Here is a list of common Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) interview questions with examples

provided in both English and Urdu. The Urdu text is written in the local Urdu script.

1. What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

English:
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects,"
which can contain data (attributes) and methods (functions).

Example in PHP:

class Car {

public $color;

public $model;

public function __construct($color, $model) {

$this->color = $color;

$this->model = $model;

public function displayInfo() {

return "This is a $this->color $this->model.";

$car = new Car('Red', 'Toyota');

echo $car->displayInfo();

Urdu:
‫( آبجیکٹ اورینٹڈ پروگرامنگ‬OOP) ‫می ڈیٹا‬ ‫ایک پروگرامنگ رپیاڈائم ہ جو "آبجیکٹس" ےک تصور پر ی‬
‫مبن ےہ۔ ان ر‬ ‫ے‬
‫ے‬
(attributes) ‫( اور میتھڈز‬functions) ‫شامل ہوت رہی۔‬

‫مثال‬:

class Car {

public $color;

public $model;
 public function __construct($color, $model) {

$this->color = $color;

$this->model = $model;

public function displayInfo() {

return "‫ یہ ایک‬$this->color $this->model ‫;"ہ۔‬

‫ے‬
}

$car = new Car('Red', 'Toyota');

echo $car->displayInfo();

2. What is a Class and an Object?

English:
A class is a blueprint for creating objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

Example in Python:

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

def greet(self):

return f"Hello, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old."

person = Person("Ali", 25)

print(person.greet())

Urdu:
‫( کالس ایک بلیو پرنٹ ہ جو آبجیکٹس بنا ی‬instance) ‫ہ۔‬
‫ اور آبجیکٹ ایک کالس یک ایک مثال‬،‫ن ےک رلی استعمال ہوتا ےہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ے‬
‫مثال‬:
class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

def greet(self):

return f"‫میا نام‬

‫ ر‬،‫{ ہیلو‬self.name} ‫میی عمر‬
‫{ ےہ اور ر‬self.age} ‫"سال ےہ۔‬

person = Person("‫"عل‬, 25)

print(person.greet())

3. What is Inheritance in OOP?

English:
Inheritance is a mechanism where one class can inherit properties and methods from another class.

Example in Java:

class Animal {

void eat() {

System.out.println("This animal eats food.");

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {

System.out.println("The dog barks.");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

 dog.eat();

dog.bark();

Urdu:
‫ے‬
‫طریق‬ ‫( وراثت ایک میکانزم ےہ جس ےک ذریےع ایک کالس دورسی کالس یک خصوصیات اور‬methods) ‫می حاصل کر‬
‫وراثت ر‬
‫ے‬
‫سکن ےہ۔‬

‫مثال‬:

class Animal {

void eat() {

System.out.println("‫;)"یہ جانور کھاتا ےہ۔‬

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {

System.out.println("‫;)"کتا بھونکتا ےہ۔‬

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog dog = new Dog();

dog.eat();

dog.bark();

4. What is Polymorphism in OOP?

English:
Polymorphism allows objects to take multiple forms. It provides a way to perform a single action in
different ways.

Example in C#:
using System;

class Shape {

public virtual void Draw() {

Console.WriteLine("Drawing a shape.");

class Circle : Shape {

public override void Draw() {

Console.WriteLine("Drawing a circle.");

class Program {

static void Main() {

Shape shape = new Circle();

shape.Draw();

Urdu:
‫کو مختلف شکلی اختیار ی‬
‫( پویل مورفزم ایک تصور ےہ جو اشیاء‬objects) ‫کرت یک اجازت دیتا ےہ۔ یہ مختلف طریقوں ےس ایک‬ ‫ر‬
‫ی‬
‫یہ عمل انجام دین کا طریقہ فراہم کرتا ےہ۔‬

‫مثال‬:

csharp

Copy code

using System;

class Shape {
 public virtual void Draw() {

Console.WriteLine("‫;)"ایک شکل کھینچ رہا ےہ۔‬

class Circle : Shape {

public override void Draw() {

Console.WriteLine("‫;)"ایک دائرہ کھینچ رہا ےہ۔‬

class Program {

static void Main() {

Shape shape = new Circle();

shape.Draw();

5. What is Encapsulation?

English:
Encapsulation is the practice of keeping fields within a class private, then providing access to them via
public methods.

