Expression and control statements in PHP

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Expression and control statements in PHP

PHP Programming by Mr.Vishal Jadhav Sir’s(VJTech Academy,contact us:+91-9730087674)

Expression and control statements in PHP

PHP Programming by Mr.Vishal Jadhav Sir’s(VJTech Academy,contact us:+91-9730087674)

Expression and control statements in PHP

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Expression and control statements in PHP

• Variables:

-In php,we can define variable using prefix doller sing($).

Syantax:
$VariableName
Example:
$no=100;
$roll_no=1212;
$name=”VJTech”;
echo $roll_no;

• Rules for PHP Variable:

1)Variable name should begin with $ sign and followed by variable name.
2)Variable name should begin with alphabets or underscore(_).
3)It may Combine with number but should not start with number.
4)It does not allowed any special symbol except underscore( _ ).
5)Variable name are case sensitive(“VJTech,vjtech,VJtech consider as three different
variable name.
6)Does not allowed any white space between variable name.
Example:
_vjtech //invalid
$_vjtech //valid
$vjtech //valid
$vj_tech //valid
$stud name //invalid
$rollno123 //valid
$1no //invalid
$emp#id //invalid
$1_abc //invalid

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Expression and control statements in PHP

• Variable References:
• <?php
• $a = 100;
• $b = & $a; // b is Reference variable of a
• echo "Value of a=$a";
• echo "<br>value of b=$b";
• $b = 500;
• echo "<br>After Updating value of varibale b";
• echo "<br>Value of a=$a";
• echo "<br>value of b=$b";
• ?>

• Variable Scope:
1)Local Scope
2)Global Scope

User defined function declaration syantax:

function functionName(parameter list)

{
//body
}

Example:

<?php
$x = 100; //Global Variable $x
function vjtech() //Function Defination
{
global $x;
$y = 200;//Local Variable $y
echo "<br>Local Variable y Value=$y";
echo "<br>Inside the function global Variable x
Value=$x";
$x = 700;
}
vjtech(); //Calling Function
echo "<br>Outside the function global Variable x Value=$x";
?>

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Expression and control statements in PHP

• Data Type:

- PHP supports eight primitive data type.

- 1) Integer:
- It is a collection of 0 to 9 digits combination value without decimal points.
- Its range similar to long int data type in C.
- Its range is -2147483648 to -2147483647.
- You can represent Integer number in decimal,octal and hexadecimal format.
- If it is decimal,it is just the number.For example:145.
- If it is octal,then number should preceeded with zero(0). For example:0123.
- If it is hexadecimal,then number should preceeded with OX. For example:OX23.
- In PHP,we can test whether value is int or not by using is_int() or is_integer()
- Example:
- <?php
- //Integer data type
- $num = "0x34";
- if(is_int($num))
- {
- echo "Number is integer";
- }
- else
- {
- echo "Number is not integer";
- }
- ?>

- Diagram:

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Expression and control statements in PHP

2)Floating point number:

-Floating point number is called as real number.

- It is a collection of 0 to 9 digits combination value with decimal points.

-In PHP,floating point number will display value upto 15 digits decimal places.

-Its range is 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308

-You can represent floating point number using two different format.

I)Fractional Format:23.45,67.8,143.78

II)Exponentional Format:1.3E-56,2.3E89.

-In PHP,we can test whether value is float or not by using is_float() or is_real().

-Example:

<?php
//Float data type
$num = 3.14;
if(is_float($num))
{
echo "Number is float";
}
else
{
echo "Number is not float";
}
?>

3)String:

-Collection of characters is known as String.

-We can represent String using single or double quotes.

-For Example: “VJTech” or ‘VJTech’

-PHP Provided method is_string() to check whether given value is String or not.

-Example:

<?php

$name = "VJTech";

//echo "My Class name is $name";

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Expression and control statements in PHP
if(is_string($name))

echo "$name is String";

else

echo "$name is not String";

?>

4)Boolean:

-Boolean value can be either TRUE or FALSE value.

-Both value are case-insensitive.

-is_bool()method used to check whether value is boolean or not.

-Example:

<?php

$m = true;

if(is_bool($m))

echo "$m is Boolean";

else

echo "$m is not Boolean";

?>

-In PHP,the following values are false.

-The Keyword false,0,0.0,empty string (“”),Null.

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Expression and control statements in PHP
5)Array:

-Array is used to store multiple values in single variable.

-In PHP collection of different types of values is known as Array.

-Array index should begin with 0 and end with SIZE-1.

-We can retrive the individual array element using subscript and index number.

