tion industry is cement. The cost of cement is high because age to the environment and sustainable cement production
high energy is needed in its production. On the other hand, can be made. Many scientific researches are continuing all
there is a high rate of CO2 emission into the atmosphere due to over the world to reach these targets in the cement sector.
limestone, which is the main raw material in cement produc- In these researches, mainly due to the reduction of clinker
tion. The cement industry causes about 8% of CO2 emissions use, the use of pozzolanic materials in cement production
worldwide [1]. For this reason, it is desired to reduce both the comes to the fore [4, 5]. Pozzolans are materials that have
cost and the energy consumed, as well as the CO2 emission siliceous or siliceous and aluminous structures and do not
in cement production [2, 3]. It is known that the consump- have binding properties on their own, but are finely ground,
tion of limestone and clay, which are the main raw materials react with slaked lime (Ca(OH)2 ) in normal temperature and
humid environments, and form compounds with additional
B M. Tansu Baydaş binding properties [6]. These materials can be examined in
mtansu.baydas@gazi.edu.tr
two main groups as natural and artificial pozzolans [7, 8]. It
1 Gazi University Faculty of Technology, Besevler, Ankara, is known that fly ash, silica fume, blast furnace slag, baked
Turkey shale, and natural pozzolans are used in cement production
2 GEDAŞ Real Estate Appraisal Inc., Izmir, Turkey [9]. However, other pozzolans are not mentioned in EN 197-
3 Gazi University Graduate School of Natural and Applied
1, but are used in the production of additive cement in the
Sciences, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey literature. Examples of these are diatomite [7, 10, 11], pumice
4 General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration,
[12–14], zeolite [15, 16], and rice husk ash [17, 18].
Ankara, Turkey

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Apart from these pozzolans, another additive material with construction industry. They examined the use of WEP as a
pozzolanic properties is perlite. Perlite, a natural pozzolan, is sustainable substitute for slag in AASCs. The hydration pro-
derived from the word perlstein and means perl (pearl) + stein cess, mechanical properties, and ecological and economic
(stone)  pearl stone [19, 20]. Perlite is an acidic volcanic performance of the prepared mortar samples were investi-
glass [8, 21] and is called expanded perlite (EP), which has gated. As a result of the examinations, it was shown that the
a very light and porous structure when expanded with heat. increase in the WEP ratio in the 28-day compressive strength
While the color of RP varies from transparent light gray to results decreased the strength values. According to economic
glossy black, the color of EP is almost white [20, 22]. and ecological analysis, the use of WEP has shown reductions
In the literature, there are limited studies on the use of in cost, embedded energy, and embedded CO2 emissions
perlite in cementitious systems. Yu et al. investigated the compared to AASCs. For this reason, it has been suggested
pozzolanic effect of perlite as a mineral additive in concrete. that WEP may be appropriate to use as SCM in AASCs and
In the study, they stated that natural perlite powder has a sig- may have a positive impact on the determined performance
nificant pozzolanic effect and can be used as a good active and sustainability [30]. Al-Swaidani et al. aimed to esti-
mineral additive in concrete mixing [23]. Bozkurt investi- mate the efficiency factor (EF) and durability indicator (DI)
gated the high-temperature effect and statistical analysis by of natural pozzolana as a nano-sized cement substitute and
using raw perlite powder as a sustainable additive material used multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural net-
in concrete at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of works (ANN), and fuzzy logic (FL) tools. In the study, curing
cement. According to the results obtained in the study, it time, nano-natural pozzolan content, the median particle size
was stated that the production cost and the amount of CO2 of natural pozzolana, w/b ratio, and superplasticizer dosage
emission in concrete could be reduced by reducing cement were determined as variables in the applied experiments. Cor-
consumption in concrete [24]. Chihaoui et al. investigated its relation coefficients and various performance criteria were
effect on mortar properties by using natural perlite powder calculated to evaluate the developed models. According to
obtained from the northwest region of Algeria as a substi- the results of the analysis, it was determined that the EF and
tute material in Portland cement. The findings show that the DI of natural pozzolana as a nano-sized cement substitute
natural perlite powder added mortar has strength above the could be predicted more effectively by using ANN and FL
compressive strength limit values specified in the relevant techniques. When the efficiency factor was estimated, the R2
standard [25]. Erdem et al., in the study, used perlite as an value was determined as 0.992, 0.987, and 0.651, respec-
additive material in cement, and used perlite belonging to tively, according to ANN, FL, and MLR models [31].
different regions and having different fineness in cement at In the literature review conducted, there was no study on
rates of 20% and 30%. As a result of the study, they reported the availability of RP in cement production belonging to the
that the perlite used can be used in additive cement produc- Manisa Yuntdağı region. In this study, the usability of RP in
tion because it shows sufficient pozzolanic properties [26]. In the production of composite cement as a mineral additive by
another study where perlite was used as a substitute material, grinding directly with clinker and gypsum was investigated
it was stated that the experimental results obtained were by and the estimation of physical and mechanical properties with
the limit values given in ASTM C595, ASTM C 1157, and fuzzy logic method was investigated.
EN 197-1 [27]. Bektaş et al. aimed to reduce the alkali–silica
reaction by using natural perlite and expanded perlite pow-
der as additives in the mortar mixture and stated that both 2 Experimental Program
perlites effectively reduced this reaction [28]. Kotwica et al.
in their study investigated the use of waste expanded perlite, 2.1 Materials
which has a high pozzolanic property, as a cement replace-
ment material. The waste expanded perlite was ball-milled to Ankara Limak Cement Factory product CEM I (PC 42.5 R)
eliminate the cellular microstructure. This grinding process Portland cement was used as the control cement in this exper-
caused a significant increase in the specific surface area of imental study. The clinker used in the production of Portland
the material. Some tests were applied to the mortar samples composite cement is a product of the same factory. In addi-
produced with expanded perlite used in different ratios as a tion, since composite cement was produced by using RP, a
percentage of the cement mass. According to the results of natural pozzolan, as a cement additive in the study, CEM
the applied strength tests, it was stated that the addition of II (PCC 32.5 N) cement was chosen as the second control
35% milled waste expanded perlite can provide up to 50% cement for comparison purposes. Both control cements were
strength gain [29]. Long et al. stated that a large amount of procured from Limak Cement Factory in Ankara, Turkey.
slag is needed in the production of alkali-activated slag com- The raw perlite used in the production of Portland composite
posites (AASCs) and waste expanded perlite (WEP) can be cement was obtained from a perlite quarry in the Yuntdagi
used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in the region of Manisa (Turkey). The chemical composition values

