CPNM Lecture 1 - Introduction

Mridul Sankar Barik

Jadavpur University

2024
CPNM - Syllabus I
C Programming

1. Introduction: History of Computing, Evolution of Programming Languages,

Compilers, Interpreter, Algorithms and Flowcharts, Structure of a C Program
[2L]
2. Expressions: Basic Data Types, Variables, Type Qualifiers, Variable Scopes,
Constants, Operators, Operator Precedence, Expression Evaluation, Type
Conversion in Expressions, Type Casting [2L]
3. Console I/O: Reading and Writing different data types [1L]
4. Statements: Selection Statements (if, switch-case), Iteration Statements (for
loop, while loop, do-while loop), Jump Statements (return, goto, break, exit,
continue) [2L]
5. Arrays and Strings: Single Dimension Arrays, Double Dimension Arrays,
Strings, Arrays of Strings, String Library Functions [3L]
6. Functions: General Form, Function Prototypes, Parameter Passing Mechanisms,
Command Line Arguments, Recursion [3L]
7. Pointers: Pointer Variables, Pointer Operators, Pointer Expressions, Pointers
and Arrays, Functions and Pointers, Pointers to Functions, Dynamic Memory
Allocation [4L]
8. Structures, Unions: Structures, Arrays of Structures, Structure Pointers, Unions
[2L]
9. File I/O: Data Organization, File Operations, Text Files and Binary Files,
Random Access [3L]
CPNM - Syllabus II

Numerical Methods

1. Approximations and Errors Associated with Numerical Methods [1L]

2. Solution of Non-Linear Equations: Bisection method, Method of False
Position, Newton-Raphson Method [3L]
3. Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations: Direct methods: Gauss-Jordan
Elimination, Matrix Inversion using Gauss-Jordan Elimination; Iterative
methods: Jacobi’s Method [4L]
4. Methods for Interpolation: Newton’s Forward Difference Formula, Newton’s
Backward Difference Formula, Lagrange’s formula [3L]
5. Curve fitting: Method of Least Squared Error [2L]
6. Methods for Differentiation and Integration: Computation of Derivatives using
Newton’s Forward/Backward Difference Formulae. Trapezoidal Method,
Simpson’s Method. [2L]
7. Solution of Differential Equations: Euler’s Method, Modified Euler’s Method,
Runge-Kutta 2nd and 4th Order Formulae [3L]
8. Solution of Partial Differential Equations [1L]
Text Books I
1. The C Programming Language, by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M.
Ritchie, Second Edition, Pearson
2. C: The Complete Reference by Herbert Schildt, Fourth Edition, 2017,
McGraw Hill Education.
3. Programming With C by Byron Gottfried, Fourth Edition, 2018, McGraw
Hill Education.
4. Programming in ANSI C by E Balagurusamy, Seventh Edition, McGraw
Hill Education
5. C Primer Plus by Stephen Prata, 5th Edition, SAMS Publishing, 2005
6. C: A Reference Manual by Samuel P. Harbison and Guy L. Steele, 5th
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003
7. C Traps and Pitfalls by Andrew Koenig, Addison Wesley Professional,
1989
8. C Programming: A Modern Approach by K. N. King, 2nd Edition, W. W.
Norton and Company, 2008
9. Computer Oriented Numerical Methods by V. Rajaraman, Fourth Edition,
2018, PHI Learning.
Text Books II
10. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis by S.S.Sastry, Fifth Edition,
2012, PHI.
11. Numerical Methods for Engineers by S. C. Chapra and R. P. Canale, 7th
Edition, 2016, McGraw Hill Education.
12. Numerical Methods by J.H.Mathews, PHI
13. Numerical Analysis and Algorithms by P. Niyogi, TMH
14. Numerical Methods for scientific and engineering computations by Jain,
Iyengar and Jain, New Age International publisher
15. Computer Systems and Data Analysis by D.K.Basu, M.Nasipuri and
M.Kundu, Narosa Publishers.
16. Numerical Methods by Sukhendu Dey and Shishir Gupta, McGraw Hill
Education, First Edition, 2013.
17. Numerical Mathematical Analysis, by James B. Scarborough, 2nd Edition,
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1950.
18. Many free books and lots of material on C coding practices available on
Web.
Course Outcomes

▶ CO1: Model a problem logically. (A2)

▶ CO2: Recognize correct syntax of the programming language.
(A3)
▶ CO3: Synthesize modular programs for application problems.
(A4)
▶ CO4: Solve algebraic and differential systems numerically.
(K2)
▶ CO5: Solve interpolation and regression problems numerically
with applications. (K2)
▶ CO6: Develop computer programs for numerical methods.
(K3)
Evolution of Programming Languages

