UNIT - IV
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
Switching converter type compensator
With the high power forced-commutated valves such as the GTO
and ETO, the converter-based FACTS controllers have become true. The
advantages of converter-based FACTS controllers are continuous and precise
power control, cost reduction of the associated relative components and a
reduction in size and weight of the overall system.
An SSSC is an example of a FACTS device that has its primary
function to change the characteristic impedance of the transmission line and
thus change the power flow. The impedance of the transmission line is
changed by injecting a voltage which leads or lags the transmission line
current by 90º.
Schematic diagram of SSSC
If the SSSC is equipped with an energy storage system, the SSSC
gets an added advantage of real and reactive power compensation in the
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power system. By controlling the angular position of the injected voltage
with respect to the line current, the real power is provided by the SSSC with
energy storage element. Figure shows a schematic diagram of SSSC with
energy storage system for real and reactive power exchange.
The applications for an SSSC are the same as for traditional
controllable series capacitors. The SSSC is used for power flow control,
voltage stability and phase angle stability. The benefit of the SSSC over the
conventional controllable series capacitor is that the SSSC induces both
capacitive and inductive series compensating voltages on a line. Hence, the
SSSC has a wider range of operation compared with the traditional series
capacitors.
The primary objective of this thesis is to examine the possible uses
of the SSSC with energy storage system with state-of-the-art power
semiconductor devices in order to provide a more cost effective solution.
Comparison of Series Compensator Types
Figure shows a comparison of VI and loss characteristics of
variable type series compensators and the converter based series compensator.
Comparison of Variable Type Series Compensators to
Converter Type Series Compensator
From the figure the following conclusions can be made.
• The SSSC is capable of internally generating a controllable
compensating voltage over any capacitive or inductive range
independent of the magnitude of the line current. The GCSC
and the TSSC generate a compensating voltage that is
proportional to the line current. The TCSC maintains the
maximum compensating voltage with decreasing line current
but the control range of the compensating voltage is
determined by the current boosting capability of the thyristor
controlled reactor.
• The SSSC has the ability to be interfaced with an external dc
power supply. The external dc power supply is used to provide
compensation for the line resistance. This is accomplished by
the injection of real power as well as for the line reactance by
the injection of reactive power. The variable impedance type
series compensators cannot inject real power into the
transmission line. They can only provide reactive power
compensation.
• The SSSC with energy storage can increase the effectiveness
of the power oscillation damping by modulating the amount of
series compensation in order to increase or decrease the
transmitted power. The SSSC increases or decreases the
amount of transmitted power by injecting positive and
negative real impedances into the transmission line. The
variable-type series compensators can damp the power
oscillations by modulating the reactive compensation.
STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR (SSSC)
The Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) based series compensators -
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) was proposed by Gyugyi in
1989. The single line diagram of a two machine system with SSSC is shown
in Figure 3.10. The SSSC injects a compensating voltage in series with the
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line irrespective of the line current. From the phasor diagram, it can be stated
that at a given line current, the voltage injected by the SSSC forces the
opposite polarity voltage across the series line reactance. It works by
increasing the voltage across the transmission line and thus increases the
corresponding line current and transmitted power.
Simplified diagram of series compensation with the phasor
diagram.
The compensating reactance is defined to be negative when the
SSSC is operated in an inductive mode and positive when operated in
capacitive mode. The voltage source converter can be controlled in such a
way that the output voltage can either lead or lag the line current by 90o.
During normal capacitive compensation, the output voltage lags the line
current by 90o. The SSSC can increase or decrease the power flow to the
same degree in either direction simply by changing the polarity of the injected
ac voltage. The reversed (180o) phase shifted voltage adds directly to the
reactive voltage drop of the line. The reactive line impedance appears as if it
were increased. If the amplitude of the reversed polarity voltage is large
enough, the power flow will be reversed. The transmitted power verses
transmitted phase angle relationship is shown in Equation and the
transmitted power verses transmitted angle as a function of the degree of
series compensation is shown in Figure
V2 V ð
P= sin ð + Vq cos 2
X X
Transmitted power verses transmitted angle as a function of
series compensation
