yp. todd —" uniten : SAMPLING THEORY Aa A A Population : Population a univese u& the ag gtegrate ¢ Stakstieal dota feiming a set q fnvesligations . “the Mumber q obsewakon in the? population uw defined fo be the ‘site + population’ ar may be Finite 4 fnginile, Sire q population is denoted by | FA example, population 4 vice Cinfinite ) popuilation 3 banks (finite J Sample : Sample t& a subset 9 population and the number g- objects in the sample i calle the “sige a he sample, “the stee q the sample & denoted by ‘ ¥ the process of Selection go sample ts callecf "Sampling . F Tt eoth element of a population may be selected mae thon once , Hun tt & called ‘Sampling coith, veplacement”, * TH the element con not be selected mole than once, ie called Foon plics without —Teplacementy.” * qt ‘Nn’ ‘uo the sige % the population and 'n’ ta the size cs the Sample , thenia athe number. a samples sith *eeplacement = NA i. The number of samples without ‘teplocement > Ale A | + the = mean (4) , Variance (6) and Stondord destation (r) aaa + population ane callec “Pavometer,” g The ~ treaseivee! ‘g the sotmple are’ called “Ahotiitic :” “hea” Mean (%), Vasiance’?) 'Stonddasd’’deviition cH, ¢ cths Parameters refers to _ popula tion ‘ahi etatis bcs Yetens.. bo |. Sample, Large Sample: mepepe 3 aye oatp ls: “tas oes Tt the site + the some N>30, the Somple a said to ioe “Lange. sonple Small ssi aaeth gel aan Tf the size cs the sasple na3o, then the. Sample & soid to be “ral cb. enact Semple”. Sample Tlean: Sanassalase ANUS 4 tt wy, u, ee hy represent, ow vandom Sample i cite ‘ny’ then , the Somple mun & defind fy the Stolistic WH = ex Populotion Heon: Populetion mean defined by EK . eS Sample variance ge Zlm-%) a) hel ‘Population Voxionce cre ZH uy" : Al! ‘Q 4 Z ‘ Sample sb, S = 204-3)” | nl, aval Population sp, 6= fee ee - ‘ N ; & population comists, of five numbus &3,6¢, consider all possible. somples g sitere » which vo) be drawn A. wWeth weplocement . . thu ulation 4 Without veplacement from * PP the othe mean 4 population v b&b the sn. t Ppulation Cc the mean 4 Sampling dfistrt buskion + meu: ds the SD. b Samp ling distri bution * ‘ileang : | sols : Given, Nee = site g te pepula.tion Sars 5 a t. wlith ~eplacement- : ; Steshy 8 rs “The + population Mean wo DN. Kl - PA846 sect = $0 ABe yy = & 8.0. 4 population ; Variance gr . £04 ayy MI - - a 7 (2-6) + C3-6)"4 (6-6) (egy Cr1- ee sbtUtot Ytas 4 Ss = BY a on = 10-8 stondad deviation C= Swe = 3.286 co Mean Sampling distribution gq means 7 No. gamples with replacement =n” 5 = ao Sampling. distribution = f G2). €213) (216) Ov od) (312) (3,3) (3-6) (38) (30 Coe) (63) (6,6) (6,8) (6 U1) (a2) (8.3) C8, 8) (8/8) C8) cu) CW 3) Ct 6) C8) Ce W) Sampling dishi bution 4 means 8 ae, 4, Fr 6.5 2.5, 3, US, 55) F 4, WS, 6, F, BS 5, To 4, 8) ws 65, 4, 85, 45,0 Hear of saropling distibution g meany 4 © AAO AYES HE SAAC Btys 4 S.Ct Ft Ut ot FtOisy TASSHPABE AS HEC T HART AITAU | arSD % sampling distribution g- mmeans L Variance 7 ae E(x; - Ay) o5-1 - (t- ee (ns 6) 44- J (s- Seay + (25-6) 4 eae yg CH” +s. %) 