SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Physical Science
Quarter 4 Week 6 Module 6
Doppler Effect and
Expanding Universe
General Physics 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 6: Doppler Effect and Expanding Universe
Second Edition, 2021
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other
things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do
not represent nor claim ownership over them and “no copyright infringement is
intended” from using materials taken from the internet.
Development Team of the Module
Developers/ Writer:
Mrs. JANNIS MAY V. ANTOLIJAO – Master Teacher I - APAS National High School
Content Editors:
Ms. CELIA C. GEPITULAN – Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School
Mrs. JOCELYN C. BUTANAS – Master Teacher I, Talamban National High School
Mr. BONNIE JAMES A. SACLOLO- Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School
Language Editor:
Mrs. ROQUESA B. SABEJON – PSDS North District 7
Management Team:
Chairperson: Dr. RHEA MAR A. ANGTUD – Schools Division Superintendent
Dr. BERNADETTE A. SUSVILLA – Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Mrs. GRECIA F. BATALUNA – CID Chief
Mrs. VANESSA L. HARAYO – EPS, LRMS
Dr. RAYLENE S. MANAWATAO – EPS, Science
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Division of Cebu City
Office Address : APAS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, Apas, Cebu City
Telephone number: (032) 4167141
1
What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain the consequences how the speeds and distances of far – off objects
are estimated (e.g., doppler effect and cosmic distance ladder, (S11/12PS-IVj-72)
2. cite how we know that we are in an expanding universe, which used to be
hot and is approximately 14 billion years old. (S11/12PS-IVj-73)
What I Know
Directions: Carefully read each item and write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is an application of the Doppler effect?
A. ambulance siren C. determining fetal heart rate
B. transcranial ultrasound D. all of the above
2. Which law states that “The greater the recessional velocity of a galaxy the
farther away from the galaxy”?
A. Einstein’s B. Hubble’s C. Kepler’s D. Newton’s
3. What method is used to determine the brightness of the stars?
A. doppler shift C. standard candles
B. transit method D. radial velocity method
4. What do you call with the change in frequency of a wave for an observer
moving relative to its sound?
A. doppler shift C. standard candles
B. transit method D. radial velocity method
5. Which of the following are considered inner planets?
A. Earth, Mars, Mercury, Venus C. Earth, Mars, Neptune, Uranus
B. Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn, Venus D. Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, Uranus
6. Which is referred to as the succession of different methods that astronomers
use to measure distances of objects in the sky?
A. standard candles C. distance modulus
B. direct measurements D. cosmic distance candles
7. Which wave is smaller in the illustration below?
A. front C. both
B. back D. none
8. What can you say about the siren’s sound of an ambulance if it is going
towards you? It gets ___________________.
A. fainter B. faster C. louder D. lower
9. What happens to the frequency of sound if the receiver walks toward the
speaker? The frequency of sound ____________ as the receiver walks toward
the speaker.
A. decreases C. increases or decreases depending on the temperature
B. increases D. none of these
10. How will your perceived frequency change if you move away from a
stationary source of the sound? The frequency will be __________________.
A. doubled B. higher C. lower D. tripled
2
11. Which of the units used by astronomers to express the distance of galaxies?
A. mile B. lightyear C. kilometer D. astronomical unit
12. Which of the following events inferred by the astronomers is based on the
red-shift data on galaxies? It infers that the universe is currently
__________________.
A. expanding C. moving randomly
B. contracting D. fixed and stationary
13. What do you call with the billions of stars in the same region of the
universe?
A. galaxies B. constellations C. solar system D. asteroid belt
14. What is the unit of sound intensity level?
A. decibels B. hertz C. meters D. watts
15. Why does the amplitude of the sound wave decrease with distance from its
source? The amplitude of the sound waves decreases with distance from source
because the ________________________.
A. speed of the sound wave decreases
B. frequency of the sound waves decreases
C. wavelength of the sound wave increases
D. energy of the wave is spread over a larger and larger area
What’s In
What are some of the applications of Doppler effect?
Figure 1. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (TCD) Figure 2. Fetal Heart Rate Doppler detector
Source: shorturl.at/mrPS1 Source: shorturl.at/xIRZ4
Figure 3. An Ambulance Emergency Siren Figure 4. Police Emergency Siren
Source: http://surl.li/vvwu Source: http://surl.li/vvxb
What ‘s New
Draw the sound waves around the patrol car which is chasing the thief from
the victim showing the doppler effect. Show your answer on a separate sheet.
