HOW TO DEFINE MANAGEMENT
Management is the process by which a person
can manage things or work done by individuals
or groups. In general, management can be
defined as the ability a person has in managing
something to achieve the expected target or
goal.
Understanding Management
There are many views on what management is.
Frederick Winslow Taylor
In his book entitled The Principles of Scientific
Management, the Father of Scientific
Management states that management is the art
of knowing what you want to do then seeing
that it is done using the best and economical
way.
Harold Koontz
Apart from being known as a consultant,
business management professor, and
American organization theorist, along with
Heinz Weihrich, Harold Koontz wrote a book
entitled : Management- Study Guide.
In the book, Harold defines management as the
art of getting things done with people in a
formally organized group to achieve goals.
Ricky W. Griffin
He argues that management is a process of
planning, coordination, organization, and
control of resources so that goals can be
achieved effectively (according to plan) and
efficient (careful and timely).
George R. Terry
George R. Terry shares Ricky W. Griffin’s
views. In his book Principles of Management,
Terry stated that management is the process of
planning, organizing, implementing, and
controlling by utilizing all available resources to
achieve goals.
Luther Gulick,
known as a scientist, professor, and public
administration expert, created initials
representing the seven functions of
management, namely:
• P (planning)
• O (organizing)
• S (staf)
• D (directing)
• Co (coordination)
• R (reporting)
• B (budgeting)
However, only five management functions are
widely recognized, namely planning,
organizing, staff locating, directing, and
coordinating.
1. Planning
Planning is a future-oriented systematic and
rational way of determining the direction of a
company or organization. Effective planning
usually combines both internal and external
factors.
Internal factors can be interpreted as limited
growth opportunities that require changes in
work patterns, decentralization, diversification,
and organizational structure. Meanwhile,
external factors include a lack of material and
capital resources, international political
instability, trends in inflation and interest rates,
government regulations, and technological
advances.
2. Organizing
This function will determine the activities that
need to be carried out in order to achieve
organizational or company goals. The trick is to
assign tasks to the right personnel, including
delegating the authority to carry out activities in
a coordinated and integrated manner.
3. Staff Assignment
As the name implies, this function aims to
screen, recruit, train, develop, evaluate, and
retain a workforce that is deemed appropriate
for a company at the managerial or non-
managerial level. To get a workforce that suits
the company, it requires a deep understanding
that apart from technical competence,
operational competence, psychological and
sociological structures are also important.
4. Directing
The direction is closely related to leadership,
supervision, motivation, and communication so
that employees do work to achieve targets as
efficiently as possible. Leadership involves
instructions and guidance from superiors to
subordinates regarding methods and
procedures.
Supervision is very important to know the
progress of a task or project and ensure that
what is done by subordinates is according to
instructions. In order for maximum employee
performance, a boss must provide motivation
supported by two-way communication. That
way, both superiors, and subordinates will get
the information and feedback needed for the
progress of tasks or projects.
5. Coordinating
This function consists of a series of activities,
such as setting work performance standards,
measuring work performance, and comparing
these results with standards. If deviations
occur, corrective action will be taken with the
aim of improving the situation.
Management Elements
The 5M element in management describes how
managers acquire and distribute resources in a
manufacturing environment to achieve
business goals. The 5M is as follows.
1. Manpower
This element refers to human resources who
are committed to implementing marketing
tactics, both existing and new techniques.
Without a workforce, work cannot go according
to plan.
2. Materials
You could say, materials are the supply chain
needed to support management and marketing
strategies in the present and the future. If the
materials are not available, the process of
achieving the expected goals will be hampered.
3. Machine
Although it is often referred to as a supporting
element, machines have a very vital function.
The reason is, without a machine, the process
of achieving goals will be disrupted. Machines
are used to facilitate management in
processing raw materials and creating quality
products.
4. Minutes (Time)
Time is the most valuable asset so it requires
an overview of the management planning
process and time is as effective as possible,
such as how long it will take a new product to
be on the market and how responsive the
company is to the competition.
5. Money (Finance)
It is undeniable that money is the most
important element in management. Without
money, production activities cannot run as they
should. Smooth finances will make it easier for
management to design better plans to reach
targets as quickly and efficiently as possible.
Management Style
From the definition of management and the
elements described above, it can be concluded
that management must be carried out as
efficiently and effectively as possible. Effective
means that the achievement results must be in
accordance with the target, while efficient is
related to the funds and time needed during the
process of achieving goals.
To achieve this, a proper management style is
required. The styles in question are as follows.
