This project report assesses the water quality of the Hindon River in Uttar Pradesh, highlighting its pollution due to industrial, municipal, and agricultural activities. Using multivariate statistical methods, the study identifies key factors affecting water quality and classifies sampling stations based on similarity. The findings indicate that the water is unfit for use and emphasize the need for immediate pollution control measures.
This project report assesses the water quality of the Hindon River in Uttar Pradesh, highlighting its pollution due to industrial, municipal, and agricultural activities. Using multivariate statistical methods, the study identifies key factors affecting water quality and classifies sampling stations based on similarity. The findings indicate that the water is unfit for use and emphasize the need for immediate pollution control measures.
This project report assesses the water quality of the Hindon River in Uttar Pradesh, highlighting its pollution due to industrial, municipal, and agricultural activities. Using multivariate statistical methods, the study identifies key factors affecting water quality and classifies sampling stations based on similarity. The findings indicate that the water is unfit for use and emphasize the need for immediate pollution control measures.
This project report assesses the water quality of the Hindon River in Uttar Pradesh, highlighting its pollution due to industrial, municipal, and agricultural activities. Using multivariate statistical methods, the study identifies key factors affecting water quality and classifies sampling stations based on similarity. The findings indicate that the water is unfit for use and emphasize the need for immediate pollution control measures.
B.TECH. IN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION AND ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES
GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GREATER NOIDA, UP (INDIA) FEB 2024 TABLE OF CONTENT
1. ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 3. OBEJECTIVE TO STUDY ....................................................................................... 4. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... Various sources of water Surface water Rain water Underground water 5. IMPURITIES OF WATER ........................................................................................ 6. EXPERIMENTAL .................................................................................................... Water quality parameter Materials and Apparatus Study Area and Sample collection Total Hardness Determination Total Alkanity Determination Total chloride content Determination pH Determination 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 8. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 9. REFERENCES........................................................................................................... ABSTRACT
The Hindon River is an important River of western Uttar Pradesh. The river is highly polluted due to industrial, municipal and agricultural activities. In the present study, water quality of river Hindon is assessed by using Multivariate statistical methods. Water quality data obtained from eight different sampling stations has been subjected to Pearson correlation, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Principal component analysis yields three major components which were responsible for 84% of total variance within the data set. First factor which is controlled by Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, and chloride explains 36.85% of total variance. The second factor, having strong positive loading of temperature and pH explains 28.34% of the total variance and third factor that can be attributed to organic pollution is responsible for 19.71% of total variance. Hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out to classify sampling stations of certain similarity which grouped eight different sites into two clusters. Thus, the present study has helped to recognize the major components contributing to water quality and has further illustrated the significance of multivariate techniques for analysis and elucidation of water quality data LITERATURE REVIEW Various studies were carried out by renowned experts from around the state on water quality Analysis. Suresh Chandra (2020) carried out a study on analysis of water pollution using different physio chemical parameter, a study of Yamuna River. In this paper they found that Yamuna River has become one of the most polluted rivers in India as well as in the world. In this study the water quality index has been calculated for Yamuna River at the Dehradun using monthly measurement of physic chemical parameter. Trend forecasting for river water pollution has been performed using different parameters at Dehradun, and through this they found result as value of total coliform, temperature and hardness is rising year by year, which is the matter of concern. The values of the considerable physio chemical parameter have been monitored using various monitoring station installed by central pollution control board CPСВ India. K. Mahammad et al., (2019), have carried out study on Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Some Selected Villages of Madanpalli, Chittor Dist.-A.P. In this study physio chemical analysis for two samples one of groundwater and one from surface water have done. They found that the water samples collected has high amount of trace metal ions are Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al which makes water unfit for domestic use. Saroj Gupta (2019) has done study on Drinking Water Quality: A Major Concern in Rural India. In this study relevant data were collected from relevant Government departments' The data were analysed and the objective of the study was derived from the data analysis. Suitable suggestions and recommendations were made to decrease the problem of drinking water supply in a proper manner. This attempt proved helpful to decrease the drinking water and its attribute problems in the study area and it lead to a sustainable example for future generations. Anaam Jawad Alabbasy 2019 carried out study on drink a Literature Review on Drink water Contamination. As per their research work, water is the most important matter of life to get safe drinking water is considered as right is essential to all human although the necessity of water the Welfare of human and sustainable development but sometime water borne diseases are caused death in some parts of the world. The causes of water pollution include a wide.
OBJECTIVE TO STUDY
To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water bodies or their part To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost on pollution control To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants To assess the fitness of water for different uses Rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritisation INTRODUCTION
Water is a precious natural resource. All living things need water for their survival. We cannot imagine life without water. Let it be animals or plants they require water to complete their daily metabolic activities. Plants require water to synthesize their food from the process of photosynthesis.