3
Questions:
1. Who will hear louder sound? fainter?
2. Based on your drawing between the thief and the victim, who has longer
waves? shorter waves?
3. Who has higher frequency? Lower frequency?
4. Compare the distance of the listeners (thief and victim) with respect to the
source (car) when it comes to the wavelength and frequency.
5. What is doppler effect?
What Is It
When watching a race and a racing car with a loud engine approaches, one
hears as increasing high frequency “whee”. When the car passes by, the frequency
suddenly shifts lower and a low-pitched “whom” sound is heard. Similar frequency
changes may be heard when a large truck pass by. The apparent changes in
frequency of the moving source is called the Doppler effect.
The Doppler effect describes the change in the observed frequency of a
wave when there is relative motion between the wave source and the observer. It
was first proposed in 1842 by Austrian mathematician and physicist Christian
Johann Doppler.
Lesson 1 Dopper Effect
Doppler Effect
The apparent change in frequency or pitch when a sound source moves
either toward or away from the listener, or when the listener moves either toward
or away from the sound source.
First assume that the frequency of a sound from a source is held
constant, the wavelength of the sound will also remain constant. If both source
and the receiver of the sound remain stationary, the receiver will hear the same
frequency sound produced by the source. This is because the receiver is receiving
the same number of waves per second that the source is producing.
If either the source or the receiver or both move toward the other, the
receiver will perceive a higher frequency sound. This is because the receiver will
receive a greater number of sound waves per second. This is interpreted as the
greater number of waves the higher the frequency of the sound. If the person will
receive a smaller number of sound waves per second then the receiver will
perceive a lower frequency sound. In both cases, the frequency of the sound
produced by the source will have remained constant.
Figure 5. The Doppler Effect Figure 6. Christian Johann Doppler.
Source: http://surl.li/vvxd Source: http://surl.li/vvxh
4
Figure 7. Moving target Doppler effect
http://surl.li/vvyd
The Doppler effect is used in some types of radar, to measure the
velocity of detected objects. A radar beam is fired at a moving target — e.g. a
motor car, as police use radar to detect speeding motorists — as it approaches or
recedes from the radar source.
5
Figure 7. Moving transmitter Doppler effect
Source: http://surl.li/vvyh
Doppler effect is used to measure speed in RADAR (Radio Detection and
Ranging) sensors. When the fixed-frequency radio wave sent from
the sender continuously strikes an object that is moving towards or away from
the sender, the frequency of the reflected radio wave will be changed. This
frequency shift is known as Doppler effect.
Lesson 2 Expanding Universe
The Structure of the Universe
Cosmology is a branch of astronomy concerned with the studies of the
origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the
future. It is the scientific study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the
universe. Astronomers determine the structure of the universe by detecting and
analyzing electromagnetic waves that come from galaxies, the “building blocks” of
the universe. From the data thus collected, they determined the way in which
these galaxies are distributed throughout the vast volume of the universe.
Astronomers estimate that tens of billions of galaxies are within range of optical
telescopes. Galaxies are not distributed randomly throughout the universe but
are grouped in gravitationally bound clusters. The Milky Way galaxy,
Andromeda galaxy and Triangulum galaxy are the three large spiral galaxies
that is part of a poor cluster called the Local Group which contains about
40 galaxies including dwarf galaxies. Clusters are then grouped together in
superclusters which contain dozens of clusters. Most of the galaxies in the Local
Group are within 3 million light years of the Earth and most are small, dim
ellipticals and irregulars. The superclusters have diameters as large as 300
million light years and masses equal to or greater than 1015 solar masses.
Figure 8. Earth, Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy Local Group
Source: http://surl.li/vvzc
6
Analogy of the Expanding Universe
One famous analogy to explain
the expanding universe is imagining
the universe like a loaf of raisin
bread dough. As the bread rises and
expands, the raisins move farther
away from each other, but they are
still stuck in the dough. No matter
which raisin an observer might be
“riding” the other raisins would
move away. The greater the initial
distance a specific raisin was from
the observer’s raisin, the faster the
farther the observed raisin would
recede. Note that the raisins
(galaxies) stay the same size, but
they are carried along by the
expansion of the dough.
Figure 9. Raisin bread dough model
Source: http://surl.li/vvzg
Figure 10. The Origin of the Universe
Source: http://surl.li/vvym
Astronomers can use simple technique to determine the age of the universe by
using Hubble’s law:
The greater the recessional velocity of a galaxy, the farther away
the galaxy.