Example in Python:

python

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class BankAccount:

def __init__(self, balance):

self.__balance = balance
 def deposit(self, amount):

self.__balance += amount

def get_balance(self):

return self.__balance

account = BankAccount(1000)

account.deposit(500)

print(account.get_balance())

Urdu:
‫ے‬
‫رسائ عوایم‬ ‫( انسکیپسولیشن کا مطلب ہ کہ کالس ےک اندر موجود فیلڈز کو پرائیویٹ رکھا جا ے‬public) ‫میتھڈز ےک‬
‫ن اور ان تک‬ ‫ے‬
‫ن۔‬‫ذریےع فراہم یک جا ے‬

‫مثال‬:

python

Copy code

class BankAccount:

def __init__(self, balance):

self.__balance = balance

def deposit(self, amount):

self.__balance += amount

def get_balance(self):

return self.__balance

account = BankAccount(1000)

account.deposit(500)

print(account.get_balance())
6. What is Abstraction in OOP?

English:
Abstraction is the process of hiding the implementation details and showing only the essential
features.

Example in Java:

java

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abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound();

class Cat extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Meow");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal animal = new Cat();

animal.sound();

Urdu:
‫دکھائ ے‬
‫جائ رہی۔‬ ‫ے‬ ‫چھپائ ے‬
‫جائ رہی اور رصف یرصوری خصوصیات‬ ‫ے‬ ‫می تفصیالت‬ ‫ر‬
‫ابسییکشن وہ عمل ےہ جس ر‬
‫مثال‬:

java

Copy code

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound();

}

class Cat extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("‫;)"میاؤں‬

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal animal = new Cat();

animal.sound();

Let me know if you'd like more examples or clarification!

4o

You said:

more aslo with oop pillers

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here’s an expanded list of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) interview questions, examples, and
explanations with a focus on the four pillars of OOP. All examples are provided in English and Urdu.

Four Pillars of OOP:

1. Encapsulation (‫)انسکیپسولیشن‬

2. Inheritance (‫)وراثت‬

3. Polymorphism (‫)پویل مورفزم‬

‫ر‬
4. Abstraction (‫)ابسییکشن‬
1. What is Encapsulation? Why is it used?

English:
Encapsulation is the concept of bundling data (fields) and methods (functions) that operate on the
data into a single unit (class). It restricts direct access to some components of the object to maintain
control over the data.

Example in Python:

python

Copy code

class Employee:

def __init__(self, name, salary):

self.__name = name # Private attribute

self.__salary = salary # Private attribute

def set_salary(self, salary):

if salary > 0:

self.__salary = salary

def get_salary(self):

return self.__salary

employee = Employee("Ali", 50000)

employee.set_salary(55000)

print(employee.get_salary())

Urdu:
‫ے‬
‫رسائ کو‬ ‫می اکٹھا کرنا ےہ۔ یہ ڈیٹا ےک براہ راست‬‫انسکیپسولیشن کا مطلب ڈیٹا (فیلڈز) اور میتھڈز کو ایک واحد یونٹ (کالس) ر‬
‫کنیول برقرار ر ی‬
‫کھن ےک رلی استعمال کیا جاتا ےہ۔‬ ‫محدود کرےک ر‬

‫مثال‬:

python

Copy code
class Employee:

def __init__(self, name, salary):

‫پرائیویٹ ر‬
self.__name = name # ‫ایییبیوٹ‬
‫پرائیویٹ ر‬
self.__salary = salary # ‫ایییبیوٹ‬

def set_salary(self, salary):

if salary > 0:

self.__salary = salary

def get_salary(self):

return self.__salary

employee = Employee("‫"عل‬, 50000)

employee.set_salary(55000)

print(employee.get_salary())

2. What is Inheritance? Why is it important?

English:
Inheritance allows a class (child class) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (parent
class). It promotes code reuse and establishes a parent-child relationship between classes.