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Table 1 Properties of RP and clinker used in the experiments Table 3 Materials and mixing ratios used in RPCC production (%)

Oxide (%) RP Clinker Cement code Clinker RP Gypsum

SiO2 74.64 21.32 RPCC5 90 5 5

Al2 O3 13.81 5.62 RPCC10 85 10 5
Fe2 O3 0.84 3.59 RPCC15 80 15 5
CaO 0.83 65.12 RPCC20 75 20 5
K2 O 5.72 0.75 RPCC25 70 25 5
Na2 O 1.51 0.59 RPCC30 65 30 5
MgO 0.25 2.03
SO3 0.07 0.86
Density (g/cm3 ) 2.37 3.15 40 × 160 mm in accordance with EN 196-1. The prepared
mortar samples were kept at a room temperature of 23 ±
2 °C for 24 h, and at the end of this period, they were cured
Table 2 Quantities of materials required for the pozzolanic activity for another six days in an oven at 55 ± 2 °C without remov-
experiment (for three samples, g) [33, 34] ing the molds. These molds were removed from the oven at
Type of material Quantity to be received Quantity to be
least 4 h before breaking on the 7th day and left to cool in
received the laboratory until they reached room temperature. After-
ward, the samples were removed from the mold, and flexural
Slaked lime 150 150 strength and compressive strength experiments were carried
[Ca(OH)2 ] out according to EN 196-1 [33].
Perlite 2 × 150 × Perlite 274 RP used as an additive in cement production was first dried
density/Slaked lime
in an oven at 105 °C ± 2 °C. In the study, the Blaine value of
density  T
at least 3000 g/cm2 was aimed as the specific surface value
Standard sand 1350 1350
of cement. Using the dried RP and clinker ratios given in
Water 0.5 × (150 + T) 145
Table 3, the materials were weighed on a precision scale and
then ground together in a ball mill. As a result of the visual
inspection made after the grinding process, it was determined
and physical properties of RP and clinker are given in Table 1. that the clinker was ground, but some of the RP could not be
According to ASTM C 618 [6], the sum of SiO2 + Al2 O3 + ground. For this reason, RP and clinker were ground sepa-
Fe2 O3 in a pozzolanic material should be a minimum of 70%, rately at fixed times of 3 h 30 min and 2 h 30 min, respectively,
and the SO3 value should be a maximum of 4%. Since the to reach the targeted Blaine value. Then, both ground RP and
SiO2 + Al2 O3 + Fe2 O3 total of RP is 89.29%, and the SO3 clinker were mixed by weighing at the mixing ratios given
value is 0.07%, it complies with ASTM C 618 limit values. in Table 3, and after adding gypsum in the ratio of 5% in the
When the S + A + F total value of Manisa region RP used in crushed stone aggregate size to this mixture, it was ground
the study is compared with the literature, this value is higher again together in a ball mill for 10 ~ 30 min. Thus, RP Port-
than the S + A + F total values of Izmir RP (87.52%) and land composite cements (RPCCs) were obtained (Fig. 1). It
Erzincan RP (86.01%) [26] and the northwestern region of can be said that these RPCCs produced in the laboratory fall
Algeria RP (88.65%) [25]. into the Portland pozzolanic cement group (CEM II/A-P and
In preparing mortar samples, CEN standard sand in accor- CEM II/B-P) according to the EN 197-1 standard [9]. While
dance with EN 196-1 [32] and Ankara city drinking water preparing the mortar mixtures, the w/b ratio was kept con-
were used. stant at 0.5.
Experiments on the cements and mortars were carried out
2.2 Method in a laboratory with a relative humidity of 40–60% and a
temperature of 21 ± 2 °C. The density [35], specific surface
2.2.1 Preparation of Samples, Curing, and Testing [36], fineness [36], standard consistency, setting time [35],
and expansion [35] experiments of RPCCs were carried out,
The pozzolanic activity experiment of RP used in the exper- respectively, using the Le Chatelier method, Blaine method,
iments was carried out according to TS 25 [33]. In the 2500 Pa suction power (3 min sieving), automatic Vicat
pozzolanic activity experiment, the amounts of materials instrument and Le Chatelier instrument. Mortar samples in
given in Table 2 (for three samples) were used, and mor- accordance with EN 196-1 for flexural strength and compres-
tar samples were prepared using molds with a size of 40 × sive strength experiments with length change experiments

