This document is a self-learning kit for Grade 11 students focusing on recombinant DNA and its applications in genetic engineering. It outlines the objectives, learning competencies, and processes involved in genetic engineering, as well as the applications of recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine, and industry. The kit aims to provide meaningful learning experiences for Filipino learners amidst the challenges posed by the pandemic.
This document is a self-learning kit for Grade 11 students focusing on recombinant DNA and its applications in genetic engineering. It outlines the objectives, learning competencies, and processes involved in genetic engineering, as well as the applications of recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine, and industry. The kit aims to provide meaningful learning experiences for Filipino learners amidst the challenges posed by the pandemic.
This document is a self-learning kit for Grade 11 students focusing on recombinant DNA and its applications in genetic engineering. It outlines the objectives, learning competencies, and processes involved in genetic engineering, as well as the applications of recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine, and industry. The kit aims to provide meaningful learning experiences for Filipino learners amidst the challenges posed by the pandemic.
This document is a self-learning kit for Grade 11 students focusing on recombinant DNA and its applications in genetic engineering. It outlines the objectives, learning competencies, and processes involved in genetic engineering, as well as the applications of recombinant DNA in agriculture, medicine, and industry. The kit aims to provide meaningful learning experiences for Filipino learners amidst the challenges posed by the pandemic.
Curriculum Development and Curriculum Standards Development Division has crafted the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) for teachers to address the needs and demands of the learners brought about by the pandemic.
This self-learning kit (SLK) will help the learners to have
full understanding on the important applications of recombinant DNA. Learners will be able to outline the processes involved in genetic engineering and appreciate the important applications of recombinant DNA.
The writer ensures that the lessons are substantial,
simple, and interactive so that Filipino learners will learn meaningfully.
2 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
K – discuss the applications of recombinant DNA. S – outline the processes involved in genetic engineering. A – appreciate the importance of recombinant DNA by listing its applications in daily life.
LEARNING COMPETENCIES • Outline the processes involved in genetic engineering (STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-6)
• Discuss the applications of recombinant DNA
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIa-b-7)
Ma’am, why is it Good question, Cardo!
that the tomatoes The reason for that is don’t have the the so-called same size? recombinant DNA.
Another good But what is question, Cardo! recombinant DNA? Well, that will be our lesson for today.
3 progressed to transfer an insulin synthesis gene into a plasmid of E. coli, with that producing the first genetically modified organism (GMO). By 1982, this protocol received full approval from national drug regulatory authorities, notably the US Food and Drug Administration, thereby enabling the economically viable mass production of human insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels and is made naturally by beta cells in the pancreas. This facilitated the widespread commercial availability of insulin at a price affordable to patients with the metabolic disorders’ types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, who either fail to produce or to metabolize sufficient insulin.
This proof of principle demonstration of the translational medical
benefits of genetic modification pioneered a trend in biotechnology for molecular cloning methods to transfer genes expressing desirable traits into another host organism thereby producing favorable characteristics. This now involves both prokaryotes such as bacteria (comparatively routine to modify genetically by rDNA technology) and eukaryotes including yeast, plants, insects, and mammals (comparatively complex to manipulate via rDNA technology).
What is recombinant DNA?
Recombinant DNA
• Molecules of DNA from two different species that are inserted into host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. • It is often shortened to rDNA. • It is an artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two or more gene sequences. This new combination may or may not occur naturally but is engineered specifically for a purpose to be used in one of the many applications of recombinant DNA.
5 What are the important applications of recombinant DNA?
The three important applications are (1) agricultural applications
(applications in crop improvement), (2) medicinal applications (applications in medicines), and (3) industrial applications.
I. Agricultural applications (applications in crop improvement)
Genetic engineering has several potential applications in crop improvement, such as given below:
1. Distant hybridization With the advancement of genetic engineering, it is now possible to transfer genes between distantly related species. The barriers of gene transfer between species or even genera have been overcome. The desirable genes can be transferred even from lower organisms to higher organisms through recombinant DNA technology.
2. Development of transgenic plants
Genetically transformed plants which contain foreign genes are called transgenic plants. Resistance to diseases, insects and pests, herbicides, drought; metal toxicity tolerance; induction of male sterility for plant breeding purpose; and improvement of quality can be achieved through this recombinant DNA technology. BT-cotton resistant to bollworms is a glaring example.
3. Development of root nodules in cereal crops
Leguminous plants have root nodules which contain nitrogen- fixing bacteria Rhizobium. These bacteria convert the free atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates in the root nodules. The bacterial genes responsible for this nitrogen fixation can be transferred now to cereal crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley, etc. through the techniques of genetic engineering thus making these crops too capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen.
6 4. Development of C4 plants Improvement in yield can be achieved by improving the photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants. The photosynthetic rate can be increased by conversion of C3 plants into C4 plants, which can be achieved either through protoplasm fusion or recombinant DNA technology. C4 plants have higher potential rate of biomass production than C3 plants. Most C4 plants (sorghum, sugarcane, maize, some grasses) are grown in tropical and subtropical zones.
