21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

LITERATURE DURING THE Religious Literature

SPANISH PERIOD
1. Prose
✓ Has 2 main classifications:
PASYON (Narrative Poem)
1. Religious Literature
✓ long narrative poem about the
2. Secular (Non-religious)
passion and death of Christ
Literature
✓ endured the test of time (during
Major Influences holy week)
1. Translation to written literature ✓ El Libro De la Vida (Ancieto de
2. Christianity La Merced)
3. Religious Text ✓ Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu
4. Reformist Movement Christong Panginoon natin ng
Spanish Literature Tola (Gaspar Aquino De Belen) -
mas famous
✓ 3 centuries of colonization
✓ Transformation of literature 2. Poetry
o Oral literature to written (Religious lyric Poem)
literature ✓ Complimentary verses
✓ Written literature o Meant to attract readers and
✓ Rise of Christian faith teach the Spanish language
o Christianity introduced to o Form of complimenting
the Filipinos people thru reading verses
✓ Switch from oral epic traditions to o another way to teach
the story of Christ and His Passion Spanish language thru poem
✓ New language was introduced ✓ Meditative verses
o Spanish o Found in novenas and
Religious Traditions catechisms
o Example: Dalit kay Maria–
✓ Religious orders are in control of
Early form that resembles
printing presses
“free verse”, octosyllabic (8
✓ will not be printed if not religious
syllables per line) four-line
✓ 1593
stanzas
o Doctrina Christiana
✓ 1703
o Pasyong Genesis (narrative
poetry)
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
3. Drama o Pagsusulatan ng Dalauang
Binibini na si Urbana at ni
Dramatic forms
Feliza (1864) by Modesto Castro
✓ Sarswela
o Urbana teaches Feliza about
o father of drama
the Spanish culture
o A musical comedy or
✓ Biographies of Saints
melodrama three acts which
o Written by other person
dealt with the men’s passion
o Autobiography – you
and emotions
✓ Prayer books
✓ Sinakulo
✓ Religious Tales
o Dramatic performance of
✓ Didactic narratives
the passion and death of
o Si Tandang Basio
Christ
Macunat by Fr. Miguel Lucio
o Pasyon naging drama
(1885)
✓ Komedya (moro – moro)
o Ang Bagong Robinson by
o Performed during the town
Joaquin Tuason (1879)
fiestas entertain people and
remind them of their Secular Literature
Christian Religion. ✓ Ilustrados
o Battle between Christian o Educated Filipinos to create
and Muslim o New literary Paradigms
▪ Ayaw tanggapin nung religion ✓ Jose dela Cruz (Huseng Sisiw)
▪ During this period, may ✓ Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas)
nagtatago dahil pinapalaganap
Metrical Romance
yung Christianity
✓ Awit
✓ Tibag
o Dodecasyllabic verse – 12
o Dramatic performance for
o Fabricated stories from
the purpose of manifesting
writers’ imagination refers to
devotion to the holy cross
▪ St Helena’s search for chanting
the Holy Cross o Florante at Laura
✓ Korido
Other prose o Octosyllabic verse – 8
✓ Tratado (Polemical tract) o Popular narrative metrical tale
✓ Ejemplo (Exemplum) and poetry that forms a ballad
✓ Dialogo (dialogue) o Ibong Adarna
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Shorter Forms LITERATURE DURING THE
o Bahay Kubo AMERICAN PERIOD
o Magtanim ay ‘di Biro (1898 – 1945)
o Tapat, Kundiman and Balitaw ✓ After the Americans won WWI
(Folk love songs) European lose control
✓ The Philippines was sold to
Reformist Movement (19th
Century) Treaty of Paris

✓ Makabayan Language
✓ Sumikat yung mga gawa nina Jose ✓ English
Rizal ✓ Adopted as the official
✓ Focused on the realities of medium of instruction in the
colonization public school system
✓ Reformist – someone likes ✓ The rise of English coincided
change with the diminishing use of
✓ Marcelo H. Del Pilar Spanish
✓ Graciano Lopez Jaena ✓ 600 Thomasites arrive in the
✓ Andres Bonifacio Philippines
✓ Emilio Jacinto ▪ Thomasites are not the
✓ Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y first American teachers in
Alonzo Realonda the Philippines
o Noli Me Tangere – Touch Me ▪ American soldiers are the
Not first American teachers
o El Filibusterismo – The Reign ✓ In 1901, free public education
of Greed was institutionalized with
o Mi Ultimo Adios – My Last English as a medium of
Farewell instruction
Other Short Fictions ▪ Education is the most
prominent
✓ American diminished Spanish
language
✓ Established educational
2 Main Established Institution
institutions and various school
publications
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
✓ Focuses more on the development o trendsetting poem of the
of people Philippine Modernist Train by
1. Philippine Normal College Alejandro G. Abadilla.
2. UP 3. Banaag at Sikat by Lope L
✓ 2 various publications: Santos (1906)
o Phillippine Magazine
o College Folio (Philippine 4. Ang Palad ni Pepe by F.P
Collegian – now) Boquecosa (1937)