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Select FL model, add variables, and create membership functions

(Inputs: RPCC / Outputs: Specific surface-Initial setting time-Final setting time-
Compressive strength-Flexural tensile strength-Lenght change)
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4

Add rules (if-then)

Fig. 5

Defuzzification
(Get the numerical results from
the model shown in Fig. 15, Fig. 17, Fig. 19, Fig. 21)

Compare the results

(Figs. 16, Fig. 18, Fig. 20, Fig. 22)
Are they Matching?

Yes No

End a) Re-configure the rules

b) Re-configure the membership
functions
c) Re-configure both (a) and (b)

Fig. 2 Flow diagram for this study

in many engineering fields recently. One of the first con-

trol systems based on fuzzy logic is the Mamdani method.
Fig. 1 RPCC formation scheme Using the Mamdani method, the output from fuzzy logic
can be converted into an easily understandable form because
of inference before defuzzification [41, 42]. For this pur-
using the cement mixture ratios in Table 3, respectively, with pose, fuzzy logic models were created using the Mamdani
dimensions of 40 × 40 × 160 mm and 25 × 25 × 285 mm method in MATLAB toolbox. A FL model was designed sep-
were produced. arately for experimental studies. According to this design,
The mortar samples were removed from the molds after considering the RP contents of the samples as input data,
24 h and kept in the curing pool at a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C the input parameter is physical, compressive strength, flex-
until the experiment time. The length change of the mortar ural tensile strength, and length change experiment results
bars was maintained in the air environment until the day of the of RPCCs were used as output data. The rule function was
experiment. The flexural strength and compressive strength constructed using the "and" connector separately for each
experiments of the mortar samples were carried out with a experiment. For the membership functions used in the model,
universal automatic experiment device at 7, 28, and 90 days the triangle-type membership functions given in the program
of age. Mortar molds with a size of 25 × 25 × 285 mm were are preferred. MATLAB gave results according to the cen-
used to determine the length change values of mortar bars. troids of these triangles in the defuzzification phase. Model
This experiment was carried out on cement mortar samples images created in MATLAB are shown in Figs. 2, 3, 4, and
except for RPCC25 and RPCC30. The length change values 5.
of the mortar bars were measured according to ASTM C 157
standard [37] at the ages of 3, 7,14, 28, 56, and 112 days
using a Mitutoya brand height meter (0.001 mm precision).
3 Findings and Discussion

2.3 Fuzzy Logic Design and Model Parameters 3.1 Pozzolanic Activity of RP
in MATLAB
The results of the pozzolanic activity experiment of RP
The mathematical method used for the first time in 1965 by according to TS 25 are given in Table 4. As can be seen,
L. A. Zadeh to show confusion and uncertainty was called RP has provided the minimum compressive strength value
fuzzy logic [38–40]. This method has been widely used specified in the standard. This value is approximately 2.5

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Fig. 3 Input/output data for experiments in FL design

Fig. 4 Membership functions in FL model design

Table 4 RP pozzolanic activity experiment results 3.2 Mineralogical Properties of RP

Mechanical properties MPa TS 25 limit value [33]
In Fig. 6, the XRD graph of the Manisa Yuntdagi region RP
Flexural strength (7 days) 3.0 – used in the study is shown. In the XRD graph, it is seen that
Compressive strength 10.2 ≥ 4.0
the RP sample has a predominantly amorphous structure,
(7 days) with a small amount of quartz minerals.