-Example:

<?php

$p = array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd');

$q = array('first' => '10', 'second' => '20', 'third' => '30');

echo "<br>Value of p array 0 index $p[0]";

echo "<br>Value of p array 1 index $p[1]";

echo "<br>Value of p array 2 index $p[2]";

echo "<br>Value of q array=". $q["first"];

echo "<br>Value of q array=". $q["second"];

echo "<br>Value of q array=". $q["third"];

?>

6)objects:

-PHP supports oop.

-object are the special instance of the class

-class is the collection of properties and methods.

-we can define the class using keyword ‘class’.

-once class is created then we can create no of objects.

-we can access members of class using -> symbol.

-Example:

<?php

class student

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Expression and control statements in PHP
public $name = '';

function get_stud_info($nm)

$this->name = $nm;

function disp_stud_info()

echo "Hello $this->name";

$s1 = new student();

$s1->get_stud_info("Dennis");

$s1->disp_stud_info();

?>

7)Resource:

-Resource is a special PHP data type.

-It is used to refer to external resources like file,images,etc.

-It is used to interact with outside the world.

-For example:Database Connection function return resource which is identify that

connection.That resource we use while calling query.

-One more benefits of resource is that they are garbage collected when no longer in use.

-is_resource() function to test whether value is resource or not.

-Example:

<?php

$result = database_connect();

database_query($result);

if(is_resource($result))

echo "This is resource data type";

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Expression and control statements in PHP
else

echo "This is not resource data type";

?>

8)Null:

-This data type is having only one value denoted by the keyword Null.

-The Null value represent a variable that has no value.

-A Variable consider to be null if:

I)It has been assigned constant null.

II)It has not been set to any value.

III)It has been unset();

-is_null() function used to test whether value is null or not.

-Example:

<?php

$result = null;

if(is_null($result))

echo "This is null data type value";

else

echo "This is not null data type value";

?>

Operators:

-Operators are the symbol which indicate operation to be perform.

-There are three maia categories of the operator.

i)Unary operators:require single operands.

ii)Binary operators:requires two operands.

iii)Ternary operators:requires three operands.

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Expression and control statements in PHP
1)Arithmetic operators:

i)Negation (-) : -$a;

ii)Addition (+) :$a+$b;

iii)Substraction (-) :$a-$b;

iv)Multiplication(*) :$a*$b;

v)Division(/) :$a/$b;

vi)Modulus(%) :$a%$b;

vii)Exponentiation(**):$a**$b;

Example:

<?php
//Arithmetic operators
$no1=100;
$no2=50;
$result=$no1+$no2;
echo "Addition is $result";
$result=$no1-$no2;
echo "<br>Substraction is $result";
$result=$no1*$no2;
echo "<br>Multiplication is $result";
$result=$no1/$no2;
echo "<br>Division is $result";
$result=$no1%$no2;
echo "<br>Modulus is $result";
$result=$no1**$no2;
echo "<br>Exponentiation is $result";
$result=-$no1;
echo "<br>Negation is $result";
?>

2)AutoIncrement(++) and AutoDecrement(--) operator:

-Increment operator increase value of variable by one.

-Decrement operator decrease value of variable by one.

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Expression and control statements in PHP
Example:

$a=100; a=100; $b=100; $ b=100;

$a++; ++$a; $b - -; --$b;

$a=101; $a=101; $b=99; $b=99;

<?php
$a=100;
echo "Value of a before incrementation=$a";
$a++;
echo "<br>Value of a after incrementation=$a";

$a=100;
echo "<br>Value of a before decrementation=$a";
--$a;
echo "<br>Value of a after decrementation=$a";
?>

3)String Concatenation operators:

-We use dot(.) operator for concatenation.

-Example:

<?php
$str1="Welcome";
$str2=$str1.' '."Friend";
echo "Concatenated String is $str2";
?>

4)Assignment operator:

-The symbol of assignment operator is (=).

-It is used to assign right side expression result or value to the left side variable.

-We use assignment operator in different ways(=,+=,-=,*=,/=,etc).

-Example:

<?php
$a=100;
$b=200;
$a+=$b;

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Expression and control statements in PHP

echo "Addition =$a";

?>

5)Comparison operator:

-PHP provides comparison operators to compare two operands.

