Variable

In this lecture we are discussing variable in python:

Variable: It is a container where we can put our value
e.g
>>x=2 #here x is variable and 2 is value
>>x+3
--5 **output
>>y=3

Note: If I want to use output of previous operation so we use underscore (_)

>> _+y
8 # previous output 5 and y is 3

Use String as a variable:

-- Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation marks.
-- e.g "shiva" ,'shiva'

Assign String to a Variable:

-- Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name followed by an equal sign and the
string:
>>name='shiva'
>>name
shiva

Slicing String:
we can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.
Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to return a part of the string.

-- Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):

>>name='youtube'
>>name[2:5]
'utu'

Slice From the Start:

>>name[:5] #from starting to index 5 (exclude)
'youtu'

Slice To the End:

>>name[2:] #from 2nd index to end
'utube'

Negative Indexing:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 #positive indexing
y o u t u b e
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 #Negative indexing

>>name[-1]
'e'

>>name[:-1]

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>>name[:-1]
'youtub'

>>name[:]
'youtube'

>>name [:0]
''
>>name[-5:-2]
'utu'

Concatenate String:
>> name+ ' telusko'
'youtube telusko'

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List

#1
Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.
- We have to use a square bracket [], and in that square bracket, we can store multiple values.
- We can print the list through the variable name.
- Lists are Mutable which means values can be changed in the list.
- We can also get the single value from the list using the index value.
- The index value is 1 less than the size of a list as the index value starts from 0.
e.g., If the size of the list is 5, then its index value lies in the range of 0 to 4.
- We can fetch only those values from a list that are in the range of index values of it.
- We can also get a sub-list of a list by using the slicing in a list.
- We can also fetch the value from a list through negative numbers similar to strings.
- A list of strings can also be created.
- We can also create a list that can store values of different data types.
Like it can store integer value, float value, string value etc, in a single list.
- A list of lists can also be created which means a list can also store different lists in it as well.

#2
- Several operations can also be performed using it and it has many in-built functions and methods
to use.
- nums. shows all the functions that are available with the list.
- Ctrl + Space can also be used to show the methods.
- append method is used to add a new value to the end of a list.
- clear will clear the entire list.
- insert method can add a value in between the list at the specified index.
- A particular element can also be deleted through the remove method.
- pop method will also remove the element through the index value and return that deleted
element as well.
- If you don't specify the index value in the pop method, it will delete and return the last element
from the list.
- del is a command through which you can delete a sub-list or multiple values from a list.
del list name[start:end]
- extend method is used to add multiple values or a sub-list in a list.
- sort method is used to get listed in the sorted order.
nums.sort()

#3
- min() function is used to get the minimum value present in a list.
- max() function is used to get the maximum value of a list.
- sum() function returns the sum of all of the values present inside the list.

>>> nums = [25,12,36,95,14] >>> nums.pop(1)

>>> nums 12
[25, 12, 36, 95, 14] >>> nums
>>> nums[0] [25, 77, 36, 95, 45]
25 >>> nums.pop()
>>> nums[4] 45
14 >>> del nums[2:]
>>> nums[2:] >>> nums

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>>> nums[4] 45
14 >>> del nums[2:]
>>> nums[2:] >>> nums
[36, 95, 14] [25, 77]
>>> nums[-1] >>> nums.extend(29,12,14,36)
14 Traceback (most recent call last):
>>> nums[-5] File "<pyshell#25>", line 1, in <module>
25 nums.extend(29,12,14,36)
>>> names = ['navin','kiran','john'] TypeError: extend() takes exactly one argument (4 given)
>>> names >>> nums.extend([29,12,14,36])
['navin', 'kiran', 'john'] >>> nums
>>> values = [9.5,'Navin',25] [25, 77, 29, 12, 14, 36]
>>> mil = [nums, names] >>> min(nums)
>>> mil 12
[[25, 12, 36, 95, 14], ['navin', 'kiran', 'john']] >>> max(nums)
>>> nums.append(45) 77
>>> nums >>> sum(nums)
[25, 12, 36, 95, 14, 45] 193
>>> nums.sort()
>>> nums
[12, 14, 25, 29, 36, 77]

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Tuples And Set
In this lecture we will learn:
- What are Tuples in Python
- Tuples re immutable
- Methods used with tuples
- When to use tuples over lists?
- What are Sets in Python?
- Properties of Sets

#1
Tuples:-
Tuple is almost similar to a list in which we can store multiple values.
- Tuples are Immutable and we can change values in them.
- To define a tuple, () round brackets are used.
- We can fetch the values from a tuple using the index value that can be given in a square bracket.
- Tuple will give an error when you tried to change a value in it.

#2
- count method is used to count the occurrences of an element in a tuple. It counts the number of
times that an element is present in a tuple.
e.g., If an element of value 5 is present two times in a tuple, then the count method returns 2.

#3
- We can use tuples when we want a list of multiple values but we do not want to change it.
- Iteration in the tuple is faster than the list.

#4
Sets:-
- Set is a collection of unique elements.
- To define the set, we use the {} curly brackets.
- Set never follows the sequence.
- When we print the set, then the sequence of values in output will be different from the sequence
of input.
- Duplicate values present in a set will be printed only once in an output.
- Set uses the concept of Hash. Hash is used to improve the performance as it fetches the values as
fast as possible.
- Indexing is not supported in sets as it does not follow sequencing.
- Values can not be changed in a set also because index value is not supported.

>>> tup = (21,36,14,25)

>>> tup
(21, 36, 14, 25)
>>> tup[1]
36
>>> tup[1] = 33
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
tup[1] = 33
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
>>> s = {22,25,14,21,5}

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>>> s = {22,25,14,21,5}
>>> s
{5, 14, 21, 22, 25}
>>> s = {25,14,98,63,75,98}
>>> s
{98, 75, 14, 25, 63}
>>> s[2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
s[2]
TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable
>>>

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