3.3 Microscopic Properties of RP

times the standard limit value. Therefore, it can be said that SEM–EDX analyses performed at one point on the prepared
the pozzolanic activity of RP is at a good level. RP sample are shown in Fig. 7. In Fig. 7, the SEM image

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Fig. 5 Rule functions created in FL model design

Fig. 6 RP’s X-ray diffractogram

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Fig. 7 SEM image of RP and EDX analysis at one point

Fig. 8 SEM image of RP and EDX analysis at two points

and the high Si ratio in the EDX graph taken from the point this SEM image is clear. While the clay image at point 1
marked on this image indicate that this point has an amor- clearly shows that there is argillization in the sample, it can
phous structure. On the other hand, it can be said that the be stated that the rate of argillization is very low at point 2,
voids visible on the raw perlite sample are an indication of but argillization has just begun on a microscale. When the
melting and, therefore, very little argillization. EDX graphs in Fig. 8 are compared with each other, it has
Figure 8 shows another SEM image of RP and EDX graphs been determined that the Si peak is larger at point 2, so the
taken from two different points marked on this image. It can Si ratio is higher at this point. Therefore, it can be said that
be said that the difference between two separate points in this region has an amorphous structure and is rich in Si.

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Table 5 Chemical analysis of the cements used (%)

Oxide CEM I CEM II RPCC5 RPCC10 RPCC15 RPCC20 RPCC25 RPCC30 EN 197-1

CaO 62.72 48.40 60.11 56.34 53.57 50.10 47.73 44.19 –

SiO2 20.00 29.51 22.99 24.54 27.90 29.75 33.30 35.69 –
Al2 O3 4.92 7.52 5.43 5.58 6.19 6.41 6.98 7.33 –
Fe2 O3 3.76 3.43 4.10 3.90 3.75 3.55 3.40 3.20 –
MgO 1.84 1.98 2.13 2.07 2.11 2.03 2.02 2.01 ≤ 5.0
SO3 2.65 2.63 2.66 2.59 2.64 2.55 2.66 2.62 ≤ 3.5
K2 O 0.73 1.02 0.91 1.14 1.34 1.56 1.76 1.97 –
Na2 O 0.26 0.74 0.44 0.56 0.62 0.79 0.85 0.99 –
LOI 2.54 4.22 1.54 1.71 1.86 2.09 2.11 2.37 ≤ 5.0

Fig. 9 Relationship between the density and specific surface of RPCCs Fig. 10 Relationship between density and consistency water of RPCCs

3.4 Chemical Analysis of RPCCs

The chemical compositions of RPCCs determined according

to EN 196-2 [43] are given in Table 4 together with the control
cements. In the EN 197-1 [9] standard, limit values are given
for MgO, SO3 , and loss on ignition. According to the results
of the chemical analysis obtained, the MgO, SO3 , and loss
on ignition values of RPCCs are lower than the EN 197-1
limit values (Table 5).

3.5 Physical Properties of RPCCs

The physical properties determined by the experiments on

Fig. 11 Relationship between setting time and consistency water of
the cements produced in the laboratory are shown in Figs. 9, cements
10, 11. It was determined that as the amount of RP increased
in these cement mixtures, the density values decreased. This
situation can be explained by the fact that the density value specific surface experiment results determined by the Blaine
of RP is lower than the clinker density value. The results method, it is seen that the specific surface values increase as
obtained in this study are in good agreement with the liter- the RP usage rate in cement increases. As mentioned in the
ature where diatomite and pumice, natural pozzolanas, are method section, RP was ground in a ball mill for a longer
used as additives in cement production [7, 12]. time compared to clinker. This is because RP has a harder
The relationship between density and the specific surface structure than clinker. In the literature, it has been seen that
of RPCCs produced is shown in Fig. 9. According to the the hardness of clinker (Mohs scale  4–6) [44, 45] is less