Example in Java:

java

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class Vehicle {

void move() {

System.out.println("This vehicle moves.");

}
class Car extends Vehicle {

void drive() {

System.out.println("The car is driving.");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Car car = new Car();

car.move(); // Inherited method

car.drive(); // Child class method

Urdu:
‫لین یک اجازت ے‬
‫دین ےہ۔‬ ‫می ی‬‫(پینٹ کالس) یک خصوصیات اور میتھڈز وراثت ر‬
‫وراثت ایک کالس (چائلڈ کالس) کو دورسی کالس ر‬
‫ی‬
‫یہ کوڈ کو دوبارہ استعمال کرت ےک رلی اہم ےہ۔‬

‫مثال‬:

java

Copy code

class Vehicle {

void move() {
‫;)"یہ گاڑی حرکت ے‬
System.out.println("‫کرئ ےہ۔‬

class Car extends Vehicle {

void drive() {

System.out.println("‫;)"گاڑی چال ریہ ےہ۔‬

}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Car car = new Car();

car.move(); // ‫وراثت شدہ میتھڈ‬

car.drive(); // ‫چائلڈ کالس میتھڈ‬

3. What is Polymorphism? How is it implemented?

English:
Polymorphism means "many forms." It allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions.
Polymorphism can be achieved using method overriding and method overloading.

Example in C#:

csharp

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using System;

class Shape {

public virtual void Draw() {

Console.WriteLine("Drawing a shape.");

class Rectangle : Shape {

public override void Draw() {

Console.WriteLine("Drawing a rectangle.");

}
}

class Program {

static void Main() {

Shape shape = new Rectangle(); // Runtime polymorphism

shape.Draw();

Urdu:
‫ی‬
‫کرت یک اجازت دیتا ےہ۔‬ ‫پویل مورفزم کا مطلب "بہت یس شکلی" ہی۔ یہ ایک ر‬
‫انیفیس کو ے‬
‫کن مختلف کاموں ےک رلی استعمال‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
‫مثال‬:

csharp

Copy code

using System;

class Shape {

public virtual void Draw() {

Console.WriteLine("‫;)"ایک شکل کھینچ رہا ےہ۔‬

class Rectangle : Shape {

public override void Draw() {

Console.WriteLine("‫;)"ایک مستطیل کھینچ رہا ےہ۔‬

class Program {

static void Main() {

 Shape shape = new Rectangle(); // ‫رن ٹائم پویل مورفزم‬

shape.Draw();

4. What is Abstraction? How is it achieved?

English:
Abstraction is the process of hiding implementation details and showing only essential features to the
user. It can be achieved using abstract classes or interfaces.

Example in Java:

java

Copy code

abstract class Animal {

abstract void sound(); // Abstract method

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("Bark");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal animal = new Dog();

animal.sound();

}
Urdu:
‫کالرس یا ر‬
‫انیفیس ےک‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ر‬
‫ایبسییکٹ‬ ‫ر‬
‫ابسییکشن کا مطلب ےہ تفصیالت کو چھپانا اور رصف یرصوری خصوصیات کو ظاہر کرنا۔ یہ‬
‫ذریےع حاصل کیا جا سکتا ےہ۔‬

‫مثال‬:

java

Copy code

abstract class Animal {

‫ر‬
abstract void sound(); // ‫ایبسییکٹ میتھڈ‬

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {

System.out.println("‫;)"بھونک‬

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal animal = new Dog();

animal.sound();

5. Explain Method Overloading and Method Overriding.

Method Overloading:

English:
Creating multiple methods in the same class with the same name but different parameters.