▶ 1940’s: Machine language

▶ 1950’s: Assembly language
▶ 1960’s: High level language, ex: FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL
▶ 1970’s: System programming language, ex: C
▶ 1980’s: Object oriented language, ex: C++
▶ 1990’s: Scripting, Web, Component Based, ex: Java, Perl,
Python, Visual Basic, Java Script
▶ 2000’s: C#, Clojure, Go, and many domain specific languages
Brief History of C

▶ Many ideas of C originated from the language BCPL,

developed by Martin Richards
▶ Language B was written by Ken Thompson in 1970 at AT&T
Bell Labs
▶ In 1972 Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs developed C language
▶ In 1978 the book “The C Programming Language” by
Kernighan and Ritchie was published
▶ In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
established a committee to provide a modern, comprehensive
definition of C
▶ The ANSI standard, or “ANSI C”, was completed in late 1988
▶ A new ANSI C standard with significant changes came out in
1999
Compilers vs. Interpreters

▶ A compiler is a program that converts a program written in

one language (source language) into an equivalent program in
another language (target language)
▶ Example: C, C++
▶ An interpreter reads and executes a source program one line
at a time
▶ Example: Python, Java
Stages in C Program Compilation

Figure 1: Stages in C Program Compilation

Java Program Execution

Figure 2: Java Program Execution

Syntax vs. Semantics

▶ Syntax of a language is a set of rules that defines structures of

valid sentences in that language
▶ Semantics associates meanings to those valid sentences
▶ Example:

for(int i=0; i<10; i++)

printf("%d\n", i);

for i in range(0,10)
print(i)

Different syntax but same semantics

Compiling C Programs
▶ gcc is one of the most popular C compilers
▶ It is similar to Unix cc compiler
▶ gcc does everything: preprocessing, compilation, assembly
and linking
▶ -c option ⇒ Compile and assemble the source files, but do
not link
▶ -S option ⇒ Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do
not assemble.
▶ -E option ⇒ Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run
the compiler proper.
▶ -o file ⇒ Place output in file file. If -o is not specified, the
default is to put an executable file in a.out.
▶ gcc test.c ⇒ produces a.out as the target executable
▶ gcc test.c -o test ⇒ produces test as the target
executable
Structure of a C Program

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
printf("Hello World\n");
return(0);
}

▶ #include<stdio.h>
⇒ includes information about C’s standard I/O library
▶ Program executable code goes inside main
▶ printf is a function from C’s standard I/O library, for
producing formatted output
▶ \n tells printf to advance to the next line after printing the
message
▶ return 0 ⇒ program returns the value 0 to the OS when it
terminates
Functions in C

▶ Functions are building blocks of C programs, which is a little

more than a collection of functions
▶ A function is a series of statements that have been grouped
together and given a name
▶ Some functions compute a value and uses return statement
to specify what it computes
▶ Two types of functions: user defined and library
▶ The main function gets called automatically when the
program is executed
C Statements

▶ Statements are command executed when the program runs

▶ Statements are terminated by a semicolon
▶ Preprocessor directives do not end with a semicolon
▶ Comments are included within /* and */
Variables I

▶ Variables store data temporarily during program execution

▶ Every variable must have a type that tells the kind of data it
stores
▶ A variable of type int stores a whole number
▶ A variable of type float stores a number with fraction. Value
of a float variable is an approximation of the number that
was stored in it.
▶ Variables must be declared before they are used
int height;
float profit;
▶ Declaration of several variables of the same type can be
combined
int height, length, width, volume;
float profit, loss;
Variables II

▶ C99 standard doesn’t require declarations to come before

statements
▶ In C++, Java it is a common practice not to declare a
variable until they are first needed
▶ A variable can be given a value via assignments
height=8;
length=12;
width=10;
profit=100.20;
▶ The numbers 8, 12, 10, 100.20 are constants
▶ Mixing types (i.e. assigning a float constant to an int
variable etc.) in assignments is possible but is not safe
▶ Most variables are not initialized when declared
Reading/Printing Input/Output

▶ Reading: scanf statement of C standard I/O library

scanf("%d", &i); /* reads an integer; stores into i*/
scanf("%f", &x); /* reads a flaot; stores into x*/
▶ Writing: printf statement of C standard I/O library
printf("%d", i); /* prints an integer*/
printf("%f", x); /* prints a float*/
Basic Data Types I

▶ Numeric: integer and floating point

▶ Value of an integer type are whole numbers, while values of a
floating type call have a fractional part
▶ Character: Used to store a single character
A Simple Program

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void){

int height, length, width, volume, weight;

int density = 3;

printf("Enter height of box: ");

scanf("%d", &height);
printf("Enter length of box: ");
scanf("%d", &length);
printf("Enter width of box: ");
scanf("%d", &width);

volume = height * length * width;

weight = volume * density;

printf("Volume: %d\n", volume);

printf("Weight: %d\n", weight);

return(0);
}