Chapter 9: Limits of a numerical function

I. Reminder and introduction:

1)- Relationship between absolute value and intervals :

a)-Vocabulary:

• "∀𝜀 > 0" means that: whatever 𝜀a strictly positive radius.

• "∃𝛼 > 0" means that: there exists 𝛼a strictly positive radius.
• If we write A or B it means that it is a very large positive number.
b)-Interval 𝑰(𝒙𝟎 , 𝜶)with 𝒙𝟎 ∈ ℝand 𝜶 > 𝟎:

|𝑥 − 𝑥0 | < 𝛼 ⟺ −𝛼 < 𝑥 − 𝑥0 < 𝛼

⟺ 𝑥0 − 𝛼 < 𝑥 < 𝑥0 + 𝛼
⟺ 𝑥 ∈ ]𝑥0 − 𝛼, 𝑥0 + 𝛼[
We note: 𝐼(𝑥0 , 𝛼) = ]𝑥0 − 𝛼, 𝑥0 + 𝛼[and we say that𝐼(𝑥0 , 𝛼) is the center interval𝑥0 and radius 𝛼.
c)-Interval 𝑰∗ (𝒙𝟎 , 𝜶)with 𝒙𝟎 ∈ ℝand 𝜶 > 𝟎:

0 < |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | < 𝛼 ⟺ |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | < 𝛼 & |𝑥 − 𝑥0 | ≠ 0

⟺ −𝛼 < 𝑥 − 𝑥0 < 𝛼 & 𝑥 ≠ 𝑥0
⟺ 𝑥0 − 𝛼 < 𝑥 < 𝑥0 + 𝛼 & 𝑥 ≠ 𝑥0
⟺ 𝑥 ∈ ]𝑥0 − 𝛼, 𝑥0 + 𝛼[\{𝑥0 }
⟺ 𝑥 ∈ ]𝑥0 − 𝛼, 𝑥0 [ ∪ ]𝑥0 , 𝑥0 + 𝛼[
We note: 𝐼 ∗ (𝑥0 , 𝛼) = ]𝑥0 − 𝛼, 𝑥0 + 𝛼[\{𝑥0 }and we say that𝐼 ∗ (𝑥0 , 𝛼) is the center interval𝑥0 and private 𝑥0 radius of 𝛼.
2)- Function defined in the neighborhood of a number :

• 𝑓is a function defined in the neighborhood of 𝑎if ∃𝛼 > 0such that 𝐼 ∗ (𝑎, 𝛼) ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 .
• 𝑓is a function defined in the neighborhood of 𝑎on the right if ∃𝛼 > 0such that ]𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝛼[ ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 .
• 𝑓is a function defined in the neighborhood of 𝑎on the left if ∃𝛼 > 0such that ]𝑎 − 𝛼, 𝑎[ ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 .
3)- Function defined in the neighborhood of ±∞:
If ∃ 𝐴 ∈ ℝsuch that:
• ]𝐴, +∞[ ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 ,we say that 𝑓is defined in the neighborhood of +∞.
• ]−∞, 𝐴[ ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 ,we say that 𝑓is defined in the neighborhood of −∞.
(The interval can be closed)
Examples:

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II. Limit of a numerical function in the neighborhood of 𝒙𝟎 :

1)- Introduction:
In the figure next to it, we consider the curves representing the usual functions: 𝑥 ⟼ 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 ⟼ 𝑥 3 ; 𝑥 ⟼ |𝑥| and𝑥 ⟼ √|𝑥|
The aim is to study the behavior of𝑓(𝑥) when 𝑥approaching 𝑥0 =0
𝑥→ −10−2 −10−3 −10−4 →0← 10−4 10−3 10−2
𝑓(𝑥)
↓

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −10−2 −10−3 −10−4 →0← 10−4 10−3 10−2