-It returns boolean value,either true or false.

i)Equal(==) :$a==$b;

ii)Identical(===) :$a===$b;

iii)Not Equal(!=,<>) :$a!=$b;

iv)Not Identical(!==) :$a!=$b;

v)Less than(<) :$a<$b;

vi)Greater than(>) :$a>$b;

vii)Less than or equal to(<==):$a<=$b;

viii)Greater than or equal to(>=):$a>=$b;

Example:

<?php
$a=100;
$b=200;
$c=$a<$b;
echo "$a<$b=".$c;

$c=$a>$b;
echo "<br>$a>$b=".$c;

$c=$a<=$b;
echo "<br>$a<=$b=".$c;

$c=$a>=$b;
echo "<br>$a>=$b=".$c;

$c=$a==$b;
echo "<br>$a==$b=".$c;

$c=$a!=$b;
echo "<br>$a!=$b=".$c;

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Expression and control statements in PHP

$c=$a!==$b;
echo "<br>$a!==$b=".$c;

$c=$a===$b;
echo "<br>$a===$b=".$c;
?>

6)Logical Operator:

i)Logical AND(&&,and) :True if both sides are true otherwise false.

ii)Logical OR(||,or) :False if both sides are false otherwise true.

iii)Logical XOR(xor) :If both sides are identical then it is false otherwise TRUE

iv)Logical NOT(!) :Reverse the result.

Example:

<?php
$a=100;
$b=200;
$c=($a<$b and $a<=$b);
echo "($a<$b and $a<=$b):".$c;

$c=($a<$b or $a>=$b);
echo "<br>($a<$b or $a<=$b):".$c;

$c=($a<$b xor $a<=$b);

echo "<br>($a<$b xor $a<=$b):".$c;
/*If Both side are true then xor is false and if both
side are false then xor is true*/

$c=!($a<$b and $a<=$b);

echo "<br>!($a<$b and $a<=$b):".$c;
?>

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Expression and control statements in PHP
7)Bitwise operator:

i)Bitwise AND(and):If both bits are 1 then output would be 1 otherwise 0

ii)Bitwise OR(|) :If both bits are 0 then output would be 0 otherwise 1

iii)Bitwise XOR(^) :if both bits are same then output would be 0 otherwise 1.

iv)Bitwise NOT(~) :Change 1 to 0 or 0 to 1

v)Bitwise Left shift(<<) :

vi)Bitwise Right shift(>>):

Diagram:

Example:

<?php
$a=12;
$b=13;

$c=$a and $b;

echo "<br>Bitwise AND=$c";

$c=$a | $b;
echo "<br>Bitwise OR=$c";

$c=$a ^ $b;
echo "<br>Bitwise XOR=$c";

$c=~12;

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Expression and control statements in PHP

echo "<br>Bitwise AND=$c";

$c=14<<2;
echo "<br>Bitwise Left Shift=$c";

$c=14>>2;
echo "<br>Bitwise Right Shift=$c";
?>

8)Conditional operator(?:)/Ternary operator:

Condition?Expression-1:Expression-2

Example:

<?php
$c=14>20?10+20:34+70;
echo "<br>Conditional Operator:$c";

$m="5";
$n=(int)$m;
echo "<br>Value of n:$n";
echo "<br>Value of m:$m";
?>

Constants:

-Constant is a Variable which can not change value during the execution of program.

-Syantax:define(“ConstantVariableName”,value);

-Example:define(“PI”,3.14);

<?php
define('PI',3.14);
$radius=2;
$area=(PI*$radius*$radius);
echo "Area of circle is $area";
?>

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Expression and control statements in PHP
Decision Making Control Statement:

1)If Statement:

-Syantax:

If(condition)

//body of if

-Example:

<?php
$str1="VJTech";
$str2="VJTech123";
if($str1==$str2)
{
echo "<br>Both Strings are equal";
}
echo "<br>End of the program!!!";
?>

<?php
$age=21;
if($age>=18)
{
echo "<br>You are eligible for voting!!!";
}
echo "<br>End of the program!!!";
?>

<?php
$age=readline("Enter Your Age:");
if($age>=18)
{
echo "<br>You are eligible for voting!!!";
}
echo "<br>End of the program!!!";
?>

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Expression and control statements in PHP

<?php
$a=100;
$b=2000;
$c=300;
if($a>$b && $a>$c)
{
echo "Greatest Number is $a";
}
if($b>$a && $b>$c)
{
echo "Greatest Number is $b";
}
if($c>$a && $c>$b)
{
echo "Greatest Number is $c";
}
?>

<?php
$a=100;
$b=2000;
$c=300;
if($a<$b && $a<$c)
{
echo "Smallest Number is $a";
}
if($b<$a && $b<$c)
{
echo "Smallest Number is $b";
}
if($c<$a && $c<$b)
{
echo "Smallest Number is $c";
}
?>

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Expression and control statements in PHP
2)if-else statement:

-if condition is true then program controller executes if body.

-if condition is false then program controller executes else body.

-syantax:

If(condition)

//body of if

else

//body of else

-Example:

<?php
$x=100;
$y=500;
if($x>$y)
{
echo "Greatest Number is $x";
}
else
{
echo "Greatest Number is $y";
}
?>

<?php
$no=15;
if($no%2==0)
{
echo "Number $no is EVEN!!!";
}
else
{

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Expression and control statements in PHP

echo "Number $no is ODD!!!";

}
?>

3)Nested-if statement:

-one if else within another if is known as nested if-else.