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than that of RP (Mohs scale  5.5–7) [46]. Accordingly, it

can be said that the grindability of RP is more difficult. For
this reason, it should be known that RP needs to be ground for
a longer time to provide the desired Blaine value in cement
production. Gypsum, on the other hand, is in the soft (Mohs
hardness  2) material group according to the Mohs scale
[45]. For this reason, gypsum, the size of crushed stone (less
than 50 mm) could be easily ground in a shorter time (10
~ 30 min) together with ground clinker and RP in the pro-
duction of cement with RP additives. Since the density value
of RP (2.37 g/cm3 ) is lower than the clinker density value
(3.15 g/cm3 ), the amount of RP entering the cement mixture
increases. Accordingly, the specific surface value of RPCCs Fig. 12 Relationship between flexural tensile strength and sample age
is also gradually increasing (Fig. 9). This result coincides of cements
with the experimental results obtained in a similar study in
which pumice, a natural pozzolana, was used as an additive
material in cement production [12].
Figure 10 shows that as the density values of RPCCs
decrease, the consistency water values increase. This result
can be explained by the fact that since more RP particles enter
the mixture by volume in RPCCs, the water requirement of
cements also increases. A similar situation is observed in
the increase in the surface area of the cement as the density
value decreases in RPCCs (Fig. 9). The increase in the sur-
face area of RPCCs increases the need for consistency water
of cement, because more water is needed to wet the surface
of cement particles.
The relationship between the setting times of cements and Fig. 13 Relationship between compressive strength and sample age of
cements
the consistency water is shown in Fig. 11. As can be seen,
the initial setting time of the control cements CEM I and
CEM II was determined as 100 min and 145 min, respec- 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, and 3 for CEM I, CEM II, RPCC5, RPCC10,
tively. The initial setting time of RPCCs varies between 105 RPCC15, RPCC20, RPCC25, and RPCC30 cements, respec-
and 130 min. In EN 197-1, the initial setting time is given as tively. Accordingly, it has been determined that the expansion
≥ 60 min for CEM I and ≥ 75 min for CEM II. Accordingly, values of all cements are lower than the maximum limit value
both control cements and RPCCs were evaluated in accor- (≤ 10) given in the relevant standard EN 197-1. In this case,
dance with EN 197-1 in terms of initial setting time. In the it can be said that RP does not have a negative effect on the
same standard, there is no limitation related to the final set- expansion of the cement.
ting time. It is seen that the final setting time of RPCCs and
control cements varies between 190 and 230 min. Accord-
ingly, it can be said that all cements solidify at the end of 3 ~ 3.6 Flexural Tensile Strength of RPCCs
4 h. When RPCCs are compared among themselves in terms
of final setting time, the final setting time also increases as When Fig. 12, where the flexural strength–sample age rela-
the RP ratio in cement increases. tionship is seen, is examined, the flexural strength value of
On the other hand, it is seen that there is a linear rela- the control cement CEM I is higher than the flexural strength
tionship between the final setting time of cements and the values of the RPCCs at all ages, as expected. Since the other
consistency water values (Fig. 11). It is an expected result control cements CEM II with RPCCs produced in the labo-
that as the consistency water values of the cements increase, ratory were similar in terms of production method, they were
the final setting time values will increase accordingly. also compared with each other. As the amount of raw per-
As it is known, large volume changes should not occur in lite entering the Portland composite cement mixture at all
a hardened cement paste. Compounds such as free lime, cal- ages increases, the flexural tensile strength values decrease
cium sulfate, and magnesium in the cement paste can lead to relatively. In the literature, it has been observed that similar
expansion. It is seen that the expansion values of the produced flexural tensile strength test results are obtained when RP is
cements vary between 2 and 4 mm. This value was obtained as used as an additive material in cement manufacturing [47].

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in the mixture increases (Fig. 12). On the other hand, it is

seen that similar test results are obtained in cements using
pozzolans such as pumice [12, 48] and fly ash [49].

3.7 Compressive Strength of RPCCs

When Fig. 13, which shows the relationship between com-

pressive strength and sample age of RPCCs, is examined,
the compressive strength value of control cement CEM I,
similar to flexural strength, is higher than the compressive
strength values of other control cement CEM II and RPCCs
Fig. 14 Relationship between length change and sample age of cements at all ages, as expected. Since the control cements CEM II
with RPCCs produced in the laboratory are similar in terms
of production method, they were compared with each other.
When the 7-day and 28-day flexural tensile strength val- As the amount of RP entering the composite cement mix-
ues of RPCCs are compared with the CEM II control cement, ture increases at all ages, the compressive strength values
the strength values of RPCC5 and RPCC10 are higher than decrease linearly. In the literature, it has been observed that
the CEM II flexural strength values. When the 90-day flexu- similar compressive strength results are obtained when RP is
ral strength values of RPCCs were compared with CEM II, used as an additive material in cement production [25, 26].
RPCC5 showed higher and RPCC10 showed similar strength Also, similar test results were obtained in concrete where
values. As can be seen, the flexural tensile strength values RP was used as a cement replacement material [24]. When
also decrease as the RP ratio increases in the mortar mixture. the 7-day compressive strength values of RPCCs are com-
The pozzolanic effect of RP is more pronounced in samples pared with the CEM II control cement, the strength values
aged 90 days. As the sample age increases, it is seen that the of RPCC5 and RPCC10 are higher than those of CEM II.
strength values approach each other, although the RP ratio The early strength of cement is expressed as 2 or 7 days of

