IGCSE Computer Science: Network Notes
1. Introduction to Networks
A network is a collection of computers and devices connected to share resources and communicate.
Types of Networks:
- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small area (e.g., home, school, office).
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a large geographical area (e.g., the Internet).
- WLAN (Wireless LAN): Uses wireless technology (e.g., Wi-Fi) instead of cables.
- PAN (Personal Area Network): Used for personal devices (e.g., Bluetooth connections).
2. Network Hardware
Essential Hardware:
- Router: Directs data between networks and provides internet access.
- Switch: Connects devices within a LAN and efficiently directs data.
- Hub: Broadcasts data to all devices in a network (less efficient than a switch).
- Modem: Converts digital signals to analog for internet access.
- Network Interface Card (NIC): Allows a device to connect to a network.
- Access Point (AP): Enables wireless connections in a WLAN.
3. Network Topologies
Types of Network Structures:
- Bus: Single main cable; cost-effective but prone to failure.
- Star: Central switch/hub; reliable but requires more cables.
- Ring: Data moves in a loop; efficient but difficult to expand.
- Mesh: Every device is connected to others; highly reliable but expensive.
4. Advantages & Disadvantages of Networks
Advantages:
- Easy file and resource sharing.
- Centralized backups and security.
- Faster communication (e.g., emails, messaging).
- Shared internet access reduces cost.
Disadvantages:
- Security risks (e.g., hacking, viruses).
- Maintenance costs.
- Network failures can affect all connected devices.
5. Network Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data transmission.
Common Protocols:
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Basis of internet communication.
- HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure): Used for web browsing.
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Transfers files over a network.
- POP3/IMAP/SMTP: Email communication protocols.
- Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11): Wireless networking standard.
6. Wired vs Wireless Networks
Wired:
- More secure and reliable.
- Faster data transmission.
- Requires physical cables (less flexible).
Wireless:
- No cables needed, allowing mobility.
- Easier to expand.
- Can be less secure and slower.
7. Network Security
Security Threats:
- Hacking: Unauthorized access.
- Malware: Viruses, worms, spyware.
- Phishing: Fake emails/websites tricking users.
- Data interception: Unauthorized data access during transmission.
Security Measures:
- Firewalls: Block unauthorized access.
- Encryption: Secures transmitted data.
- Strong passwords & authentication: Prevents unauthorized access.
- Antivirus software: Detects and removes malware.
- Access control: Restricts user permissions.
8. Cloud Computing & Virtual Networks
Cloud Computing:
- Uses remote servers for storage and processing.
- Examples: Google Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive.
Virtual Networks:
- Uses software to create separate network sections.
- Allows secure remote access (e.g., VPN).