On average, an individual uses 600 to 700 litres in a day. We all can live without food for days together but cannot even imagine surviving without water, even plants become dry and shed their leaves without water
There are various sources: -
1. Surface water
Water occupies about 71% of the Earth's surface, of which only 2.5% is freshwater in the form of lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. Hydrologic observations of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs are extremely important given humanity's reliance on freshwater for survival, and are of major importance to understand the global water cycle. Existing stream gauge systems are limited in many areas, especially remote and politically unstable environments where people are often most vulnerable to floods and droughts. Remote sensing techniques, such as altimetry and interferometry, enable measurements of surface water to understand the global water cycle on land, as well as provide a global inventory of water resources. 2. Rain water It is the purest form of natural water. But during the journey downwards to the surface through the atmosphere it dissolves gases like CO2 , NO2, SO2 and suspended solid particles.
3. Underground water
A part of rain water which falls on earth surface percolates through soil into the earth. During its downward journey, it dissolves a number of salts and meets a hard rock where it may be stored or come in the form of spring Impurities of water
Classification of Impurities
1. Physical Impurities The presence of physical impurities in water affects physical characteristics such as colour, odour, taste and turbidity. Colour, odour and taste in water are due to the presence of organic matter, minerals, microorganisms etc. Turbidity in water is chiefly due to suspended matters whereas colloidal also liable for turbidity.
2. Chemical Impurities The presence of chemical impurities in water affects the chemical salts of minerals, characteristics of water such as PH, solids, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrogen etc. The presence of chemical impurities may cause various types of diseases.
3. Biological Impurities The presence of the bacteriological impurities affects the bacteriological characteristics of water such as pathogenic microorganisms. (Salmonella), non- pathogenic (E-coli) Bacteriological impurities present in water causes diseases in humans. EXPERIMENTAL
Water Quality Parameters
Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters
Colour Ph Odour and Taste Hardness Turbidity Alkanity Temperature Chloride content
Study Area and Sample collection
Study area is Galgotia college of engineering and technology’s Chemistry Lab.
Sampled collected from different locations from, Uttar Pradesh.
SAMPLE 1 Total Hardness Determination
Volume of water sample Reading of Burette Voltume of EDTA
Volume of water Reading of Burette Volume of Volume of
sample (ml) phenolphthal Methyl Orange ein (ml) (ml) Initial Final Final reading reading(pH) reading(MO) 25 27.3 0 33.5 0 6.2
25 33.5 0 39.7 0 6.2
Total Chlorine content Determination
Volume of water sample Reading of Burette Volume of AgNO3 solution
(ml) (ml) Initial Final reading reading 10 23.5 29.9 6.4
10 29.9 36.3 6.4
pH Determination
Volume of Water pH sample (ml) 10 7.27 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Total Hardness Determination The Total Hardness of water sample[1st=150][2nd=180][3rd=139][4th=152][5th=163] ppm.
water sample Hardness of Water
Total Alkanity Determination The total Alkanity of water sample [1st=269][2nd=340][3rd=404][4th=230][5th=385] mg/L
water sample Methyl Orange Phenophthalein
Chlorine Determination The chloride content of water sample is [1st=133][2nd=146][3rd=160][4th=173][5th=201] mg/L
Water sample Chlorine content
pH Determination The Strength of water sample is [1st=7.27][2nd=7.20][3rd=7.36][4th=7.30][5th=7.46]
water sample PH of water sample
CONCLUSION
City is situated at such a geographic location which has abundance of surface water supply. The present study investigated the status of groundwater quality of district of Uttar Pradesh based on the land use types. The higher concentrations of the major physicochemical and heavy metals. Despite the growing population of the city and shortage of rainfall has increase the dependency of city’s administration on ground water resources. Over exploitation of these resources has led thewater table to decline abruptly in major part of city. The elevated levels of various constituents direct the dominance of anthropogenic activities within the region. Besides, some part of the city like Loni block faces salinity and water contamination problem due to agriculture and industrial leakages. Results revealed that the water sample were in category unfit for using purposes. An immediate attention should be given in order to reduce the contamination through land use activities and heavy metals pollution loading need to be checked. REFERENCES
[1] Anil k Dwivedi researches in water pollution International research journal of natural and applied science vol 4, issue 1, January 2017 impact factor 5. 46 ISSN (2349-5138) [2] Shubham Joshi quality analysis of drinking water a case study of PCMC Pune international journal for research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN 2321-9 653 IC value 45985J impact factor 6887 may 2018 [3] Ahmed Azman review on significant quality and the related artificial intelligence application 2015 IEEE 6th control and system graduate research colloquium (ICSGRC) 163- 168 2015 [5] Louise Parker the effect of groundwater sampling devices on water quality Seva 2007 groundwater monitoring and remediation 130- 141 SAMPLE 2 Total Hardness Determination
Volume of water sample Reading of Burette Voltume of EDTA