Example in Python:

python

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class Calculator:

def add(self, a, b):

return a + b

def add(self, a, b, c=0):

return a + b + c

calc = Calculator()

print(calc.add(5, 10)) # Output: 15

print(calc.add(5, 10, 20)) # Output: 35

Urdu:
‫ایک یہ کالس می ایک یہ نام ےک ساتھ لیکن مختلف پی ر‬
‫امییز ےک ساتھ متعدد میتھڈز بنانا۔‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬
‫مثال‬:

python

Copy code

class Calculator:

def add(self, a, b):

return a + b

def add(self, a, b, c=0):

return a + b + c

calc = Calculator()

print(calc.add(5, 10)) # 15 :‫نتیجہ‬

print(calc.add(5, 10, 20)) # 35 :‫نتیجہ‬

Method Overriding:

English:
Redefining a method in a child class that already exists in the parent class.

Example in Java:
java

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class Parent {

void greet() {

System.out.println("Hello from the Parent class.");

class Child extends Parent {

void greet() {

System.out.println("Hello from the Child class.");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Parent parent = new Child();

parent.greet();

Urdu:
‫می پہےل ےس موجود ہو۔‬
‫می اس میتھڈ کو دوبارہ ڈیفائن کرنا جو رپینٹ کالس ر‬
‫ایک چائلڈ کالس ر‬
‫مثال‬:

java

Copy code

class Parent {

void greet() {

System.out.println("‫;)"پینٹ کالس ےس ہیلو۔‬

‫ر‬
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

void greet() {

System.out.println("‫;)"چائلڈ کالس ےس ہیلو۔‬

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Parent parent = new Child();

parent.greet();

Let me know if you need more examples or explanations!

4o

You said:

more about oop

ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Detailed Overview

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects."

Objects are instances of classes and are used to model real-world entities. OOP provides a structured
way to write modular, reusable, and scalable code.

Key Features of OOP:

1. Class (‫)کالس‬

• A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

 • It defines properties (attributes) and methods (functions) that objects instantiated from the
class will have.

Example (Python):

python

Copy code

class Car:

def __init__(self, brand, model):

self.brand = brand

self.model = model

def drive(self):

print(f"{self.brand} {self.model} is driving.")

# Creating objects

car1 = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")

car1.drive()

Urdu:
‫کالس ایک بلوپرنٹ ہ جو آبجیکٹس بنا ی‬
‫ن ےک رلی استعمال ہوتا ےہ۔‬ ‫ے‬

2. Object (‫)آبجیکٹ‬

• An object is an instance of a class.

• It is a real-world entity that has states (attributes) and behaviors (methods).

Example:

python

Copy code

car1 = Car("Honda", "Civic") # Object creation

car2 = Car("Suzuki", "Swift")

Urdu:
‫آبجیکٹ ایک کالس کا انسٹینس ےہ جو اصل دنیا ےک وجود کو ظاہر کرتا ےہ۔‬
 ‫)کنسی ر‬
3. Constructor (‫کی‬ ‫ر‬

• A special method used to initialize objects when a class is instantiated.

• Typically named __init__ in Python or the class name in Java/C++.

Example (C++):

cpp

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Car {

public:

string brand;

string model;

Car(string b, string m) { // Constructor

brand = b;

model = m;

void display() {

cout << "Brand: " << brand << ", Model: " << model << endl;

};

int main() {

Car car1("Honda", "Civic");

car1.display();

return 0;

}
Urdu:
‫کرت ےک وقت آبجیکٹس کو انیشالئز ی‬
‫کرت ےک رلی استعمال ہوتا ےہ۔‬ ‫ی‬ ‫کنسی ر‬
‫کی ایک خاص میتھڈ ےہ جو کالس کو انسٹیٹ‬ ‫ر‬

OOP Principles with Detailed Examples

1. Encapsulation (‫)انسکیپسولیشن‬

• Binding data and methods together in a class.

• Access to the data is controlled through getter and setter methods.