Fig. 15 Clarification screen interface of the physical experiment results of the developed fuzzy model

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Fig. 16 Relationship between FL model and physical experiment results

Fig. 17 Clarification screen

interface of the compressive
strength experiment results of the
developed fuzzy model

compressive strength determined according to EN 196-1 [9]. 197-1 standard, were obtained in all RP blended cements
According to EN 197-1, the 7-day compressive strength value produced.
of cement with a strength class of 32.5 N must be ≥ 16 MPa. When the 28-day compressive strength values of the
As shown in Fig. 3, the compressive strength values of the RPCCs were compared with the control cement CEM II
produced cements vary between 20 and 36 MPa. According strength value, the other RPCCs, except for RPCC30 (the
to these results, strength values higher than 16 MPa, which smallest value is 33.2 MPa for RPCC25), showed a strength
is the minimum compressive strength value required in EN above 32.5 MPa, which is the minimum required strength

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Fig. 18 Relationship between FL model and compressive strength

experiment results
Fig. 20 Relationship between FL model and flexural strength experi-
ment results

value in the standard [9]. The highest compressive strength

among RPCCs was obtained in RPCC5 cement. 3.8 Length Change of RPCCs
When the 90-day compressive strength values were com-
pared with each other, the strength values of RPCC5, When the relationship between the length change of the
RPCC10, RPCC15, and RPCC20 were obtained higher cements and the age of the sample is examined, it is seen
than the strength values of the control cement CEM II. that there is no significant change in the length change val-
The obtained experimental results show that RP, a natural ues of the cements, despite the increase in the RP ratio in the
pozzolan, positively affects compressive strength values at cement mixture (Fig. 14). The 28- and 90-day compressive
advanced ages. Similar test results were obtained in other strength test results of RPCC25 and RPCC30 were lower than
studies where RP was used as an additive material in cement the control cement CEM II (Fig. 2). For this reason, the length
production [26]. On the other hand, the 90-day compres- change test was applied only to RPCC5, RPCC10, RPCC15,
sive strength value (39.3 MPa) of RPCC30 is ~ 21% higher and RPCC20 cements. RP affects cements positively and
than the 28-day minimum compressive strength (32.5 MPa) decreases the length change values. In the literature, it has
required in EN 197-1. Therefore, it is thought that even been determined that the length change tests of the cements
RPCC30 can be used in places where compressive strength produced using RP are not performed. For this reason, the
values are not desired at early ages. Additionally, it is seen obtained length change test results were compared with the
that similar results are obtained in cements using pozzolans other pozzolanic material test results. Similar results were
such as pumice [12, 48, 50], diatomite [7], volcanic ash [50], obtained in an experimental study in which fly ash was used
and fly ash [49, 51]. as a replacement material up to 40% [52]. Figure 14 shows

Fig. 19 Defuzzification screen

interface of the flexural tensile
strength experiment results of the
developed fuzzy model

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Fig. 21 Defuzzification screen interface of the length change experiment results of the developed fuzzy model

that the length change values of CEM I and CEM II con- value between 0.88 and 0.97 predicts the physical experiment
trol cements are higher than RPCCs. As a reason for this, results successfully.
it can be said that the specific surface value of both control The screen interface where the clarification process is
cement is greater than the RPCC values and, therefore, thin- performed in the program for the compressive strength exper-
ner (Fig. 9). On the other hand, these experimental results iment results is shown in Fig. 17. Moreover, the details of the
show great similarity with the experimental results obtained FL method applied to the compressive strength test results
from mortars using diatomite as an additive in cement and are given in Table 7.
prepared using diatomite cement with a high Blaine value The relationship between the model obtained using FL and
[53]. Another similar result was obtained in another study in the compressive strength values obtained experimentally is
which 45% of BFS was used as a substitute material [54]. shown in Fig. 18. The obtained correlation coefficient (R2 
0.9895) shows that the compressive strength values of RPCCs
3.9 Fuzzy Logic Method of RPCCs with MATLAB can be successfully estimated using these input data.
In Fig. 19, the screen interface where rinsing is performed
In the FL method, the results of the rinsing process using in the program is given for the flexural tensile strength exper-
the center of gravity method are given. The screen interface iment results. Additionally, the details of the FL method
where the clarification process is performed in the program applied to the bending tensile strength test results are given
for the physical experiment results is shown in Fig. 15. Addi- in Table 8.
tionally, the details of the FL method applied to the physical Figure 20 shows the relationship between the FL model
test results are given in Table 6. and the experimentally obtained tensile strength values in
When the relationship between the fuzzy logic model and flexural. The fact that the R2 value is 0.987 indicates that the
physical experiment results is examined in Fig. 16, the R2 flexural tensile strength values of cements can be successfully
estimated using the input data.
The screen interface of the length change experiment
results in which the rinsing process is performed is shown
in Fig. 21. Additionally, the details of the FL method applied
to the length change test results are given in Table 9.
When the relationship between the FL model and the
results of the height change experiment in Fig. 22 is exam-
ined, the R2 value being 0.9113 shows that the results of the
height change experiment can be predicted successfully.