-syntax:

If(condition)

If(condition)

//body of if

else

//body of else

else

//body of else

-Example:

<?php
$no=-1;
if($no!=0)
{
if($no>0)
{
echo "Number is Positive";
}
else

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Expression and control statements in PHP

{
echo "Number is Negative";
}
}
else
{
echo "Zero is neither positive nor negative";
}
?>

Switch Statement:

-switch,case,default and break are predefined keywords.

-In switch case,we compare value to multiple cases.

-Syntax:

switch(Expression)

case value-1: //block of code

break;

case value-2: //block of code

break;

case value-3: //block of code

break;

case value-N: //block of code

break;

default://block of code.

-Example:

<?php
$day="sun";
switch($day)
{
case "Mon":echo "It is Monday";
break;

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Expression and control statements in PHP

case "Tues":echo "It is Tuesday";

break;

case "wed":echo "It is wednesday";

break;

case "Fri":echo "It is Friday";

break;

case "sat":echo "It is saturday";

break;

case "sun":echo "It is Sunday";

break;
default: echo "Invalid Day!!!";
}
?>

Loop Control structures:

i)for loop

ii)while loop

iii)foreach loop

for loop:

-Syntax:

for(initialization;condition;increment/decrement)

//body of for loop

Example:

<?php
for($x=1;$x<=5;$x++)
{
echo "<br>Value of X:".$x;

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Expression and control statements in PHP

}
?>

While loop:

-Syntax:

while(condition)

//body of while loop

-Example:

<?php
$x=1;
while($x<=5)
{
echo "<br> Value of x:".$x;
$x++;
}
?>

Do-While loop:

-Syntax:

do

//body of Do-while loop

} while(condition);

-Example:

<?php
$x=1;
do
{
echo "<br>Value of X:".$x;
$x++;

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Expression and control statements in PHP

}while($x<=5);
?>

foreach loop:

-foreach loop provides an easy way to iterate over an array.

-Syntax:

foreach(Array_Expression as $value)

//body of foreach loop

-Example:

<?php
$Num=array(10,20,30,40,50);
echo "Array Element are:";
foreach($Num as $x)
{
echo "$x ";
}
?>

<?php
$Num=array(10,20,30,40,50);
$sum=0;
foreach($Num as $x)
{
$sum=$sum+$x;
}
echo "Sum of Array Element:".$sum;
?>

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Expression and control statements in PHP
break Statement:

-When break statement is executed then program controller comes out of loop.

-Example:

<?php
for($i=1;$i<=5;$i++)
{
if($i==3)
{
break;
}
echo "<br>Value of i=".$i;
}
?>

continue Statement:

-When continue statement is executed then program controller goes to next iteration.

-Example:

<?php
for($i=1;$i<=5;$i++)
{
if($i==3)
{
continue;
}
echo "<br>Value of i=".$i;
}
?>

Practice Program:

1)Write a PHP program which accept five subject marks from user and display total and
percentage of student.

Ans:

<?php

$clang=readline("Enter c Lang Marks:");

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Expression and control statements in PHP
$math=readline("Enter Math Marks:");

$java=readline("Enter JAVA Marks:");

$eng=readline("Enter English Marks:");

$dte=readline("Enter DTE Marks:");

$total=($clang+$math+$java+$eng+$dte);

$avg=$total/5;

echo "<br>Total subject marks:".$total;

echo "<br>Percentage marks:".$avg;

?>

2)Write a PHP program to find area of Reactangle.

Ans:

<?php

$length=readline("Enter Length of Reactangle:");

$breadth=readline("Enter breadth of Reactangle:");

$area=$length*$breadth;

echo "Area of Reactangle:".$area;

?>

3)Generates following output in PHP.

**

***

****

*****

Ans:

<?php

for($i=1;$i<=5;$i++)

for($j=1;$j<=$i;$j++)

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Expression and control statements in PHP
echo "* ";

echo "\n";

?>

4)Generates following output in PHP.

**

***

****

*****

Ans:

<?php

for($i=1;$i<=5;$i++)

for($k=4;$k>=$i;$k--)

echo " ";

for($j=1;$j<=$i;$j++)

echo "* ";

echo "\n";

?>

5)Write a PHP Program to check whether no is prime or not.

Ans:

<?php

$no=readline("Enter Any Integer Number:");

$flag=0;

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Expression and control statements in PHP
for($i=2;$i<$no;$i++)

if($no%$i==0)

$flag=1;

break;

if($flag==0)

echo "Number is prime";

else

echo "Number is not prime";

?>

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Expression and control statements in PHP

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