TASK 2B

Pathophysiology explanation

A chronic respiratory disease, asthma impacts individuals across all age groups. It is brought

on by inflammation and constriction of the muscles surrounding the trachea, resulting in

difficulty breathing. Despite the potential severity of the condition, asthma is manageable

with the proper medication. Individuals experiencing asthma symptoms should consult a

medical professional (Gans & Gavrilova, 2020). Underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment of

asthma are prevalent, especially in low-income and middle-income nations. Individuals who

have untreated asthma may experience difficulty sleeping, daytime fatigue, and impaired

concentration. Families and friends of asthmatics who miss work or school may incur

financial repercussions for the family and the community at large. Individuals with asthma

who present with severe symptoms may require immediate medical attention and possibly

hospitalisation for the purpose of treatment and observation. Severe instances of asthma are

potentially fatal (Miller et al., 2021).

Inflammation is a key part of how asthma works in the body. As mentioned in the context of

asthma, airway inflammation is caused by many cell types and many mediators that interact

with the airways. This led to the discovery of the pathophysiology of the disease, bronchial

inflammation and airflow limitation, causing recurrent cough, wheezing and shortness of

breath. The ways that these interconnected events happen and cause clinical asthma are still

being looked into. There are also different kinds of asthma, such as periodic, chronic,

exercise-associated, aspirin-sensitive, and serious asthma. However, lung inflammation is

always present. In asthma, however, the pattern of lung inflammation doesn't always change

based on how bad the disease is, how long it lasts, or how persistent it is. When someone has

asthma, the cells that make up the structure and how they react are very similar (Salim et al.,

2020).
Shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, trouble sleeping, and increased coughing or

wheeze attacks due to respiratory bugs are all signs of asthma that can be different for each

person (Sinyor & Concepcion Perez, 2023). More regular and annoying asthma symptoms,

more trouble breathing, and the need to use a quick-relief inhaler more often are all signs that

your asthma is getting worse. Common causes include exercise-induced asthma, asthma

brought on by cold and dry air, asthma at work, and asthma brought on by allergies. In some

cases, like exercise-induced asthma, work asthma, or allergy-induced asthma, the signs may

also get worse. Symptoms like these can get worse when you are around allergens at work,

like chemical fumes, gases, or dust, or when they breathe in things like pollen, mould spores,

cockroach waste, or pet hair (Sio & Chew, 2021).

Justification of Health Promotion Education

It is critical to provide patients with asthma self-management education in order to equip

them with the abilities required to regulate their condition and enhance overall health

outcomes. By necessitating repetition and reinforcement and involving all members of the

healthcare team, it ought to be incorporated into every facet of asthma care. Throughout

follow-up care, this education should commence at the moment of diagnosis and continue

with the participation of the entire health care team. Standard evidence supports self-

management education in the clinic, whereas limited clinical trials and observational studies

support targeted, patient-specific education in the emergency department (Abreu et al., 2020).

The potential of community pharmacies as touchstones for self-management education is

demonstrated by pharmacy-based instruction that teaches inhaler and self-monitoring skills

and promotes medication comprehension. Although studies demonstrate the benefits of

home-based allergen control programmes with multiple facets, additional research on the

feasibility and cost-effectiveness of widespread implementation would be beneficial

(Hodkinson et al., 2020).

urgent health care utilisation, school-based programmes have also improved academic

performance and attendance. Recent findings indicate the possibility of integrating computer

and Internet applications into the provision of asthma care. Distribute a written asthma action

plan to each patient, encompassing two key components: (1) routine asthma management and

(2) identification and response to exacerbating asthma symptoms (Poowuttikul & Seth,

2020). Patients who have a history of severe exacerbations, moderate or severe persistent

asthma, or poorly controlled asthma are especially advised to develop written action plans.

Asthma self-management education must include a routine assessment by a knowledgeable

clinician. This assessment should cover fundamental information regarding the disease,

including its definition and the patient's current level of control, the functions of medications,

necessary skills, appropriate responses to signs and symptoms of asthma exacerbation,

appropriate healthcare referral sources, and environmental exposure control measures (World

health organization, 2023).

Establish lines of communication to identify and address patient and family concerns

regarding asthma and treatment; determine patient, parent, or child treatment preferences and

potency use; Work with patients and families to develop treatment goals and encourage self-

assessment of asthma. Self-management, compliance, and asthma management are aspects of

effective collaboration with patients and families (Evans et al., 2017). Asthma self-education

by healthcare professionals should be considered in policy development as it has a positive

impact on patients and reimbursement remains an important aspect of asthma care. Use

multiple sites, discuss training with physicians in treating asthma, support the development

and use of medical methods to treat asthma, consider participation in projects to improve

communication with patients and the design, implementation, and evaluation of interventions
in supporting systems for clinical decision-making and quality asthma care for both medical

professionals It is very important for (Fidler et al., 2021).

Integration and Application of social justice principles and professional

standards

When social justice principles and professional standards are integrated, as in the case of

Jeremiah, this guarantees patients and their families equal access to healthcare and gives them

agency in decision-making. Standard 2: Partnering with Consumers, which is part of the

National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards, underscores the significance

of patient engagement in the healthcare process and the provision of sufficient information to

enable them to make well-informed decisions (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality

in Health Care, 2019). Similarly, the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia establish a

Code of Conduct where they require nurses to promote health literacy and enable patients to

be active participants in the healthcare program. The healthcare professionals promote social

justice through the principles upon which they educate Erin, who is Jeremiah’s mother, about

asthma. Erin is Educated on the possible allergens that can trigger Jeremiah’s asthma, the

medications and also how to manage the symptoms, and how to advocate for Jeremiah. This

point is confirmed by NSQHS Standard two, which insists on ‘partnership with patients’ and

also collaboration and shared decision. Erin’s knowledge will help her create an environment

without the vast majority of the allergens that Jeremiah triggers his asthma. (Button et al.,

2023).

In addition, healthcare practitioners also help Erin to ensure that Jeremiah’s asthma is

effectively managed at home by explaining to her how the medications such as Salbutamol

and Ciclesonide function and how they should be administered, which enhances health

literacy. This is in line with standard 2 of NMBA Code of Conduct , which states that nurses

have a duty to establish and maintain professional and appropriate relationships with clients
and their families. This involves providing clients with accurate information concerning

health conditions and treatment alternatives (Nursing And Midwifery Board of Australia,

2016). Erin’s administration of Jeremiah’s prescribed medication and ability to identify when

he needs additional medical attention directly contribute to his enhanced general health and

welfare. Overall, her patient education plan fully complies with existing professional

standards and social justice principles – the latter involves engagement of patients in their

health care, improvement of health literacy, and active participation of family members in the

management of Jeremiah’s chronic condition. By incorporating such principles into their

everyday clinical activities, healthcare professionals help patients and their family members

achieve the best health outcomes and promote equal access to health care (Flaubert et al.,

2021).
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