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FORMULAS

The document provides formulas related to solar radiation and its measurements, including calculations for extra-terrestrial radiation, declination, and angles related to solar position. It details the relationships between various parameters such as latitude, hour angle, and surface azimuth angle for different surface orientations. Additionally, it includes methods for determining local apparent time and solar time adjustments.

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indrajit jadhav
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23 views2 pages

FORMULAS

The document provides formulas related to solar radiation and its measurements, including calculations for extra-terrestrial radiation, declination, and angles related to solar position. It details the relationships between various parameters such as latitude, hour angle, and surface azimuth angle for different surface orientations. Additionally, it includes methods for determining local apparent time and solar time adjustments.

Uploaded by

indrajit jadhav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FORMULAS

SOLAR RADIATION AND ITS MEASURMENTS

 (
I n=I sc 1+ 0.033 cos ⁡
360 n
365 )
(extra-terrestrial radiation)

n =day of the year counted from the first day of January,

I sc = solar constant, 1367 W/m2 .

Latitude (ϕ) , hr angle (ω), zenith angle (θz ¿ , surface azimuth angle (γ ¿, solar
azimuth angle( γ s),

 δ ( in degrees )=23.45 sin ⁡


[ 360
365 ]
(284+ n) (declination)

 H g/Hc = a+b (DL/Dmax)


n =day of the year counted from the first day of January

cos ⁡θ=¿ sin ⁡ϕ (sin ⁡δ cos ⁡β+ cos ⁡δ cos ⁡γ cos ⁡ω sin ⁡β)
 +cos ϕ ( cos δ cos ω cos β−sin δ cos γ sin β )
+ cos δ sin γ sin ω sin β
θ = the angle between the incident beam and the normal to the
tilted surface.

ϕ = Latitude (in degrees), δ = Declination (in degrees), β = Slope or tilt angle (in degrees),
ω = Hour angle = (12:00 - Solar Time) (in hours) × 15 degrees.

i. For a vertical surface, β=90 ∘. Therefore,

cos ⁡θ=sin ⁡ϕ cos ⁡δ cos ⁡γ cos ⁡ω−cos ⁡ϕ sin ⁡δ cos ⁡γ +cos ⁡δ sin ⁡γ sin ⁡ω

ii. For a horizontal surface, β=0 ∘. Therefore,

cos ⁡θ=sin ⁡ϕ sin ⁡δ+cos ⁡ϕ cos ⁡δ cos ⁡ω

iii. In this case, the angle θ is the zenith angle θ z


In northern hemisphere the sun during winter is towards south. For a surface south, γ =0∘.
Therefore,

cos ⁡θ=¿ sin ⁡ϕ (sin ⁡δ cos ⁡β+ cos ⁡δ cos ⁡ω sin ⁡β)
+cos ⁡ϕ (cos ⁡δ cos ⁡ω cos ⁡β−sin ⁡δ sin ⁡β ) sin ⁡δ sin ⁡(ϕ−β )+cos ⁡δ cos ⁡ω cos ⁡(ϕ−β )¿
¿

(iv) For a vertical surface facing due south, β=90 ∘ , γ =0∘ . Therefore,

cos ⁡θ=sin ⁡ϕ cos ⁡δ cos ⁡ω−cos ⁡ϕ sin ⁡δ


 Local apparent time (LAT) = Standard time ± 4 (Standard time longitude – Longitude of
location) + (Time correction)

/
 Beam radiation γ =0∘ ; cos θ=sin ⁡δ sin ⁡(ϕ−β)+cos ⁡δ cos ⁡ω cos ⁡(ϕ−β)

 Rb = sin δ sin ( ϕ−β )+ cos δ cos ω cos ⁡(ϕ−β) sin ϕ sin δ+ cos δ cos ω cos ⁡ϕ
 Solar time = Standard time ± 4 (Lst – Lloc) (min) + E (min)
 E = 9.87 sin 2B – 7.53 cos B – 1.5 sin B min.
 B = (360/364)(n – 81)
 Hg/Ho = a+b ( td/tdmax) (Monthly Average, Daily Global Radiation)
 Hg = monthly average of the daily global radiation on a horizontal surface at a location
 Ho = monthly average of the daily extraterrestrial radiation which would fall on a horizontal
surface at the same location in absence of atmosphere
 dt = monthly average of the sunshine hours per day at a location
 dmax t = monthly average of the maximum possible sunshine hours per day at a location
(i.e., day length of the average day of the month)

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