Various Publications 5. A Child of Sorrow by Zoilo

1. UP – UP Writer’s Club (1927) Galang (1921)
2. UST – The Varsitarian (1828) o First Philippine novel in
3. Ateneo de Manila English
✓ The Ateneo Monthly (1922) Other Poems
✓ The Guidon (1926) Never Mind and Procopio
✓ Wings (1931-1932) Other Poems Solidum (1928)
Famous News Papers
Filipino Poetry Rodolfo Dato
✓ Way of disseminating (1924)
information
✓ Rafael Palma Azucena Marcelo de
o El Renacimiento (1900) Gracia
✓ Pascual Poblete Concepcion
o El Grito Pueblo (1899) (1925)
✓ Sergio Osmenia
o El Nuevo Dia (1900) My Wife’s Conrado
Famous Literary Works Hands Ramirez (1933)

Poetry Soledad Angel Manalang

1. Like the Molave and Other – Gloria (1935)
Poems
o 1940, Rafael Zulueta de Costa Short Stories
won the Commonwealth Deogracias Rosario
Literary Contest ✓ Father of Tagalog short stories
2. Ako ang Daigdig
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
Dead Stars 1925 – Paz Sons for Sale, Carlos P. Romulo
Marquez The Ghost
Benitez
The Radiant Jorge Bocobo
✓ Most famous ✓ One of the Symbol
✓ First short famous
stories writers of ✓ Composed
short of 4 plays in
stories 1 play
✓ Writer/men
tor of great The Husband of Vidal Tan
writers Mrs. Cruz
Stealer of Hearts 1927 – Jose ✓ Political play ✓ Writings are
Villa very Rizal-
✓ First Panganiban like
collection of ✓ Criticize the
Filipino short politician
stories during the
American
Footnote to Jose Garcia colonization
Youth Villa (1993)
✓ 1922-1931
Vernacular Short o The Philippines were able to
Stories make 40 play
o Rise for independence
✓ Language/dia o Political-like
lect spoken in
the region Essay
Life and Success Zoilo Galang
Manuel Arguilla – How my brother (1921)
Leon brought home a wife
The first
Drama or Plays Philippine Book
A Modern The First of Essays in
Filipina Philippine play English
in English (1915)
✓ Literary criticism was
introduced
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
✓ It criticizes a literary piece
LITERATURE DURING THE
✓ Different lenses/approaches JAPANESE PERIOD
(feminism, Marxist,
✓ The war years, 1925 - 1945 set
psychological)
back the development of
Literary Criticism Philippine Literature in English
✓ Salvador P. Lopez – Jose Garcia ✓ The Japanese conquerors
Villa discouraged the use of English;
o Contradicting views of moreover, freedom of speech
literature and freedom of press was denied.
✓ Salvador P. Lopez ✓ All literature in English was
o have meaning stopped by the government
o there should be a role in the specially by the Japanese
social development conquerors
o call for action and social ✓ Philippine literature in English
development especially that came to a halt except for:
they are under the American o The Philippine Review and
period The Tribune but with full
✓ Jose Garcia Villa supervision of Japanese
o Doesn’t want didactic conquerors
o Focuses on syntax (study of ✓ Redefine Philippine Literature by
sentence’s structure) strengthening the vernacular
o Art for art languages
o Written for entertainment ✓ Children and women were
1940s heavily featured in Matute’s
✓ Jose Garcia Villa stories
o One of the famous poets Genoveva
o Talks about innovation ✓ one of the famous writers; not
o Talks about the standard in about the government; about
English children and women; about daily
o Focuses on the syntax of the set of families
literature ✓ Not focused in social reality
✓ Filipino Poetry: Focused on
Nationalism, Love for the
Country, Life in a Barrio, Love and
Religion
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
✓ Language na ginamit: vernacular o Edilberto and Edith Tiempo –
languages (Kapampangan, established Siliman Writers’
Bicolano) Workshop (1961)
✓ Vernacular Poetry blossomed
POST-WAR PERIOD
✓ 1st Palanca Poetry Award was
✓ Two gripping, standard setting
given (A Stun of Jewels by Carlos
novels were published
Angeles)
o 1946 (about social realities -
✓ Philippine Drama was infused
Filipino migrants in America)
with new life (about social
America is in the Heart by