−4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 10 10 −6
10 −8 →0← 10 −8
10 −6 10−4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 −10−6 −10−9 −10−12 →0← 10−12 10−9 10−6
−2 −3 −4 −4 −3
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| 10 10 10 →0← 10 10 10−2
𝑓(𝑥) = √|𝑥| 1 1 1 →0← 1 1 1
10 10 2 10 2 10
10√10 10√10
We can clearly see that when 𝑥tends towards 𝑥0 =0, the values of𝑓(𝑥) tend to 𝑙 =0. We say that 𝑙 =0 is the limit of 𝑓when
𝑥tends to 𝑥0 =0 and we write: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0and in general lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙.
𝑥→0 𝑥→𝑥0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙means that when 𝑥approaches 𝑥0 (i.e. such ∃𝛼 > 0that 𝑥 ∈ ]𝑥0 − 𝛼, 𝑥0 [ ∪ ]𝑥0 , 𝑥0 + 𝛼[ = 𝐼 ∗ (𝑥0 , 𝛼)) we have
𝑥→𝑥0
the values of𝑓(𝑥) tend towards 𝑙( i.e. we ∀𝜀 > 0have 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ 𝐼(𝑙, 𝜀) = ]𝑙 − 𝜀, 𝑙 + 𝜀[).
2)-𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍
𝒙→𝒙𝟎
Definition :

Let be 𝑓a function defined in the neighborhood of 𝑥0 (i.e. ∃𝛼 > 0such that𝐼 ∗ (𝑥0 , 𝛼) ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 ).
It is said that𝑓(𝑥) tend towards𝑙 ∈ ℝ When 𝑥tends towards 𝑥0 , i.e.𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑙 tend towards0 When 𝑥tends towards 𝑥0 if:
(∀𝜺 > 𝟎)(∃𝜶 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝟎 < |𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 | < 𝜶 ⟹ |𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒍| < 𝜺

And we write: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍.

𝒙→𝒙𝟎

Examples:

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Result : lim 𝑥 = 𝒙𝟎
𝑥→𝒙𝟎

Properties :( Limits of usual functions at 0 )

• lim 𝑥 = lim 𝑥 2 = lim 𝑥 3 = lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 0( 𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗ )

𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
• lim |𝑥| = lim √|𝑥| = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
• Let be 𝑓, 𝑔 𝑒𝑡 ℎfunctions defined in the neighborhood of 0. If 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥)and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim ℎ(𝑥) = 0,
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
thenlim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0
• Let 𝑓 𝑒𝑡 𝑔two functions be defined in the neighborhood of 0. If |𝑓(𝑥)| ≤ 𝑔(𝑥)and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, thenlim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Examples:

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Properties :

Let there be 𝑓, 𝑔 𝑒𝑡 ℎfunctions defined in the neighborhood of 𝑥0 .

• If 𝑓admits a limit 𝑙, then this limit is unique.

• If 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥)and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑙, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙.
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0
• lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 ⟹ lim |𝑓(𝑥)| = |𝑙|.
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0
• If |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑙| ≤ 𝑔(𝑥)and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙.
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0
Examples:

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3)-𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = ±∞
𝒙→𝒙𝟎

Activity :
1
In the figure next to it, we consider the curve representing the function 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−1)2 . We 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ\{1} = ]−∞, 1[ ∪

]1, +∞[therefore have 𝑓is defined in the neighborhood of 1 on the right and in the neighborhood of 1 on the left.
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Definition :

Let be 𝑓a function defined in the neighborhood of 𝑥0 .