Fig. 22 Relationship between FL model and length change experiment

results

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Table 6 Physical experiment results and FL results

RPCC0 RPCC5 RPCC10 RPCC15 RPCC20 RPCC25 RPCC30

Specific surface 3470 3085 3120 3174 3248 3282 3326

FL 3410 3100 3100 3140 3190 3250 3310
Error (%) − 0.000048622 − − − − −
0.00017 0.000064103 0.000107120 0.000178571 0.000097502 0.000048106
Initial 145 105 110 115 125 130 130
setting
time
FL 123 127 127 127 126 124 124
Error (%) − 0.00209524 0.001545455 0.001043478 0.00008 − 0.00046154 − 0.00046154
0.00152
Final 230 190 210 220 225 230 230
setting
time
FL 224 192 207 219 224 224 224
Error (%) − 0.00010526 − 0.00014286 − − − 0.00026087 − 0.00026087
0.00026 0.000045455 0.000044444
Consistency water 29.6 23.6 23.8 24.9 25.1 25.6 26.2
FL 28.7 23.9 23.9 24.5 24.5 25.3 25.3
Error (%) − 0.0003 0.00012712 0.000042017 − 0.00016064 − 0.00023904 − 0.00011719 − 0.00034351
For specific Average % error  − 0.000088527
surface Average absolute % error  0.000115066
Maximum absolute % error  0.000178571
Coefficient of correlation  r  0.98
For initial setting Average % error  0.000331979
time Average absolute % error  0.001029213
Maximum absolute % error  0.002095238
Coefficient of correlation  r  0.94
For final setting Average % error  − 0.000130015
time Average absolute % error  0.00016009
Maximum absolute % error  0.00026087
Coefficient of correlation  r  0.98
For consistency Average % error  − 0.000142186
water Average absolute % error  0.000190511
Maximum absolute % error  0.000343511
Coefficient of correlation  r  0.98

Table 7 Compressive strength experiment results and FL results (MPa)

CS—7 days FL Error CS—28 days FL Error CS—90 days FL Error (%)
(%) (%)

RPCC0 30.2 30.0 − 0.00006622 37.4 35.8 − 0.00042781 43.5 42.3 − 0.00028
RPCC5 34.0 32.0 − 0.000588235 44.8 42.5 − 0.00051339 49.8 48.3 − 0.0003
RPCC10 30.5 30.0 − 0.000163934 42.6 42.5 − 0.00002347 47.9 46.8 − 0.00023
RPCC15 28.1 28.0 − 0.000035587 39.8 38.0 − 0.00045226 46.7 45.3 − 0.0003
RPCC20 25.8 23.9 − 0.000736434 36.1 35.7 − 0.0001108 46.0 45.3 − 0.00015
RPCC25 23.2 21.9 − 0.000560345 33.2 31.3 − 0.00057229 41.6 40.8 − 0.00019
RPCC30 19.9 20.5 0.000301508 29.0 29.7 0.00024138 39.3 39.8 0.000127

Average % error  − 0.0002396

Average absolute % error  0.00030342
Maximum absolute % error  0.00073643
Coefficient of correlation  r  0.99

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Table 8 Flexural strength experiment results and FL results (MPa)

CS—7 FL Error CS—28 FL Error CS—90 FL Error

days (%) days (%) days (%)

RPCC0 4.9 4.73 − 0.00035 6.4 6.13 − 0.00042 7.1 6.97 − 0.0001831
RPCC5 6.1 5.77 − 0.00054 6.9 6.63 − 0.00039 7.3 7.13 − 0.0002329
RPCC10 5.3 5.07 − 0.00043 6.5 6.37 − 0.0002 7.1 6.97 − 0.0001831
RPCC15 4.8 4.73 − 0.00015 6.2 6.13 − 0.00011 6.8 6.6 − 0.0002941
RPCC20 4.6 4.37 − 0.0005 6.1 5.87 − 0.00038 6.78 6.8 0.00002949
RPCC25 4.2 4.03 − 0.0004 5.3 5.19 − 0.00021 6.5 6.43 − 0.0001077
RPCC30 3.7 3.79 0.000243 5.1 5.19 0.000176 6.1 6.16 0.00009836

