School Dalaguete National High Grade Level 11

School
Teacher Ruena A. Rosales Learning Area Statistic and
Probability
Duration 1 hour Quarter 4th Quarter
Daily Lesson Plan

I. OBJECTIVES:
A. Content Standards The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of estimation of a
population mean and population proportion.
B. Performance Standards The learner is able to estimate the population mean and population proportion to
make sound inferences in real-life problems in different disciplines.
C. Learning Competencies & 1. Explain the process on how to determine the t-distribution value.
2. Illustrate the t-distribution. M11/12SP-IIIg-2
3. Construct a t-distribution. M11/12SP-IIIg-3

Objectives a. Identify the appropriate distribution when the population standard

deviation (δ) is unknown.
b. Interpret the t-distribution.
c. State the difference between a z-distribution and a t-distribution;
d. Identify the confidence coefficients for computing t from the t-table.
II. SUBJECT MATTER:
A. Topic: t-Distribution

B. References: Mercado, Jesus P., et al., Next Century mathematics Statistics and Probability,
2016 Belencina, rene R., et al., Statistics and Probability,2016

PowerPoint Presentation, Laptop, and TV

C. Materials:
Display cooperation during the activity.
Skills Acquired/ Equalized Opportunities.
Values Integration
III. LEARNING PROCEDURE
A. Preliminary Activities
1. Prayer The teacher starts the lesson with a prayer.

2. Checking of The teacher checks the attendance by telling the secretary of the class to record
attendance the names of the students who were absent.

3. Classroom The teacher instructs the class to arrange the chairs and pick up the pieces of
management garbage under the chairs.

4. Review

B. Lesson Proper
1. Activity
2. Analysis
3. Abstraction Lesson Proper

A. The t-distribution
The t- distribution, just like the standard normal curve, is a bell-shaped and uni
modal. It is symmetric about t=0. However, its variance is greater than 1. This
makes it wider and flatter in the middle. It has more area in its tail than that of the
standard normal curve. Its shape depends on the sample size n. As the sample
size n becomes larger, the t-distribution gets closer to the standard normal
distribution.
Statistical analysis on some studies which cannot be done using the normal
distribution can be done using the t- distribution. The t-distribution is used with
small samples taken from the population that is approximately normal. The z-
statistic in the previous lessons uses the value of population variance while the t-
statistic below uses the sample deviation especially when the population variance
is unknown. The z- statistic is used n >= 30 when while t- statistic is used when n
< 30.
Assumption in Computing for the Population Mean When σ is Unknown

When n ≥ 30 and σ is unknown, the sample standard deviation scan be

substituted for σ. However, the following assumptions should be met.

1. The sample is a random sample.

2. Either n ≥ 30 or the population is normally distributed when n < 30,
The t- distribution formula is:

where, x̄ = sample mean, μ = population mean, s = standard deviation of the

sample mean, n = sample size.
To find a value in the Table t- Critical Values, there is a need to adjust the sample
size n by converting it to degrees of freedom df. The number of degrees of
freedom is equal to the number of the remaining values in a data set, that are free
to vary after one or more values have been deducted. In the use of the t-
distribution, one value is deducted. Hence the formula is:
df = n - 1 , where: df = degrees of freedom, n = sample size.

Example 1: A student researcher wants to determine whether the mean score in

Mathematics of 25 students in Grade 8 Section Newton is significantly different
from the school mean of 89. The mean and the standard deviation of the scores of
the students in Section Newton are 5 and 15, respectively. Assume a 95%
confidence level.

Solution:

Step 1. Find the degrees of freedom.

df = n - 1 = 25-1 = 24
Step 2. Find the critical value. Use the Table of t Critical Values. ( refer to
Appendix).
Confidence level is 95%
(1 - a) * 100 %=95%
1 - a = 0.95
a= 0.05
a/2 = 0.025 Look at 24 under column headed df. Move to the right along the row
until reaching the column headed 0.05, area in two tails or 0.025 for area in one
tail. The critical value is 2.064.
Step 3. Compute the test statistic t.

The computed value of is equal to 2 which is smaller than the tabular value of
2.064.
The value of the test statistic or computed t value does not fall in the critical
region. Therefore, the mean score of Grade 8 section Newton in Mathematics is
the same with mean score of all the students taking up Grade 8 Mathematics.

Example 2: A student suspects that the data she collected for research study do
not represent the target population. Here are the data she collected.

The population mean is 27. Assuming normality is the target population, is the
student's suspicion correct? Use a 90% confidence level.

Solution:
Step 1. Find the sample mean and the sample standard deviation.
 Step 2. Find the degrees of freedom. df = n - 1 =15-1 =14

Step 3. Find the critical value.

Confidence level is 90%. (1-a) 100% = 90%
1-=0.90 alpha = 0.1 alpha / 2 = 0.05
Use of t-Critical Values Table. In the column headed df, look at 14. Move to the
right until the column headed 0.05 for 1 tail and 0.10 for two tails is reached. The
intersection is 1.761. Hence, the critical value is 1.761.

Step 4. Compute the test statistics t.