4(F- Saye (Ms -0)" 4 (b- 6S CR) + (25-4 (sg) Seng v + : + (ae tla a4. (gece (B08) + (7-04 Bg) o 7 : + (45-6) 4 (U6) J oy - Ce +12) re eu ETE OTH aC Ed DEE to25F It yy ® ar eottd 6. areitoass 1+ G4 yeas 402rel+ G24 Wace). oy 24 > S.b6ae © J 6b6as = Q.3dIF ii, Without Replacement » a. the population mean | Ms % P80 4 population 2 8. aggry c Means q Sampling dchributton 4 meant.» Nb. + Sampler withouty’ repladement | ae, |’ eee stp { Sompléng dicibatren £ CBR dite a ists (3:4)(3,8) Gy) rfe Of lBi8) COW, Cau)! Somplirg SL % means = $5, 48, 654.5) 5.5,9,4, , 8.5,4.5 | Heon % Sampling distribution + means & 5 toes = eS EME THOS HUST serge Teac 5 i oe lo a dsb 4g — vy Fonmutar fal shondaad Error LSE)!” lo St of Sample mean (7) = oa ’ . n hens sect) =o n & se \ - 4% sample spls) = : . wan | °- SE ‘ sample propaition (P) = {@ _ Pe Probability 4 _ sample ger opr 4. seg difference q te Sample meant 3 anal % 4 C SEC-%) of BY a) ny where and % are the mem g two yandem Samples g- sites ny and 9% drawn trom two populations ot tdhith sp TF and & respectively 5 sei) = [Pyne it oe where” py and pe ase ‘the © propertions q too rardon samples a sizes ay Mand OR tan bin! ate populations eaith Propcitions p, and Pr wepeely. 6 se (s,- Ss). o> a oo” any any Fo oo finite population «ro, site Ml, whore a sample A drawn withouk replacement *. sé g sample mean = Cyn vo VN-I it, SE q sample sp = & faim van Var u- SE 4 sample propaition = [Pq [N=5 0 N-{Vice peers i 4 Of; the facter N-0 iy called the population correction orto. wo | 1. What B the value. q “finite population cctrection -factol, | cohen tf ne 5, N= a50 ; &. a=t0o , = 5000 . . ” sof Correction facto = Nad .. N-1 3 0 y af = 260-5 aso-t . = aus 7y4 | 0.48 a, 1 =l00 y N= 4000 * v= correutiqn, facta - eooeaee ' 000 — | nh Ydpo (TNE ire 4999. oc 2 OW ee 2 How mony aifferont samples q site 2, con we choosen trom a finite population % size Naas so Gwen » N=ae ned No. samples with replacement = N° = as” > 6a5 No. 4 samples without replacement » Ne, i ahNs The wean weekly mage 4 uel hers Are ONE stony deviation 4 Ty, a sample Spo bar ae selectey Find the SE mean, os? Given n= 629 : ory Standard errcr g maan R= io a 2 Onle! A Sample % site yoo & “token rom. oa - epuatn whose sy iy Ug, tind. the! $6. sd Given, n2400, Fale SE mean 2 Of t 8 > 6 2 1B 2og Vaoo 20 sé g sp = £ 2 te Van ¥ (460) 6 210.56) veoo s. ae that & 44, eee on se, it o° sample & token trom on dnpinite populate n 4 Size te a. inexrerstd Yoo to 4oo t b- decrease -trom 225 ty ar wn . a. then n=4o0, St) = fa | 400 Ro | 290, 2 Po ge foo: 30" SE, Pas f carers SE; = 3i. o ? a a Jas Is when n= as se,2 = vA -2 of cs 5 SFj = £ is = Cc). - £(G)+$ se SE = tse, (3se, = se, | % Estimation : Estimate: Estimate u a stakmert mode to find an untnown population parameter. Estimator: The processor ch) rule ‘to detemine an pabeoue populotion parameter called an estimate. Ue Saale, mean yan estimat population mean as sample iiean tu a method ¢ dekexmining the pop lation mean, Q. An atimatel mut ‘be’, statistics and it depends only on the sample and