1. Visionary
Visionary managers are responsible for
communicating goals and directing their
employees to work hard to carry out the
mission.
Usually, the visionary manager will let
employees work according to their own terms.
With notes, these employees remain
productive. The visionary manager will only
perform team checks to make sure employees
don’t get off track.
A visionary manager must be assertive, fair,
willing to listen to ideas put forward by
employees, and willing to make changes if the
idea is good for the company. To keep the
vision running smoothly, visionary managers
often provide employees with feedback and
praise when employee performance matches
or exceeds expectations.
2. Democratic
In this style, rules are everything. The manager
will allow employees to participate in making
decisions and value diverse team ideas. A
manager who applies a democratic style must
be able to understand that employees are the
key to group success.
By giving employees the confidence and
opportunity to have a voice, employees will feel
highly valued and more responsible for their
work. As a result, the relationship between
managers and employees will be close.
This not only fosters a sense of trust between
the two parties but also makes it easier for
managers to convince employees when
deviations occur during the process of
achieving goals.
3. Transformational
The transformational manager is an innovator.
The reason is, they believe that change and
growth are the best way to stay ahead. A
transformational manager does not hesitate to
encourage employees to cross their comfort
zone and make employees realize that their
abilities are more than they think so far.
Besides being very effective in motivating
employees to raise self-standards and improve
team performance, this method will make
employees feel more valued so that they are
dedicated to their work.
4. Coach
The training manager has two main focuses,
namely overseeing individual employee
development and bringing the team together. A
training manager has a responsibility to teach,
develop, supervise and improve employee
professionalism. The training manager doesn’t
mind failure as long as employees are willing to
learn to improve.
Not infrequently the training manager
encourages employees to take opportunities,
such as promotions or development programs
that aim to improve team performance and
capabilities.
Management Types
Not only has a number of styles, but
management also consists of various types.
The most common types of management
include the following.
Strategic Management
Strategic Management is the science needed to
compile, implement, and evaluate decisions to
be made. This executive function is responsible
for the running of the company or
organization’s goal-setting process, the
development of plans, and policies to allocate
resources to realize the vision and goals.
Operations Management
This type of management focuses on the
process of producing goods and services and
ensuring development and maintenance are
effective and efficient.
Sales Management
sales Management is an important part of the
company’s business cycle. The sales manager
has a big responsibility for leading, setting team
goals, planning, controlling the sales process,
and making sure the vision gets done.
Marketing Management
Marketing Management is a tool used by
companies to analyze, plan, implement, and
control programs that have been designed with
the aim of getting targeted profits.
Procurement Management
Procurement management is the process of
managing the availability of goods and services
from outside parties.
Supply Chain Management
This management is a series of coordination
activities, scheduling, and control of the
procurement, inventory, production, and
delivery processes or products to consumers.
Public Relations Management
This type of management has the function of
conducting research, planning, implementing,
and evaluating communication activities
between the company and the public.
Financial Management and
Accounting
Financial Management serves to manage
processes and inform financial reports and
activities related to accounting.
Human Resource Management
As the name implies, HR Management is
responsible for carrying out the recruitment
process, training, and dealing with labor-related
problems so as not to prevent the company
from achieving its goals.
Information Technology
Management
Serves to manage a team that has expertise in
information technology according to the needs
of the organization or company.
R&D Management
R&D (Research and Development)
management is responsible for the process of
product creation, research, and development.
Risk Management
Risk management is an approach to managing
uncertainty, identifying, assessing, and
controlling opportunities with negative
consequences.
Project Management
Project management is the science of planning,
organizing, managing, and controlling the
process in order to achieve the goals set by the
company.
Program Management
The program manager is in charge of
managing the ongoing project portfolio.
Engineering Management
This type of management focuses on managing
engineering applications in engineering for
business solutions, such as manufacturing,
developing new products or services, and
construction.
Quality Management
Broadly speaking, planning management does
not only focus on the quality of a product but
also on three important components, namely
assurance, improvement, and quality control.
Design Management
The design manager is responsible for
investigating, controlling the creative process,
building structures, and supporting creativity.
Innovation Management
Innovation management focuses on the
business process, product or service, strategy,
research, and development of the company.
Change Management
Change management is a systematic and
structured approach to realizing business
change.
Facilities Management
This type of management is a combination of a
number of management functions that are
integrated or devoted to coordinating the
company, managing the facilities and
infrastructure of the company.
This is the information about definition of
management complete with functions,
elements, styles and types. Hopefully, this
information will make it easier for you to
understand management better.