The value of the test statistic or computed t- value is less than the tabular value of
1.761. therefore, the student is wrong in suspecting that the data are not
representative of the target population. Example 3. A sample size n = 20 is a
simple random sample selected from a normally distributed population. Find the
value of t such that the shaded area to the left of t is 0.05.
Solution:
a. Find the degrees of freedom df.
df = n - 1 =20-1 = 19
Since the t- distribution is symmetric about 0, then the area to the right of t is
0.05 and to the left of t is also 0.05. In the Table of t- Critical Values, move down
the first column headed of until df = 19. Move to the right along this row
reaching the column headed 0.05 (area in 1 tail) or 10 (area in two tails).
−t 0.05 = 1.729

Example 4. Suppose you have a sample of size n = 12 from a normal

distribution. Find the critical value t a/ 2 that corresponds to a 95% confidence
level.
Solution:
a. Find the degrees of freedom df.
df = n - 1 =12-1 =11
b. Confidence level is 95%.
(1-a) 100% = 95% (1 - a) * 1 = 0.95 1- = 0.95
a = 0.05 a/2 = 0.025
In the Table of t- Critical Values, move down the first column headed df until df
= 11 then move to the right along this row until the column headed 0.05 for two
tails is reached.
t a/ 2 = t 0.025 = 2.201
4. Application A. Find the confidence coefficients for each of the following:
(amount of a in two tails)
1. n = 6 90% confidence
2. n = 7 90% confidence
 3. n = 12 95% confidence
4. n = 17 95% confidence
5. n = 24 99% confidence
6. n = 8 99% confidence
7. n = 6 90% confidence
8. n = 9 90% confidence
9. n = 13 95% confidence
10. n = 16 95% confidence
IV. EVALUATION B. Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the
best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. In the absence of the population variance and/or if the sample size is small,
which sampling distribution is being used?
A. chi distribution B. z-distribution C. t-distribution D. p distribution
2. Who developed the t-distribution in 1908?
A. William S. Gosset B. Wilhem G. Student
C. Ronald A. Fisher D. a student from Gosset Academy
3. When do we say that the sample size is sufficiently large?
A. When it is greater than or equal to 10.
B. When it is greater than or equal to 20.
C. When it is greater than or equal to 30
D. When it is greater than or equal to 40.
4. In Student's t-distribution, if the sample size is 25, what is the degree of
freedom? A. 5 B. 24 C. 25 D. 26
5. How does t distribution differ from a normal distribution?
A. The t-distribution has a thicker tail. B. The t-distribution has a higher peak.
C. The t-distribution is centered at 0.
D. The t-distribution is symmetric in the middle.
6. When do you use t-distribution instead of normal distribution?
A. When the sample size is less than 30.
B. If the sample standard deviation is unknown
C. If the population standard deviation is known
D. When the sample size is greater than or equal to 30
7. In the estimation of a parameter using the t statistic, why did we replace the
population standard deviation, a by the sample standard deviation, s?
A. because the given sample size is small
B. because a and s differ by a very small amount
C. because o is unknown and s is a good estimator of o
D. because o is equal to s when we are estimating parameters
8. The t-distribution curve has thicker tails than the normal curve. What does it
imply?
A. The normal distribution has a greater mean than the t-distribution.
B. The t-distribution has lesser variability than the normal distribution.
C. The t-distribution has a greater chance for extreme values than the normal
distribution.
D. Estimation of the parameter using the z-distribution is more accurate than
using the t-distribution.
For numbers 9 to 11, The CEO of Flying Fire Corporation claims that an
average flying fire light bulb lasts 300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15
bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs last an average of 290 days, with a standard
deviation of 50 days.
9. Identify the population mean.
A. 300 days B. 290 days C. 50 days D. 15 bulbs
10. What is the number of degrees of freedom?
A. 299 B. 289 C. 49 D. 14
11. Compute for the variance of the t distribution using the formula, v/ v-2 where
is the number of degrees of freedom.
A. 1.17 B. 1.10 C. 1.04 D. 1.01
12. Which property of t-distribution is also a property of normal distribution?
A. In t-distribution, the variance is always greater than 1.
B. In t-distribution, the standard deviation is always greater than 1.
C. The tails of the t-distribution curve are asymptotic to the horizontal axis.
D. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the degrees of freedom.
13. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the t-distribution?
A. The variance of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
B. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal distribution.
C. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t distribution tends to normal
distribution.
 D. The exact shape of the t-distribution depends on the number of degrees of
freedom.
14. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest peak?
A. the standard normal distribution
B. a t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom
C. a t-distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
D. a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom
15. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the thickest tails?
A. the standard normal distribution
B. a t-distribution with 21 degrees of freedom
C. a t-distribution with 19 degrees of freedom
D. a t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom

B. Answer the following:

1. For a t-distribution with 25 degrees of freedom, find the values of t such that
the area to the right of t is 0.05.
2. For a t-distribution with 14 degrees of freedom, find the value of t such that the
area between -t and t is 0.90.
V. ASSIGNMENT The teacher will give an assignment. Bring memo paper for Worksheet No.2

Prepared by:

Lynch Denver Tugbong Assessed by: RUENA ROSALES

________________________
UV- Dalaguete Student Intern

Date:___________________