Astronomers can calculate how long the universe has been expanding,
and the result of that calculation is the age of the universe. H (Hubble constant
currently estimated to be 71 km/s/Mpc). The number 9.78 x 1011 is a conversion
factor for the time and distance units used in the problem. The best estimate of
the constant H is about 71 km/s/Mpc (1 Mpc = 1 mega-parsec, 1 million
parsecs). This calculation gives about 13.8 billion years for the age of the
universe.
7
Calculate the age of the universe if the constant rate of expansions is 71
km/s/Mpc.
Solution:
Age in years = 9.78 x 1011 = 1.38 x 1010 year or 13.8 billion years
H
Astronomers agree that the universe is expanding. Recent evidence
strangely indicates that we live in what cosmologists call flat universe that
will continue to expand forever. Contrary to earlier ideas that gravity would
slow down the expansion, recent discoveries have confirmed that the
expansion of the universe is actually accelerating. Accelerating is thought
to be due to the repulsive effect of a mysterious dark energy that seems to
make up 68% of the mass-energy of the universe (E=mc2). The remaining
mass-energy appears to be 5% ordinary matter and 27% dark matter.
Methods Used by Astronomers to Measure Objects in the Sky
Cosmic Distance Ladder
It refers to the succession of different methods that astronomers use to
measure distances to objects in the sky. Methods like parallax, work well for
nearby objects. Other methods, like using the cosmological redshift, work only
for very distance galaxies.
Figure 11. Cosmic distance ladder
Source: shorturl.at/jyPW7
Direct measurements – the bottom of the ladder consists of objects whose
distances can be directly measured, like the moon. The same technique, using
radio waves, is applied to find distances to planets as well. For nearby stars,
measuring parallax is possible and yields the distance to the star.
Standard candles
The object’s intrinsic brightness we can know for sure the apparent
magnitude, which is easy to measure. It tells us how bright an object appears;
not how bright it is. Distant objects appear less bright because their light gets
spread out over a larger area.
With the inverse square law for light intensities, the amount of light we
receive from an object drops with the distance squared. We may compute the
distance to an object if we know both how bright it is (absolute magnitude; ‘M’)
and how bright it appears to us on earth (apparent magnitude; ‘m’).
8
Distance Modulus = M – m 5 log10 d - 5
‘d’ distance measured in parsecs
Common “standard candles” used in astronomy are:
• Cepheid Variable: A kind of periodic variable star, whose variation period
is related to the luminosity
• RR Lyrae Variables: Another such periodic variable star with a well-
known period-luminosity relationship
• Type-Ia supernovae: These supernovae have a very well-defined
luminosity because of the physics that governs them and hence serve as
standard-candles.
Planets in and Beyond the Solar System
The Solar System is made up of all the planets that orbits our Sun which
also consists of moons, asteroids, minor planets, dust, and gas. The smaller
celestial bodies include eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune which are themselves orbited by more than 140
moons. (only Mercury and Venus have no moons). In addition, the solar system
contains millions of rocky asteroids and billions of icy comets which are held
together in a group by the Sun’s gravity. It extends from the sun called Sol by the
ancient Romans and goes past the four inner planets, through the Asteroid Belt
to the four gas giants on the disk-shaped Kuiper Belt and far beyond to the
giant, spherical Oort Cloud and the teardrop-shaped Heliopause. Scientists
estimate that the edge of the solar system is about 9 billion miles (15 billion
kilometers) from the sun.
Asteroid and Kuiper belts and Inner and Outer planets
Source: shorturl.at/qtNPX
9
Inner Planets
The four inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are made up
mostly of iron and rock. They are known as terrestrial or earthlike planets
because of their similar size and composition. Earth has one natural satellite the
moon which is known as Luna or Diana and Mars has two moons Deimos and
Phobos.
Between Mars and Jupiter lies the Asteroid belt which are minor planets,
and scientists estimate, there are more than 750,000 of them with diameters
larger than three-fifths of a mile (1km) and millions of smaller asteroids. The
dwarf planet Ceres, about 590 miles (950 km) in diameter, resides here.
Asteroids have orbits that take them closer into the solar system that sometimes
lead them to collide with Earth or the other inner planets.
Outer Planets
The outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are giant
worlds with thick outer layers of gas, their mass is made up of hydrogen and
helium, giving them compositions like that of the sun, beneath these outer layers,
they have no solid surfaces the pressure from their thick atmospheres liquefy
their insides, although they might have rocky cores. Rings of dust, rock, and ice
encircle all these giants, with Saturn ‘s being the most famous.