Example (Java):

java

Copy code

class BankAccount {

private double balance;

public void setBalance(double amount) {

if (amount > 0) {

this.balance = amount;

public double getBalance() {

return balance;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

BankAccount account = new BankAccount();

account.setBalance(5000);

System.out.println("Balance: " + account.getBalance());

 }

Urdu:
‫کنیول یک ے‬
‫جائ ےہ۔‬ ‫سیی ےک ذریےع ر‬
‫گیی اور ر‬ ‫ے‬
‫رسائ ر‬ ‫ی‬
‫جوڑت کا عمل ےہ۔ ڈیٹا تک‬ ‫انسکیپسولیشن ڈیٹا اور میتھڈز کو ایک ساتھ‬

2. Inheritance (‫)وراثت‬

• A mechanism to allow one class to acquire the properties and methods of another class.

• The parent class is called the base class, and the child class is called the derived class.

Example (C++):

cpp

Copy code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Animal {

public:

void eat() {

cout << "This animal eats food." << endl;

};

class Dog : public Animal {

public:

void bark() {

cout << "The dog barks." << endl;

};

int main() {
 Dog dog;

dog.eat(); // Inherited method

dog.bark();

return 0;

Urdu:
‫می استعمال کرنا۔‬
‫وراثت کا مطلب ےہ ایک کالس یک خصوصیات اور میتھڈز کو دورسی کالس ر‬

3. Polymorphism (‫)پویل مورفزم‬

• The ability of an object to take on many forms.

• Achieved through method overloading (compile-time) and method overriding (run-time).

Example (C++):

cpp

Copy code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Shape {

public:

virtual void draw() {

cout << "Drawing a shape" << endl;

};

class Circle : public Shape {

public:

void draw() override {

cout << "Drawing a circle" << endl;

}
};

int main() {

Shape *shape = new Circle(); // Run-time polymorphism

shape->draw();

return 0;

Urdu:
‫پویل مورفزم کا مطلب ہ ایک ر‬
‫انیفیس ےک ذریےع مختلف اشکال کو ظاہر کرنا۔‬ ‫ے‬

‫ر‬
4. Abstraction (‫)ابسییکشن‬

• Hiding unnecessary details and showing only essential features of an object.

• Achieved using abstract classes or interfaces.

Example (Python):

python

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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):

@abstractmethod

def sound(self):

pass

class Dog(Animal):

def sound(self):

print("Bark")

class Cat(Animal):

def sound(self):
 print("Meow")

dog = Dog()

cat = Cat()

dog.sound()

cat.sound()

Urdu:
‫غی یرصوری تفصیالت کو چھپانا اور رصف یرصوری خصوصیات کو ظاہر کرنا۔‬ ‫ر‬
‫ابسییکشن کا مطلب ےہ ر‬

Advanced OOP Concepts

1. Association (‫)ایسویس ایشن‬:

• A relationship between two classes where one class uses the other.

• Example: A "Student" class is associated with a "School" class.

2. Aggregation (‫)ایگریگیشن‬:

• A "has-a" relationship where one class contains another class object.

• Example: A "Library" class contains multiple "Book" objects.

3. Composition (‫)کمپوزیشن‬:

• A strong form of aggregation where the contained object cannot exist independently of the
container.

• Example: A "Car" class contains an "Engine" object.

Interview Questions for OOP

1. What is the difference between a class and an object?

o Urdu: ‫می کیا فرق ےہ؟‬

‫کالس اور آبجیکٹ ر‬
2. Explain the concept of method overloading and overriding.

o Urdu: ‫میتھڈ اوورلوڈنگ اور اووررائڈنگ ےک تصور یک وضاحت کریں۔‬

3. How do abstraction and encapsulation differ?

o Urdu: ‫می کیا فرق ےہ؟‬ ‫ر‬

‫ابسییکشن اور انسکیپسولیشن ر‬
4. What are access modifiers?
 o Urdu: ‫ایکسس ماڈیفائرز کیا رہی؟‬

5. What is the purpose of constructors?

o
‫کنسی ر‬
Urdu: ‫کیز کا مقصد کیا ےہ؟‬ ‫ر‬

6. How is polymorphism implemented in your preferred language?

o Urdu: ‫می کیےس نافذ کیا جاتا ےہ؟‬

‫پویل مورفزم کو آپ یک پسندیدہ زبان ر‬
7. What is the significance of this keyword in OOP?

o Urdu: ‫می‬
‫او او یئ ر‬this ‫کیورڈ یک اہمیت کیا ےہ؟‬

Real-Life OOP Applications

1. Banking System:

o Classes: Account, Customer, Transaction.

o Encapsulation: Secure data like account balance.

o Inheritance: SavingsAccount and CheckingAccount.

