Basic Interview Questions on Analog, Network, and Digital Electronics
Analog Electronics
1. What is an analog signal?
An analog signal is a continuous signal that changes smoothly over time, like sound waves or
temperature variations.
2. What is a diode?
A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in only one direction.
3. What is the voltage drop across a silicon diode in forward bias?
Approximately 0.7V for silicon and 0.3V for germanium diodes.
4. What is a Zener diode used for?
A Zener diode is used for voltage regulation by allowing reverse current after a certain voltage is
reached.
5. What is the difference between BJT and MOSFET?
BJT is current-controlled, while MOSFET is voltage-controlled.
6. What is a transistor?
A transistor is a semiconductor device used for switching and amplification.
7. What is the function of an operational amplifier (op-amp)?
An op-amp amplifies the difference between two input voltages.
8. What is a voltage divider?
A circuit that divides voltage using resistors, given by V_out = V_in * R2 / (R1 + R2).
9. What is the function of a capacitor?
A capacitor stores and releases electrical energy.
10. What is an inductor?
An inductor resists changes in current and stores energy in a magnetic field.
Network Theory
11. What is Ohm's Law?
Ohm's Law states that V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
12. What is Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?
The sum of all voltages in a closed loop is zero.
13. What is Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)?
The sum of currents entering a node equals the sum leaving it.
14. What is Thevenin's Theorem?
A circuit can be replaced by a single voltage source in series with a resistor.
15. What is Norton's Theorem?
A circuit can be replaced by a single current source in parallel with a resistor.
16. What is Superposition Theorem?
The total response in a linear circuit is the sum of individual responses from each source.
17. What is Maximum Power Transfer Theorem?
Maximum power is transferred when the load resistance equals the source resistance.
18. What is a series circuit?
A circuit where components are connected end-to-end, sharing the same current.
19. What is a parallel circuit?
A circuit where components share the same voltage but have separate current paths.
20. What is impedance?
The total opposition to AC current, including resistance and reactance.
Digital Electronics
21. What is a logic gate?
A basic circuit that performs logical operations like AND, OR, and NOT.
22. What is a flip-flop?
A memory element that stores one bit and changes state based on clock signals.
23. What is a register?
A collection of flip-flops used to store multiple bits of data.
24. What is a multiplexer (MUX)?
A device that selects one input from multiple inputs and sends it to the output.
25. What is a demultiplexer (DEMUX)?
A device that takes one input and routes it to multiple outputs.
26. What is an ADC?
An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) converts an analog signal into a digital signal.
27. What is a DAC?
A Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) converts a digital signal into an analog signal.
28. What is a combinational circuit?
A circuit where output depends only on current inputs.
29. What is a sequential circuit?
A circuit where output depends on current inputs and previous states.
30. What is a counter?
A sequential circuit that counts pulses and is used in timers and clocks.