not on the parameter to be estimated . An eitimatc’ can be used in place % Unknown parameler, 4 the population, Types + Estimotion ; There are two +t 2h Oy estimala . sto determine the . Statistics ob the parameler. i. Point estimation . &. anterwol estimation. i Point Esttmotion: Bhan esermate op the population pramelar ao qe by a single value, then the estimate & Calle a point estimationa . point estimation g- te poprtasion y Sample mean He & mean ‘ut . fo example , th the age t a peor 4 Saas 2 ai then if give a point esHimation, UW Bateval estimation! 2 an estimale % & population porameter bs given bY in clifferent valuer between whith the parameter may be conider to lie, then the eshimale a called “ Pnterva/ estimation, = FoL example, the hetght Fo pon & given. ay Clesze.c)em, then the height Gu between 60. “© em and tes.cem, the memutement gives an tniscoa! ‘sEimatly| Note: LA point estimalz @ a parameter ‘6 & single numerical value, which a. compuked trom a given “soups sand. used as on approximation t the “unknown enact eg the parameter, 2 A point estimath & a statictte fod aati mating . the population prameter @, ft & denoted by é. 3. fin alimatol not expected to esttmate “te population prrometer ytthout ernst. An eatimateh should! be elose to the true value g unlenown patametei, 2 #* unbtasel and bias! Estimatdy? —_—> oa = — Lek 6 be the esttmatnr 4 8", 8’. & sotd te be an unbiased estimatst <3 the enpected valie ¢ g-8 ber €C6)=6 W Ee (Statistic) = Patameter ce ex: Ste Elu-% = , ECHIPC™ & an unbtased climate go oeyr ye Contidence Umtts “the formulae fol confidence (tmits of some well - known Statistics tox Longe vardom sample are given below: i Confidence limit, fo. the population mean ‘ut + i. Jot. congidence Umils 3% 4 64" (se + x) B95" confidence limits + X 4+ 196 (se gq wD ti. 98h confidence (tmits T+ O.33(s€ gq K) WW. 99°f, confidence limits + HA 2S8 (cE g %)- Ve 49.43" confi dence (emits + [seq x . xX 43(sE g *) wi] 2 Confidence limlts -for the fepulation proportion P: [se 4 v= fe % 4o'l Confidence limits Ww. 95%]. Confidence limits ; We Ag, confidence limits + iv 99% congidence limits ; Ve 9443", congidence limits i P+ LGY (SE ¢ Pt hag(se gq PJ ft 233 (38e 9g PS Pt arg (s€ ¢ Pl + PS 3(s6 4%) 3. Confidence limits for the difference g means (4-44): { se 4(% 9) i, Yo'h congidence Limits th 45% confidence limits ti, 4g, congidence limits; Wl 99.334, confidence limits 5 = retort VE congidence limits : mn : Gos%) + Lense ¢ &-)) ~ (%-% St 696(8€ 4%) CH Dt 33 CSE ir) (Hi —F) + 258 (Ge 4 %-%) (0-50) + Bese 4 %~)e— st eoipende temits fr the ditterence gy popertions (Fa. t. 90} confidence limite (h-P)t Lb4 (se GAAS &. 