realities) (Metropolitan Theater)
Carlos Bulosan
✓ Palanca Awards continued to
o Without Seeing the Dawn by
bring the best of Philippine
Stevan Javellana
writers, including playwrights
✓ English once again became the
✓ Essays were produced in
medium of instruction in schools
periodicals
✓ Literature in Tagalog was boosted
✓ Socio-political factors influenced
(social and real-life realities)
the works of Post-war writers
(Mga Agos sa Disyerto, 1964)
✓ Vernacular novels reflected social LITERATURE IN THE LATE
and political realities 20TH CENTURY
N.V.M. Gonzales ✓ Both vernacular and English texts
o Filipino abounded
o Focused in literature ✓ The 1987 constitution identified
o Teach literature to new Filipino and English as the two
generation of writers official languages of the country
o Professor in the University of IMPORTANT EVENTS
the Philippines and UST
Amado V. Hernandez
✓ Palanca awards were instituted to
✓ National Artist for Literature
recognize the finest literary
published “Bayang Malaya”
writers of the country (1950)
(1970)
1950’s
✓ Ateneo de Manila University
✓ Marked the peak of Modernism
opened a workshop devoted
in Philippine Poetry
entirely to Tagalog writers (1970)
✓ Rise of American New Criticism
✓ Siliman Workshop continues
(poetic movement)
2 famous professionals
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
✓ NVM Gonzales mentored new ✓ Discovered by the Spanish in the
students 16th century
✓ Some writers wrote in English ✓ Occupied the narrow coastal
began to focus on issues in plain of northwestern Luzon as
society the Ilocos region
✓ Dictatorship recognized the 1. Northern Region
power of literature ✓ Home to people of Cagayan
✓ Publications like “Philippine Free Valley Region
Press” and “Philippine Graphic” 2. Inhabit Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,
were shut down consequently Pangasinan, the Cordillera
✓ Underground literature Region, and other nearby areas
movement (pamphlets and 3. Richness of the literature
anthologies) produced in the Ilokano period
✓ Social themes of Philippine will be explored
fiction heightened in 1970s ✓ Over the centuries, it has
✓ Under government’s censorship proliferated and endured.
of literature, there are outlets for ✓ Ilokano folk songs
protest fiction that endured o filled with happiness,
o Kamao, Dare to Struggle, dynamism, and optimism
Dare to Win and Ulos (statements about the
✓ After the dictatorship, short story collective Ilokano Persona)
and novel in English continued to ✓ Folk songs represents them like
flourish their happiness and optimism
✓ Essayists were prolific in several ✓ Various types of folk songs spread
outlets among the Ilokanos
✓ Palanca Awards have continued o War songs
to bring the best of our country’s ➢ Celebrated joy and
finest writers freedom
➢ Not typical song if they
DIVERSITY OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE want to have war
➢ They sing this after the war
ILOKANO LITERATURE to celebrate joy and
1. Ilokano freedom
✓ Third largest ethnolinguistic o Ceremonial song
group in the Philippines
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
➢ Performed during wedding ✓ Begins in the 17th century
festivities and baptismal o Other friars gave literary
“dallot” contributions
➢ Dallot is sagutan ng kanta ✓ Poetry of the Ilokanos has a rich
o Courtship song tradition
➢ “Badeng” & “Pamulinawen” o Biag ni Lam ang
Ilokano Folk Speech ➢ an epic with the crowning
✓ “Burburtia” achievement in all Ilokano
o Ilokano form of the riddle literature
✓ “Pagsasao” o Pedro Bukaneg
o Ilokano proverb ➢ one of the Ilokano
✓ All are oral during the Spanish luminaries, a 17th century
period poet was credited for the
✓ Other forms of Ilokano oral preservation of this epic
literature included: Invocation to (siya ang nakapagpreserve)
spirits that inhabited the forests, o Pasion
and songs as performed as ➢ another prominent poetic
tribute to the dead (called the worK. Fr. Garriz and Fr.
“dung-aw”) Mejia were among the