2. E-Commerce System:

o Classes: Product, Cart, User.

o Polymorphism: Different payment methods (CreditCard, PayPal).

3. Game Development:

o Classes: Player, Enemy, Weapon.

o Abstraction: Hiding implementation of attack behavior.

Let me know if you need more examples or details!

4o

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ChatGPT said:

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Comprehensive Insights into OOP Concepts

Here’s a deeper dive into Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), including more examples, practical
applications, and advanced topics in English and Urdu for better understanding.
Core OOP Features with Examples

1. Object (‫)آبجیکٹ‬

• Objects represent real-world entities and have states (attributes) and behaviors (methods).

• Example: A car has a color, model, and the ability to drive.

Example (Python):

python

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class Car:

def __init__(self, brand, color):

self.brand = brand

self.color = color

def drive(self):

print(f"{self.color} {self.brand} is now driving.")

# Creating objects

car1 = Car("Toyota", "Red")

car1.drive()

Urdu:
‫آبجیکٹ کالس کا انسٹینس ہوتا ہ جو اصل دنیا یک ر ی‬
‫ جیےس کار۔‬،‫چیوں کو ظاہر کرتا ےہ‬ ‫ے‬

2. Class (‫)کالس‬

• A blueprint or template for creating objects.

• Example: A "Car" class defines attributes like brand and model and methods like drive.

Example (C++):

cpp

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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Car {

public:

string brand;

string color;

void drive() {

cout << color << " " << brand << " is driving." << endl;

};

int main() {

Car car1;

car1.brand = "Honda";

car1.color = "Blue";

car1.drive();

return 0;

Urdu:
‫ن جا ے‬
‫ن رہی۔‬ ‫کالس ایک ایسا ڈھانچہ ہ جس ےک ذریےع آبجیکٹس بنا ے‬
‫ے‬

OOP Principles Revisited with Scenarios

1. Encapsulation (‫)انسکیپسولیشن‬

• Definition: Bundling of data and methods that operate on the data, restricting direct access.

• Scenario: A banking system where only authorized methods can modify an account's balance.

Example (Java):

java

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class BankAccount {

private double balance;

public void deposit(double amount) {

if (amount > 0) {

balance += amount;

public double getBalance() {

return balance;

Urdu:
‫ے‬
‫رسائ کو محدود کرنا۔‬ ‫انسکیپسولیشن کا مطلب ےہ ڈیٹا اور میتھڈز کو ایک ساتھ باندھنا اور ان تک براہ راست‬

2. Inheritance (‫)وراثت‬

• Definition: Allows a class to use the properties and methods of another class.

• Scenario: A vehicle class (parent) has properties like speed, which a car class (child) can inherit
and extend.

Example (Python):

python

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class Vehicle:

def __init__(self, speed):

self.speed = speed

def display_speed(self):

print(f"Speed: {self.speed} km/h")

class Car(Vehicle):

def __init__(self, speed, brand):

super().__init__(speed)

self.brand = brand

def show_details(self):

print(f"Brand: {self.brand}")

self.display_speed()

car = Car(120, "Toyota")

car.show_details()

Urdu:
‫دین ےہ۔‬ ‫ی‬
‫کرت ے‬ ‫وراثت ایک کالس کو دورسی کالس یک خصوصیات اور میتھڈز استعمال‬

3. Polymorphism (‫)پویل مورفزم‬

• Definition: One interface, multiple implementations.

• Scenario: Different payment methods (credit card, PayPal, etc.) in an e-commerce platform.