95%. conpidence limits + (Py-P) + LYE (SE ee ; Bi. ge confelence “tints +: “(R-A)t 293(se nay iv. 99471 conficlence (mitt. (P-RJt 988 (SE g A-K) Vi 99.93'. congidence Umit 1 (h-A)£ SCS | F-PL) the absve “flswlae can also be written’ as fe mw: RS, t, (SE 4 t) ui Xt 2 (SE a? FA ps pe ty (se gt) Foyt (Dt. ey (se. q@ mm) BP (Rt ty (56 GBB)“ane” Determination x Sample sites. to Leb bes the mean a random sample from & population mean cu’ and so(6)i Lée e be the eit, then & confidence lém?ts fh the population mean wot xt 2 (Se. 4 x) Se cge , (eu Ewa} eee oma i Ee gating n a)n = &c~ er which qv the required : sample ; Side. T.Let pl be the sample propaition ind *P! be the population propdition, then’ he Confidence limit fol Pia Pit Bese %.P) pont PE urine css ab vas = €2 tls 4 P) > [E =a L L € 2 P 2 5 i a i|n-= zi e 3_ & token A, oA vanolom sample + size cane % ™ Population wth me 1, * Given thot He pe MON X= Ble, constrict 95/2 confidence Gmit to. the | population mean UW’, | sdi Given, n= 100, = al X= alc 1S"h confidence limits Fa, os u FRE LGC (SE 4) = Talae(Z) Qe + (ras) +=} " nN awe ¢ (496)(S1) " = 6 + (1.96) (0.51) = Ale + 0999 = (21.6-0.994, 281.640.9949) = (go.600 , 28.594) ‘al 5 me 2. conclom Sample % Site 81 was Hoten whose yarione & 80.95 ond men & 32, comtruct - 1817, confidence taterval. . sah) Given, nz @| r 5 8” = 80.86 SYs=ys” TZ =-3a “ j V8"l. confidence intewal fel “u' & | 2 Xt 233(66 @ x) | = X+2.33(£) CO) Ty 2.33(4 ) Bad 4,33( ££) '7 iS = 39+ Q35 ¢ 45 ) > Bay louRs = Bas 1165 = (3g. nes, sae wires) = (38Cas, éé. tes) ~ = C3e-83s, 33.69) 3. Bt we Can assert with 95;'/, that, the mowmum wrod & 0.05 and P= o.a, Hrd the stte q¢ the sample, dts. Given, «err Es 008 os neue P= Ord or Qi = IEP a peo. en = 08 FA ash je = 196 + Sample stte n= Pg e> ie C96)” (0.2) (0.8) (0.0s)* Nn = 0.6146 0.0026 n = a4S, 8y Sos ays y, hot & the mantmum enol one con expect to make with probability 840 when using the mean q a ranolom sample g size n26y afimale the mean 4. population with 6 = 9.56 st. Gtyen, n= ey ease POF Us FA the probability 70 ley fd r/o , B= CY= 2.62Y 8 rE = 0:38 ah 5. Be te degited to estimate He maon number a hou go> * : Bh Aap AK a genes ai watt fp Sp vontinuouws use’ until’ a” certatan “edmpuker w ae equive repains TE it tan be “astumned tee an how how dorge a Sample be “needed so that ‘ond will be able to assert with 90°/: ‘confrdlence thak the srample mean 4 opp by’ atimoit” hours, Ss Given = 4@ hrs Maximum errch € = tohrs a (a “ a om fe vo, . Lh t Soimplé site''s oe n= Cuguy C49)” 10% > 6896 x 2304 \ VS loo“ . 6196.8384, loo = 61.96r- ate, ‘The ef Flefency expert FO computer company testeol | & 5 E ; . Yo engineers to estimate the average time it talces | ( bt , nee te +o gs i eX COMPO! » 4e ow atsemble a certotn ones P q "4 | mean q (2.43 minute anol Stondard deviation (so) % 2.06 minutes. Construck @ V8i|. confidence trtewal fot the true oveRng ¢ time tt taker to olo the joe. sa Given, $= 2.06 =40 7 WS 1243 Aa]. confidence interval fA true overage. & xX + 2.33 (s€q 4) * 4 9.33(3) | fw Rved ye UR PRUE (2.33) C2806) ree gre Farge EVIBG ser foe Byiw .-dfset x 6.324 = 1Q.F3R4 0:06@4584 (19.33 - o-pgaTy , (273 + O°PEBTS ) " (TH, 13.4899) 7. By a —e vel : 4 ) "et (ica) (6.2) if n u» Suppose thet we obsewe a yandom variable hasitvgo| qs binomial distribution , * let 4" be the no: 50.9) P(e >h76) 20.5- A176) nh ZO.S- 0.4608 5 = 0.0392 Aohee G All blo gos ard 52.3! hen’ ain debe Pf emt malice wWidyody ’ TOS ivy . Ho tay he 2-48 : 6.8 ve 2) =P(Sose% 259.3) > Pl-hosse ze (058) z A(tos) + A (nos) u 2a( os) 2 a(o3s3)) I = 0:7062. “les os - gis Less then 50.6: then T= 50.6 S0.6- S1Y 2 cae 2-0. 