Comets are often known as dirty snowball and consist mainly of ice and
rock. Its orbit takes it close to the sun, some of the ice in its central nucleus
turns into gas that shoots out the comet’s sunlit side, which the solar wind
carries outward to form into a long tail. Short period comets that complete their
orbits in less than 200 years are thought to originate from the disk-shape Kuiper.
How to find an extrasolar planet?
Doppler Shifts used to detect extra solar planets
Doppler Shift is the change in frequency of wave for an observer moving relative
to its source. The difference between the shifted (observed) value λ shift and the rest
(unshifted) value λrest can be used to calculate the radial velocity. This is the
velocity along the line of sight between the source and the observer.
Astrometry - Radial Velocity Method
Measures slight changes in a star’s velocity as the star and the planet move
about their common center of mass. The motion detected is toward the observer
and away from the observer. Astronomers can detect these variances by analyzing
the spectrum of starlight in doppler shift. Light waves from a star moving toward
us are shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum. If the star is moving away,
the light shifted toward the red end of the spectrum.
The larger the planet and the closer it is to the host star, the faster the
star moves about the center of mass, causing a larger color shift in the spectrum
of starlight. That is why many of the first planets discovered are Jupiter-class
(300 times as massive as Earth), with orbits very close to their parent star.
10
This happens because
the waves become
compressed when the
star is approaching the
Blue observer and spread out
when the star is
receding. The effect is
like the change in pitch
we hear in an
ambulance’s siren as it
approaches and passes.
Red
Transit Method
Based on observation of a star’s small drop in brightness, that occurs when
the orbit (dashed line) of one of the star’s planets passes (‘transits’) in the star,
the amount of light – typically between 0.01% and 1% depends on the sizes of the
star and the planet. The duration of the transit depends on the planet’s distance
from the star and its mass which can be determined from the spectroscopic
observations, the planet size and distance can be determined. The transit must
occur once for every orbital revolution of the planet around the star. This
repeated occurrence of transits is the major diagnostic tool to determine if an
observed transit is really from a planet – it has to appear once in each of the
planet’s year
What’s More
Read and answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper.
11
A. Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. When an automobile moves towards a listener, the sound of its horn seems
relatively.
A. high pitched B. low pitched C. normal D. the Same
2. When the automobile moves away from the listener, the horn seems.
A. high pitched B. low pitched C. normal D. the Same
3. The changed pitch of the Doppler effect is due to changes in
A. wave distance B. wave frequency C. wavelength D. wave speed
B. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong
about Doppler effect.
It occurs when ….
A. an observer moves away a wave source _________________
B. an observer moves towards a wave source ______________
C. a wave source moves away an observer _________________
D. a wave source moves towards an observer ________________
What I Have Learned
Fill in the blanks below. Write the answer on a separate sheet.
_________________________ the apparent change in frequency or pitch when a
sound source moves either toward or away from the listener, or when the
listener moves either toward or away from the sound source.
___________________________ refers to the succession of different methods that
astronomers use to measure distances to objects in the sky.
________________ ________________ ________________ ______________the four
inner planets.
________________ ________________ ________________ ______________ the outer
planets.
___________________ ____________________ ______________________ how to find
an extrasolar planet?
What Can I Do
Choose between the situations below which is applicable to you. Make sure to
incorporate some safety precautionary measures. Answer the following
situations below. Answer briefly on a separate sheet of paper. (10 points)
1. As a pedestrian walking along the sidewalk and is about to cross the
street when you hear an ambulance coming what do you usually do?
2. As a student riding a bicycle on the street and hears a police car
behind. What should he do?
12
Assessment
Directions: Carefully read each item and write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is referred to as a dirty snowball that consists of ice and rock?
A. asteroid B. comet C. moon D. planet
2. Which of the following happens now to the galaxies according to Hubble’s
law? The movement of galaxies are _____________________.
A. closer to us C. further away from us
B. accelerating rapidly D. already contracting toward another
3. Which of the following list are celestial features correctly shown in order of
increasing size?
A. universe-galaxy-solar system-planet
B. galaxy-solar system-universe-planet
C. solar system-galaxy-planet-universe
D. planet-solar system-galaxy-universe
4. How will your perceived frequency change if the source is moving towards
you? The frequency will become __________________.
A. lower B. higher C. enough D. the same
5. How will you describe galaxies? Galaxies ____________________
A. are similar in size to the solar system.
B. contain only one star but hundreds of planets.
C. may contain billions of stars in a space much larger than our solar
system.