Average % error  − 0.00022

Average absolute % error  0.000268
Maximum absolute % error  0.0005
Coefficient of correlation  r  0.99

Table 9 FL results with length

change experiment results (MPa) 3 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 56 days 112 days

RPCC0 Exp 0.00022 0.0004 0.00052 0.00051 0.00051 0.00061

FL 0.0002 0.000362 0.00048 0.00043 0.00048 0.00058
Error − − 0.00095 − − − − 0.00052
(%) 0.00109 0.00081 0.00153 0.00051
RPCC5 Exp 0.00013 0.00027 0.00034 0.00038 0.00038 0.00045
FL 0.00012 0.000248 0.00052 0.00039 0.00039 0.00046
Error − − 0.00529 0.00021 0.00021 0.00022
(%) 0.00046 0.000815
RPCC10 Exp 0.00011 0.00025 0.00033 0.00038 0.00038 0.00053
FL 0.00011 0.000248 0.00035 0.00039 0.00039 0.00051
Error − − 0.00008 0.00067 0.00021 0.00021 − 0.0003
(%) 0.00045
RPCC15 Exp 0.00011 0.00026 0.00037 0.00039 0.00039 0.00048
FL 0.00011 0.000248 0.00035 0.00041 0.00041 0.00048
Error − − − 0.00041 0.00041 0.00004
(%) 0.00045 0.000462 0.00049
RPCC20 Exp 0.0001 0.00021 0.00031 0.00038 0.0004 0.00051
FL 0.00011 0.000222 0.00032 0.00039 0.00041 0.00048
Error 0.0005 0.000571 0.00042 0.00021 0.00015 − 0.00055
(%)

Average % error  0.0000009

Average absolute % error  0.000641
Maximum absolute % error  0.00529
Coefficient of correlation  r  0.95

4 Conclusions • According to the results of chemical analysis, RPCCs com-

ply with EN 197-1 limit values.
The results obtained from this experimental study can be • As the amount of RP in cement increases, the density value
summarized as follows: decreases.
• As the amount of RP in the cement increases, the specific
• The pozzolanic activity of RP is at a good level. surface values generally increase.
• It can be said that RP has a predominantly amorphous • As the RP ratio in the cement increases, the final setting
structure, contains a small amount of quartz mineral, and time increases.
is rich in Si.

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• It can be said that the expansion values of RPCCs are in the properties of high strength mortars produced with basalt sand.
accordance with EN 197-1 standard; therefore, RP does Struct. Concr.. Concr. 22(1), E273–E290 (2021). https://doi.org/
10.1002/suco.202000063
not have a negative effect on the expansion of the cement. 12. Ulusu, H.; Aruntas, H.Y.; Gencel, O.: Investigation on characteris-
• As the RP ratio in the mortar mixture increases, the flexural tics of blended cements containing pumice. Constr. Build. Mater.
tensile strength values also decrease. 118, 11–19 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05
• It positively affects RP mortars compressive strength val- .030
13. Khandaker, M.; Anwar, H.: Blended cement using volcanic ash and
ues in advanced ages. pumice. Cem. Concr. Res.. Concr. Res. 33(10), 1601–1605 (2003).
• Length change values of cements decrease despite the https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00127-3
increase in the RP ratio in the mixture. 14. Sarıdemir, M.; Severcan, M.H.; Ciflikli, M.; Celikten, S.; Ozcan, F.;
• In the fuzzy logic model, the correlation coefficients of Atis, C.D.: The influence of elevated temperature on strength and
microstructure of high strength concrete containing ground pumice
RPCCs were determined between 0.91 and 0.98, showing and metakaolin. Constr. Build. Mater. 124, 244–257 (2016). https://
that it gave a successful result in the estimation of the doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.109
experimental results. 15. Madhuri, P.; Kameswara Rao, B.; Chaitanya, A.: Improved per-
formance of concrete incorporated with natural zeolite powder
as supplementary cementitious material. Mater. Today Proc. 47,
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the chemistry laboratory 5369–5378 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.089
personnel of Limak Ankara Cement Factory and the DSI Technical 16. Małolepszy, J.; Grabowska, E.: Sulphate attack resistance of
Research and Quality Control Department for their support of the exper- cement with zeolite additive. Procedia Eng. 108, 170–176 (2015).
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