✓ Folk tales and Myths (themes are writers who created the
creation, heroes, and beats) Ilokano versions of the
o Characters in these stories “Pasion”
included mythical creatures o Others are “panagbiag” and
named Angalo and Aran – other metrical romances
Giants considered to be the EARLY 20TH CENTURY
first beings that roamed on Henry Otley Beyer
earth; common na ✓ An American anthropologist
ginagamit sa literature estimated that about 500
SPANISH PERIOD publications of Ilocano literature
✓ Proliferation of religious Ilokano and 40 Ilokano periodicals had
literature been accounted for
o 1621 Leopoldo Yabes
➢ publication of the first ever ✓ Challenged Bayer’s figure for
Ilokano work to be printed published works, saying that
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
number was actually closer to 1890
2,000 ✓ “An Parabareta”
✓ Today, Ilokano literary tradition ✓ The first Bikol newspaper was
continues to thrive published by Mariano Perfecto
✓ GUMIL Filipinas (Ilokano o Native bikolano
Writer’s Association of the o Developed the 1 st printing
Philippines) serves to empower press
writers producing works in the o Responsible for the
language development of the first
✓ Also made sure that the literary printing press
gem of the North Ilokano o “Imprenta de Nuestra
Literature prospers in 21 st Señora de
century Peñafrancia”
✓ Manang Biday, Pamulinawen, O Protest drama
Naraniag a Bulan ✓ movement to express people’s
growing resentment of the
BIKOLANO LITERATURE
Spanish Rule
✓ Around 5 million people that ▪ Comedian na dapit sa Dios
speaks variations of Bikolano in o manga cahayagan can
the Bicol region pagcomandag ni Jesus
✓ From Camarines Sur to Naga to ✓ Gumagawa ng plays pero in
Albay to Sorsogon and every religious way tapos ang hidden
locality in between Bikolano meaning na may alterioul
literature has flourished message para gisingin mga
✓ Roots in orally transmitted poems bikolano about sa pagtuligsa sa
and mythical narratives that mga Espanyol
reflect the history of the people. ✓ Playwright
✓ The transformation of the ▪ Tawag sa mga nagsusulat ng
literature can be traced by going mga plays
through local and national history ✓ Writers of dramatic forms
✓ Spanish conquests marked some abounded across the Bicol Region
milestones in the literary ✓ “Comedia” writers had protest
traditions plays
✓ Colonization hindered the growth o Juan Alvarez Guerrera
of local writing at first o Juan Miraflor
o Sabas Armenta
 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
✓ “Corrido” ✓ In contemporary times, Bikolano
o was adapted into the local writers have been recognized
“BIKOLCORRIDO” time and again for their
▪ Example: Magamang pobre masterpieces
✓ Drama flourished in the American Francisco Penones Jr.
Era ✓ Wrote the poem “An Opon sa
Asisclo Jimenez Obalon: Kan mahale an
o A prominent Zarzuela writer Maskara”
who continued the use of ✓ Received an award from CCP
the tradition of using drama (Cultural Center of the
for social commentary and Philippines)
provided meaningful Carlos O. Aureus
entertainment to several ✓ Received Palanca Awards along
Bikolano crowds with recognition from Free Press
o Notable playwright and graphic magazine for his
✓ In the field of poetry, stories, novels, and plays
“rawitdawit” was a narrative Merlinda C. Bobis
form used for political criticism ✓ Wrote “Daragang Magayon”, the
✓ Lyrical and personal poems Palanca Award – winning play
emerged based on a prominent local
✓ During Post-war period, Rev. legend
James Reuter, S.J. (Ateneo de
Naga University) ✓ Quadrennial Bicol writers’s
o Professor who produced conference “Pagsurat Bikol”
students who wrote o Seminar or training for
Bikolano Translations of writing
English plays; these where ✓ The Premio Tomas Arejola para
stage at plazas in Naga area sa Literaturang Bikolnon
during fiestas. ✓ Juliana Pagsurat Bikol Workshop
✓ Musicals were also composed:
o “Handyong”
▪ by Orfelina, Tuy, and Fe
o “Ibalon and Opereta”
▪ by Jose Calleja Reyes