D. may contain a few hundred stars in a space slightly larger than the solar
system.
6. What is the formula to determine age of the universe?
A. ? = 9.78 x 1011 C. ? = 13.8 billion years
H H
B. ? = 71 km/s D. ? = 3.0 x 108 m/s
H H
7. Which is referred to as a study of the structure and evolution of the universe?
A. Astrology B. Astronomy C. Cosmology D. Cosmetology
8. Which is referred to as a method that measures slight changes in star’s
velocity?
A. doppler shift C. standard candles
B. transit method D. radial velocity method
9. Which of the following are known as the outer planets?
A. Earth, Mars, Mercury, Venus C. Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn, Venus
B. Earth, Mars, Neptune, Uranus D. Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, Uranus
10. What is the Latin name for our sun?
A. Sol B. Helios D. Yellow dwarf D none of these
11. Which wave frequency is lower in the illustration below?
A. small part C. both
B. big part D. none
12. Which wave frequency is higher in the illustration above?
A. small part B. big part C. both D. none
13
13. What can you say about the source of sound when it moves away from the
listener? The listener has the impression that the source of sound has
__________________.
A. lower pitch C. lower velocity
B. higher amplitude D. none of the above
14. What happens to the speed of sound in the medium when a source of sound
moves towards an observer?
A. increases C. remains the same
B. decreases D. depends on the speed with which source moves
15. What happens to the frequency of sound as the speed of the source moves
towards the receiver? The sound will become __________________________ as
the source of sound is moving towards the receiver.
A. more low-pitched C. no change at all
B. more high-pitched D. sometimes changes
References
Burro.case.Edu.n.d.” The Doppler Shift”. Accessed July 23, 2020
http://burro.case.edu/Academics/Astr221/Light/doppler.html.
Police Car Image.Pinterest.pekedibujos.com. n.d. Accessed July 23, 2020
https://www.google.com/search?q=patrol.
Physical Science 3G eLearning FZ LLC pp.151-158
RF Wireless World. (2020) “Doppler Frequency Calculator – Moving Reflector, Moving
Transmitter”. Accessed July 21, 2020.
https://www.rfwireless-world.com/calculators/doppler-frequency-
calculator.html
Science Facts. (2020). Doppler Effect. July 2. Accessed July 21, 2020
https://www.sciencefacts.net/doppler-effect.html
Shocked Woman Stock Illustration. Dreamstime.com.
https://www.google.com/search?q=shocked+woman+clipart
The European Space Agency. “How to find an extrasolar planet”? Accessed July 23,
2020
https://www.google.com/search?q=transit+method+exoplanets&source=lnms&t
bm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJgK30nuLqAhXUa94KHUq0Dp4Q_AUoAXoECB
AQAw&biw=754&bih=739#imgrc=SQQn9Y6XpMdFoM
Thief Image. Pinterest. Accessed July 23, 2020
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/491736853048233400/
Answer Key
The drawing is only 5 points
What ‘s New (20 points)
14
15
What I Can Do (5 points)
1. As a pedestrian if there are no traffic lights. You need to stop look and
listen. Stop on the sidewalk, look both sides of the street and listen if
there are no approaching vehicles before you cross the street. If there
are traffic lights around. Please follow the corresponding colors like
red for stop and green for go. (5 points)
2. As a student riding a bicycle whenever you hear a siren of a police car
or vehicles like ambulance, you need to pull over or stop on the side
of the road. Let the vehicles in emergency pass if it is safe then carry
on. (5 points)
What’s More
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. A. True B. True C. True D. True
What I Have Learned (13 points)
Doppler Effect
Cosmic Distance Ladder
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
Doppler Shifts, Astrometry-Radial Velocity Method and Transit Method
1. The thief will hear louder while the victim will hear fainter. (2
points)
2. The victim will have longer waves while the thief will have shorter
waves. (2 points)
3. The victim will have lower frequency while the thief will have higher
frequency. (2 points)
4. As the police car approaches the thief, he will hear higher frequency
than the victim which the police car has just passed having lower.
frequency. The longer the wavelength the lower the frequency, the
shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency. (4 points)
5. Doppler effect is the apparent change in frequency or pitch when a
sound source moves either toward or away from the listener, or
when the listener moves either toward or away from the sound
source. (5 points)
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call
Department of Education – Division of Cebu City
Office Address: Imus Street, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095
Email Address: cebucity@deped.gov.ph
16