II. Medicinal applications (applications in medicines)
Biotechnology, especially genetic engineering, plays an important role in the production of antibiotics, hormones, vaccines, and interferon in the field of medicines.
1. Production of antibiotics Penicillium and Streptomyces fungi are used for mass production of famous antibiotics penicillin and streptomycin. Genetically efficient strains of these fungi have been developed to greatly increase the yield of these antibiotics.
2. Production of hormone insulin
Insulin, a hormone used by diabetics, is usually extracted from the pancreas of cows and pigs. This insulin is slightly different in structure from human insulin. As a result, it leads to allergic reactions in about 5% patients. Human gene for insulin production has been incorporated into bacterial DNA and such genetically engineered bacteria are used for large-scale production of insulin.
3. Production of vaccines Vaccines are now produced by transfer of antigen-coding genes to disease-causing bacteria. Such antibodies provide protection against the infection by the same bacteria or virus.
4. Production of interferon Interferons are virus-induced proteins produced by virus-infected cells. Interferons are antiviral in action and act as first line of defense against viruses causing serious infections, including breast cancer and lymph node malignancy. Natural interferon is produced in very small
7 quality from human blood cells. It is thus very costly also. It is now possible to produce interferon by recombinant DNA technology at much cheaper rate.
5. Production of enzymes Some useful enzymes can also be produced by recombinant DNA technique. For instance, enzyme urokinase, which is used to dissolve blood clots, has been produced by genetically engineered microorganisms.
6. Gene therapy Genetic engineering may one day enable the medical scientists to replace the defective genes responsible for hereditary diseases (e.g., hemophilia, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria) with normal genes. This new system of therapy is called gene therapy.
7. Solution of disputed parentage
Disputed cases of parentage can now be solved most accurately by recombinant technology than by blood tests.
8. Diagnosis of disease Recombinant DNA technology has provided a broad range of tools to help physicians in the diagnosis of diseases. Most of these involve the construction of probes: short segments of single-stranded DNA attached to a radioactive or fluorescent marker. Such probes are now used for the identification of infectious agents, for instance, food poisoning Salmonella, pus-forming Staphylococcus, hepatitis virus, HIV, etc. By testing the DNA of prospective genetic disorder carrier parents, their genotype can be determined and their chances of producing an afflicted child can be predicted.
9. Production of transgenic animals
Animals which carry foreign genes are called transgenic animals.
Examples: Cow, sheep, goat – therapeutic human proteins in their milk. Fish like common carp, catfish, salmon and goldfish contain human growth hormone (hGH).
8 III. Industrial applications In industries, recombinant DNA technique will help in the production of chemical compounds of commercial importance, improvement of existing fermentation processes, and production of proteins from wastes. This can be achieved by developing more efficient strains of microorganisms. Specially developed microorganisms may be used even to clean up the pollutants. Thus, biotechnology, especially recombinant DNA technology, has many useful applications in crop improvement, medicines, and industry.
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering • It is the process of using rDNA technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits. • It involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes. Most often, a gene from another species is added to an organism's genome to give it a desired phenotype. • It is the artificial modification of an organism’s genetic composition. Genetic engineering typically involves transferring genes from one organism into another organism of a different species to give the latter specific traits of the former. The resulting organism is called a transgenic or genetically modified organism (GMO).
10 Step 1: DNA extraction The process of genetic engineering requires the successful completion of a series of five steps. DNA extraction is the first step in the genetic engineering process. In order to work with DNA, scientists must extract it from the desired organism. A sample of an organism containing the gene of interest is taken through a series of steps to remove the DNA.
Step 2: Gene cloning
The second step of the genetic engineering
process is gene cloning. During DNA extraction, all of the DNA from the organism is extracted at once. Scientists use gene cloning to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted and make thousands of copies of it.
Step 3: Gene design
Once a gene has been cloned, genetic engineers begin the third step, designing the gene to work once inside a different organism. This is done in a test tube by cutting the gene apart with enzymes and replacing gene regions that have been separated.
Step 4: Transformation (e.g., plants)
The modified gene is now ready for the fourth step in the process, transformation, or gene insertion. Since plants have millions of cells, it would be impossible to insert a copy of the transgene into every cell. Therefore, tissue culture is used to propagate masses of undifferentiated plant cells called callus. These are the cells to which the new transgene will be added.
11 The new gene is inserted into some of the cells using various techniques. Some of the more common methods include the gene gun, agrobacterium, microfibers, and electroporation.
The main goal of each of these methods is to transport the new
gene(s) and deliver them into the nucleus of a cell without killing it. Transformed plant cells are then regenerated into transgenic plants. The transgenic plants are grown to maturity in greenhouses, and the seed they produce, which has inherited the transgene, is collected. The genetic engineer's job is now complete. He/she will hand the transgenic seeds over to a plant breeder who is responsible for the final step.
Step 5 : Backcross breeding (e.g., engineered
crop) Transgenic plants are crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plant breeding methods to combine the desired traits of elite parents and the transgene into a single line. The offspring are repeatedly crossed back to the elite line to obtain a high-yielding transgenic line. The result will be a plant with a yield potential close to current hybrids that expresses the trait encoded by the new transgene.
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DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
