DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

C. EXPANDING BINOMIAL USING PASCAL’S

INTRODUCTION TO BASICS OF
TRANGLE
CALCULUS

I. FUNCTION NOTATION decreasing (𝑥 + 𝑦)4 increasing

exponent
exponent
A. FUNCTION CONCEPT
for x0 (x + y)4 can be written as
A function is a relationship between two for x1
x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4
variables, x and y. For example,
for x2

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 for x3

for x4
where:
for x5

x is the input or the independent variable, for x6

meaning, it could be of any value for x7

y is the output or the dependent variable, COEFFICIENTS

meaning, a change in x would change y
For instance; NOTE!
In the function, y = 2x + 1 where x = 2, we Every graph’s function is y = f(x).
can see that y = 5 since 2(2) + 1 is 5. However, if
x = 3, then y = 7 since 2(3) + 1 is 7. It can be II. LINEAR FUNCTION
observed that change in x-value also changes the A. LINEAR FUNCTION CONCEPT
y-value; thus, y is dependent of x.
A linear function is a type of function that creates
a straight line when graphed on a coordinate
NOTE!
plane.
A function can be denoted as “y” or “f(x)”.
The function 2x +1 could be written as y=2x+1 B. SLOPE
or f(x)=2x+1.
The slope of the line tells you how steep the line is
B. EVALUATING A FUNCTION and in which direction it moves:

1. 2. A positive slope means the line rises as

f (2) = 2x + 1 f (x+2) = 2x + 1
f (2) = 2(2) + 1 f (x+2) = 2(x+2) + 1 it moves from left to right.
f (2) = 4 + 1 f (x+2) = 2x + 4 + 1 A negative slope means the line falls as
f (2) = 5 f (x+2) = 2x + 5
it moves from left to right.
3. Find x in 2x + 1 if f (x) = 7 A slope of 0 results in a horizontal line,
f(x) = 2x + 1
7 = 2x + 1 meaning the function is constant and the
7 – 1 = 2x + 1 – 1 output doesn’t change no matter what the
6 = 2x
x=3 input is.

4. In finding the slope, this formula is used:

f (x+h) = x2 – 2x + 4
f (x+h) = (x+h)2 – 2(x+h) + 4 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑚= =
f (x+h) = (x2 + 2xh + h2) – (2x + 2h) + 4 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑟𝑢𝑛
f (x+h) = x2 + 2xh + h2 – 2x – 2h + 4
f (x+h) = x2 + 2xh – 2x – 2h + h2 + 4
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

C. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SLOPE AND III. EXPONENTS

POINT
A. RATIONAL EXPONENTS
1. Point-slope form 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
𝐶 𝑏 = ( √𝐶 )𝑎 ( √𝐶 )𝑎 = 𝐶 𝑏
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
example: example:
where: 3 2
4 3
34 = ( √3)3 ( √4)2 = 43
x1 is the first point
y1 is the second point
B. NEGATIVE EXPONENTS
m is the slope
1 1
𝐶 −𝑎 = = 𝐶 −𝑎
𝐶𝑎 𝐶𝑎
2. Slope intercept form
example: example:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 1 1
4−3 = = 2−2
43 22
where:
C. GREATEST COMMON FACTOR
m is the slope
b is the y-intercept; the value of y when x is 0 example:

Example: 2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 9, GCF = x4
Slope:
2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 9
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= 𝑥4
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
3−1 2 𝑥 4 (2𝑥 + 4 − 8𝑥 −1 + 𝑥 −2 − 𝑥 −3 + 9𝑥 −4
𝑚= = =2
1−0 1
𝑚=2 IV. DOMAIN AND RANGE

INTERVAL:
Point-slope form:
( ) = not inclusive
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
[ ] = inclusive

𝑦 − 1 = 2(𝑥 − 0) V. COMPOSITE FUNCTION

𝑦 − 1 = 2(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑥)

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 example:

f(x) = x2 + 2; g(x) = 3x2 + 2x

f(g(x)) = (3x2 + 2x)2 + 2

Slope-intercept form
f(g(x)) = 9x4 + 4x2 + 2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

INTRODUCTION TO CALCULUS x2 = x + h x1 = x

CALCULUS 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥
➢ it is derived from Latin word “calx” meaning
small pebbles. 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
𝑥+ℎ−𝑥
➢ it is the Mathematics of “Change”
➢ Independently discovered by Isaac 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
Newton (used calculus to explain ℎ

acceleration, rate of change of velocity, and FIRST PRINCIPLE OF CALCULUS

how bodies move under the influence of
𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
forces) and Gottfried Leibniz (notation for 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = lim
differentiation dx/dy and integration ∫
ℎ→0 ℎ
symbol) in the late 17th century APPLICATION OF FIRST PRINCIPLE
➢ Albert Einstein later transformed the
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑦
concept of gravitational force. From 𝑚= = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = → 𝐷𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑥
viewing gravity as a force between masses,
NOTE!
he explained that gravity is a consequence
The slope of the tangent is the derivative.
of a curvature in spacetime
The derivatives can be denoted as:
SLOPE OF A SECANT
𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥

NOTE!
The graph of the derivative describes the
behavior of the tangent line of the function.
When the tangent line’s slope is zero, it is
referred to as stationary point.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Secant Line

Tangent Line

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

y2 = f (x + h) y1 = f (x)