44 * “a a= P(%<%.6¥) = pl congi dente, con we ascear the average chess ty between YAR to £02, weetly solomy teacher sh Given n= l00 = 3st ro ueWr By central limit, -theden, eel o/n : 2 *-481 48/ {t00 2 = t(%-487) 48 when g = 47a 2a (0 (472-487) 48 2 IS 48 2-3: (af When H= 0g 3D me (0(So2-487) 4a “ 2 toces) Ye = 3.1as - P(U7Q < We Soa) = Pl-RRe regia) = A(3.42)4 4 12) - = 2a(si) = 2(0-499)) 2709983 congidence = 47.84‘ gt .w=36 n=loo persons Lakerutewed at fonilian Heh Ha don taeenttves fa: taslalling cobtein eneigy ~< w . * i ‘owtrg “deutes , combruth .% 95". onfidence intewal fol 1 ay es Pn oh? Given, ~ = 36 N = loo = Bie SE P a 100 P= 0.36 q = IOP = 1-0.36 - " 27 = ObY 95°) confidence “mits pa °P u Pt L9slse | P) 2 ps196( J) = ose t 194( [Q2os0 ) . too =" 0-36 + 1.96) (6.484) 10d 0.36 + o.4y v 2 (0.26- 0.0094 , 0-364 0.0094) " (o(3206,-0-364K) (0.866, 9.4su)AN {tems is fond 40a os le 7 Yoo | , A gondom samp a S018, mean 2a, fod “he pqstenunn eral Po trtewal. Find nae “tongidinee tent te uy X = 8a. dt Given ya yon ue = 8a T= S= 18 Nootmum esah £2 20 \n- (98) Fr asin e 196) 400 2 14640 FS G-tongidence limits fy? ‘3 o> £198 (seg HX S 196 (OL) 824196 (£) FBV GG OY 1 2 824+ l.46y0 / = (aa- 1.9640 , e94 136u,) = 60. 236 c 83.764)474 z-H a 0.0 01 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Ml 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 17 1.8 19 2.0 21 2.2 2.3 2.4 0.00 0.01 .0000 .0040 0398 .0438 0793 .0832 .1179 1217 0.4 [1554 .1591 1916 .1950 .2258 .2291 2580 .2611 \2881 .2910 3159 .3186 3413 .3438 1.3643 .3665 3849 .3869 [4032 4049 4192 .4207 1.4332 4345 4452 .4463 L4654 4564 L4641 .4649 4713 A719 14772 .4778 4821 .4826 4861 .4865 4893 .4896 4918 .4920 2.5 [4938 .4940 2.6 [4953 .4955 2.7 [4965 .4966 2.8 [4974 .4975 2.9 [4981 .4982 3.0 [4987 .4987 0.02 0080 0478 0871 1255 1628 1985 2324 .2642 2939 3212 3461 3686 3888 -4066 4222 4357 4474 4573 4656 4726 -4783 -4830 4868 4898 4922 4941 4956 4967 4976 4983 0.03 0120 .0517 0910 1293 1664 2019 .2357 2671 .2967 3238 3485 3708 3907 4082 4236 4370 4485 4582 4664 4732 4788 4834 4871 4901 4925 4943 4957 4968 4977 4983 4988 -4991 Table : Area under standard norm: 0.04 0159 .0557 0948 1331 1700 .2054 .2389 2704 2995 3264 3508 3729 -3925 4099 4251 4382 4495 4591 4671 4738 4793 4838 4875 4904 4927 4945 4959 4969 4977 4984 4988 4992 0.05 0199 .0596 0987 1368 1736 .2088 2422 .2734 -3023 3289 3531 13749 13944 AMIS 4265 14394 4505 4599 4678 -4744 A798 4842 5878 4906 4929 4946, -4960 4970 4978 4984 4989 -4992 al curve from 0 to = x7h 0.08 0319 0714 «1103 -1480 1844 2190 2518 2823 -3106 3365 3599 -3810 3997 -4162 +4306 4430 4535 4625 -4699 -4762 4812 4854 4887 A913 4934 -4951 -4963 4973 -4980 +4986 -4990 4993 2224 2549 -2832 3133 0.05 1 0359 | 0753 14) i 1517 | +1879 3389 3621 +3830 4015 4177 A319 A441 A545 4633 4106 4767 48117 4857 A992 4916 4936 A952 4964 | A974 | 4981 4986 4990 4993