Example (Java):

java

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class Animal {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog extends Animal {

public void sound() {

 System.out.println("Dog barks");

class Cat extends Animal {

public void sound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Animal myDog = new Dog();

Animal myCat = new Cat();

myDog.sound();

myCat.sound();

Urdu:
‫ی‬
‫کرت یک اجازت دیتا ےہ۔‬ ‫پویل مورفزم ایک ر‬
‫انیفیس ےک ذریےع مختلف طریقوں ےس کام‬

‫ر‬
4. Abstraction (‫)ابسییکشن‬

• Definition: Hiding complex implementation details and exposing only the essential features.

• Scenario: A user interacts with a car's steering and pedals without knowing the internal
mechanism.

Example (C++):

cpp

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#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Vehicle {

public:

virtual void start() = 0; // Pure virtual function

};

class Car : public Vehicle {

public:

void start() override {

cout << "Car is starting..." << endl;

};

int main() {

Vehicle *v = new Car();

v->start();

delete v;

return 0;

Urdu:
‫غی یرصوری تفصیالت چھپانا۔‬ ‫ر‬
‫ابسییکشن کا مطلب ہ رصف یرصوری ر ی‬
‫چییں دکھانا اور ر‬ ‫ے‬

Advanced OOP Concepts

1. Composition (‫)کمپوزیشن‬

• Composition means "has-a" relationship, where one object contains another.

Example:

python
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class Engine:

def __init__(self, horsepower):

self.horsepower = horsepower

class Car:

def __init__(self, brand, engine):

self.brand = brand

self.engine = engine

engine = Engine(150)

car = Car("Toyota", engine)

print(f"{car.brand} has an engine with {car.engine.horsepower} HP.")

Urdu:
‫کمپوزیشن کا مطلب ہ کہ ایک کالس دورسی کالس ےک آبجیکٹ کو شامل ے‬
‫کرئ ےہ۔‬ ‫ے‬

2. Aggregation (‫)ایگریگیشن‬

• A weaker form of composition. The contained object can exist independently.

Example:

java

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class Department {

String name;

Department(String name) {

this.name = name;

}
class University {

String universityName;

List<Department> departments;

University(String universityName, List<Department> departments) {

this.universityName = universityName;

this.departments = departments;

Urdu:
‫ایگریگیشن ایک ہلکا کمپوزیشن ےہ جہاں شامل کردہ آبجیکٹ آزاد رہ سکتا ےہ۔‬

OOP in Real-World Applications

1. E-Commerce System:

o Classes: Product, Cart, Payment.

o Example: Encapsulation ensures that a user's payment details are hidden.

2. Banking System:

o Classes: Account, Customer, Transaction.

o Example: Abstraction hides the implementation of transaction processing.

3. Hospital Management:

o Classes: Patient, Doctor, Appointment.

o Example: Polymorphism allows multiple ways to schedule appointments.

4. Game Development:

o Classes: Player, Enemy, Weapon.

o Example: Inheritance allows multiple enemy types to share common behavior.

Interview Questions

1. How does inheritance differ from composition?

Urdu: ‫می کیا فرق ےہ؟‬
‫وراثت اور کمپوزیشن ر‬
2. What are abstract classes and interfaces? How are they different?
Urdu: ‫می کیا فرق ےہ؟‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ر‬
‫کالرس اور انیفیس کیا رہی؟ ان ر‬ ‫ابسییکٹ‬

3. Why is OOP preferred over procedural programming?

‫او او ئ کو پراسیجرل پروگرامنگ پر کیوں ترجیح دی ے‬
Urdu: ‫جائ ےہ؟‬ ‫ی‬
4. What is method overriding, and when would you use it?
Urdu: ‫میتھڈ اووررائڈنگ کیا ےہ اور اےس کب استعمال کیا جاتا ےہ؟‬

5. Explain the significance of design patterns in OOP.

‫او او ئ می ڈیزائن ر‬
Urdu: ‫پیینز یک اہمیت بیان کریں۔‬ ‫ی ر‬