• 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞ ⟺ (∀𝑨 > 𝟎)(∃𝜶 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝟎 < |𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 | < 𝜶 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) > 𝑨
𝒙→𝒙𝟎
• 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −∞ ⟺ (∀𝑨 > 𝟎)(∃𝜶 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝟎 < |𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 | < 𝜶 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) < −𝑨
𝒙→𝒙𝟎
Examples:

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4)- Right/left limit at a point 𝒙𝟎 :

Definitions:

has)- Let be 𝑓a function defined in the neighborhood of 𝑥0 on the right (i.e. ∃𝛼 > 0such as ]𝑥0 , 𝑥0 + 𝛼[ ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒅 ∈ ℝ 𝐨𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒅 ⟺ (∀𝜺 > 𝟎)(∃𝜶 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝟎 < 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 < 𝜶 ⟹ |𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒍𝒅 | < 𝜺
𝒙→𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝒙𝟎
𝒙>𝒙𝟎
b)- Let be 𝑓a function defined in the neighborhood of 𝑥0 on the left (i.e. ∃𝛼 > 0such as ]𝑥0 − 𝛼, 𝑥0 [ ⊂ 𝐷𝑓)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒈 ∈ ℝ 𝐨𝐫 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒈 ⟺ (∀𝜺 > 𝟎)(∃𝜶 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝟎 < 𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙 < 𝜶 ⟹ |𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒍𝒈 | < 𝜺
𝒙→𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝒙𝟎
𝒙<𝒙𝟎
c)- 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍 ⟺ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍( 𝒍can be real or +∞or −∞)
𝒙→𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝒙𝟎 𝒙→𝒙𝟎

Examples:

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Definition :

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞ ⟺ (∀ 𝑨 > 𝟎)(∃𝜶 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝟎 < 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟎 < 𝜶 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) > 𝑨
has)- 𝒙→𝒙
𝟎
𝒙>𝒙𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −∞ ⟺ (∀𝑨 > 𝟎)(∃𝜶 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝟎 < 𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙 < 𝜶 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) < −𝑨
b)- 𝒙→𝒙
𝟎
𝒙<𝒙𝟎
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −∞ And𝒙→𝒙
c)- Same definition for 𝒙→𝒙
𝟎 𝟎
𝒙>𝒙𝟎 𝒙<𝒙𝟎

Properties: (Limits of usual functions to the right/left of 0)

1 1 1 1
• lim+ 𝑥 = lim+ 𝑥 2 = lim+ 𝑥 3 = lim+ 𝑥 𝑛 = +∞with(𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗ )
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

1 +∞ (si n is even) 1
• lim− 𝑥 𝑛 = { with(𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗ ) • lim+ √𝑥 = 0 • lim+ = +∞
𝑥→0 −∞ (si n is odd) 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 √𝑥

Application :

𝑥 2 sin(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
𝑥 + 3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
1)- Calculate lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)and lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
2)- Does it 𝑓have a limit at 0?
Answer :

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III.Limit of a numerical function in the neighborhood of ±∞:

1)- Activity:
1
In the figure next to it, we consider the curves representing the usual functions: 𝑓1 : 𝑥 ⟼ 𝑥 ; 𝑓2 : 𝑥 ⟼ 𝑥 3 and𝑓3 : 𝑥 ⟼ √𝑥
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2)-𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍
𝒙→∞

Definitions:

has)- Let be 𝑓a function defined in the neighborhood of +∞(i.e. ∃𝐵 > 0such as ]𝐵, +∞[ ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍 ⟺ (∀𝜺 > 𝟎)(∃𝑩 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝒙 > 𝑩 ⟹ |𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒍| < 𝜺
𝑥⟶+∞
b)- Let be 𝑓a function defined in the neighborhood of −∞(i.e. ∃𝐵 > 0such as ]−∞, −𝐵[ ⊂ 𝐷𝑓 )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍 ⟺ (∀𝜺 > 𝟎)(∃𝑩 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝒙 < −𝑩 ⟹ |𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒍| < 𝜺
𝑥⟶−∞

Properties :
1 1 1 1
• lim = lim = lim = lim =0 (𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗ )
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 𝑥→±∞ 𝑥2 𝑥→±∞ 𝑥3 𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 𝑛

• Let and be 𝑓a function 𝑙 ∈ ℝ. We have: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒍) = 𝟎 ⟺ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍

𝑥⟶±∞ 𝑥⟶±∞

3)-𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = ∞
𝒙→∞

Definitions:

has)- Let be 𝑓a function defined in the neighborhood of+∞

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞ ⟺ (∀𝑨 > 𝟎)(∃𝑩 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝒙 > 𝑩 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) > 𝑨
𝑥⟶+∞
b)- Let be 𝑓a function defined in the neighborhood of−∞
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −∞ ⟺ (∀𝑨 > 𝟎)(∃𝑩 > 𝟎)(∀𝒙 ∈ 𝑫𝒇 ): 𝒙 < −𝑩 ⟹ 𝒇(𝒙) < −𝑨
𝑥⟶−∞
c)- Same definition for 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −∞and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = +∞
𝑥⟶+∞ 𝑥⟶−∞

Properties: (limits of usual functions in the neighborhood of ±∞)

+∞ (if n is even)
• lim 𝑥 𝑛 = +∞( 𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗ ) • lim √𝑥 = +∞ • lim 𝑥𝑛 = { with(𝑛 ∈ ℕ∗ )
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→−∞ −∞ (if n is odd)

IV.Operations on limits:
Let be 𝑎a real number or ±∞. We have the following table:

0 ±∞
→ We notice that we have four indeterminate forms: 0; ±∞; (+∞) + (−∞);0 × ±∞

→ There are other indeterminate forms: 1∞ ; 00 ;∞0

→The term "indeterminate form" means that the limit cannot be calculated directly, and another technique must be used to find
the limit.
 V.Limits of polynomial, rational, type 𝒙 ⟼ √𝒇(𝒙)and trigonometric functions:
Properties :

→ Properties (5) and (6) remain valid when 𝑥tends to +∞or −∞.

Application :

Calculate the following limits:

1)- lim 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 10 =…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→1
1 2
2)- lim 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6 =…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑥→−1 3
2𝑥 2 +11
3)- lim =…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑥→−3 2−𝑥

4)- lim 5𝑥 + 6 =……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

𝑥→+∞
1
5)- lim 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3 =………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
𝑥→−∞ 5

6)- lim 18𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1 =………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→−∞
𝑥 2 +1
7)- lim =………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 3 −𝑥
−7𝑥 4 +2𝑥 3 +1
8)- lim 4+3𝑥 3
=…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
𝑥→−∞
2𝑥 5 −3𝑥 4 +𝑥 2
9)- lim 8−𝑥 5
=……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑥→+∞

10)- lim √𝑥 2 + 3 =………………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→1

11)- lim √𝑥 2 − 1 =……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→−3

12)- lim √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 =……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→+∞

2𝑥−4
13)- lim √3𝑥+2 =………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑥→−∞

14)- lim cos(𝑥) =………………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→𝜋

15)- lim sin(𝑥) =………………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→2𝜋

16)- lim cos(𝑥) =………………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→0

17)- lim𝜋 tan(𝑥) = ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

𝑥→
4
 sin(2𝑥)
18)- lim =………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑥→0 5𝑥
cos(𝑥)−1
19)- lim 3𝑥
=……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑥→0
𝑥
tan( )
2
20)- lim =………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑥→0 3𝑥
tan(𝑥)
21)- lim sin(𝑥) =………………………………………………………………………………………………………
𝑥→0

Remarks :

→ The functions 𝑥 ↦ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)and 𝑥 ↦ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)and 𝑥 ↦ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)do not admit any limit in the neighborhood of∞

→ lim𝜋 tan (𝑥) = +∞; lim𝜋 tan (𝑥) = −∞

𝑥→ 𝜋 𝑥→ 𝜋
𝑥< 2 𝑥> 2
2 2

VI.Limits and order:

Properties :

Let be 𝑓, 𝑔 𝑒𝑡 ℎfunctions and 𝑎 a real or ±∞.

❶ 𝑓 ≤ 𝑔 ⇒ lim 𝑓 ≤ lim 𝑔
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

❷ 𝑓 ≥ 𝑔 And lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = +∞ ⇒ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

❸ 𝑓 ≤ 𝑔 And lim 𝑔 (𝑥) = −∞ ⇒ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