8

Mathematics
Quarter 3 – Module 2
Axiomatic Structure of a
Mathematical System in Geometry
Mathematics – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Axiomatic Structure of a Mathematical System in Geometry

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Angelito Mara Bulala, MAED-MATH

Ethel Bernadas Canda, MAT-MATH

Editors: Julius Jotojot Igot, EdD

Kenneth Regene Barbarona Blasco, MAEM

Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V

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Learning Competencies: Illustrates the need for an axiomatic structure of a mathematical system in
general, and in Geometry in particular: (a) defined terms; (b) undefined terms;(c) postulates; and
(d) theorems (M8GE-IIIa-c-1).

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 identify and illustrate the defined terms in geometry;

 determine the distance between two points of the given line segment;
 determine the midpoint between two points of the given line segment;
 identify the different terms related to angle pairs and
 find the measure of the unknown quantities.

LESSON 1: Defined Terms in Geometry

What is it

DEFINED TERMS
DEFINITION HOW TO NAME IT DIAGRAM
A segment is part of a line that You can name a segment by its two
consists of two endpoints and all end points, such as AB (read as
points between them. “segment AB”) or BA .
A ray is part of a line that You can name a ray by its endpoint
consists of one endpoint and all and another point on the ray, such as
the points of the line on one side ⃗
AB (read as “ray AB”). The order of
of the endpoint. points indicates the ray’s direction.
Opposite rays are two rays that You can name opposite rays by their
share the same endpoint and shared endpoint and any other point
form a line. on each ray, such as ⃗
CA and ⃗
CB .
An angle is formed by two rays You can name an angle by
with the same endpoint. The rays
 its vertex, , ∠ A
are the side of the angle. The
 a point on each ray and the
endpoint is he vertex of the
vertex, ∠ BAC or ∠ CAB 1
angle.
 a number, ∠ 1

What’s More

Use the figure on the right to answer each of the questions below.
1. Which rays are opposite rays?
2. What is another name for ∠ 2?
3. Which rays form ∠ 3?
4. Which angles have ⃗ OB as a side?
5. Which is the common side of ∠ 3 and ∠ 4 ?
 LESSON 2: Distance and Midpoint of a Segment/Line

What is it

Term Definition Illustration Formula

AB = |a−b|
Distance
The length of the
straight-line segment that
• • where:
links the two points a = coordinate of the first point
A B
b = coordinate of the second point

Postulate 5 (The Ruler Postulate)

On a number line, every point is paired with a number and every number is paired with a point.

Postulate 6 (Segment Addition Postulate)

If three points A, B, and C are collinear and B is between A and C, then AB + BC = AC.
Example: Given a number line
A B C D E

Point A is paired with -9. The number -9 is the coordinate of A. Point B is paired with -2, so -2 is
the coordinate of B, etc.
a. Find the distance between A to B;
AB = |a−b|
= |−9−(−2)| Substitution
= |−9+2|
= |−7|
= 7 units
b. What is the distance of EC ? or simply,
EC = ED + DC EC = |e−c|
= |e−d| + |d−c| = |7−0|
= |7−4|+ |4−0| = 7 units
= |3| + |4|
=3+4
= 7 units
In the given example, you noticed that the two segments have the same measure. They are called
congruent segments. In symbols, AB ≅ EC .
Term Definition Illustration Formula
A point on the segment that a+b
Midpoint divides it into two congruent Midpoint (O) =
parts. 2

Example: Find the midpoint between Q and R.

Q+ R −3+4 1
Solution: Midpoint (M) = = = or 0.5
2 2 2
Algebra can be used to solve for unknown quantities in each segment. The lengths of the segments are
given as algebraic expressions. We can make equations for these expressions by applying the Segment
Addition Postulate and the definition of midpoint.

Examples:
1. EG =59, what are the measures of EF and FG ?

Solutions:

To find the value of x.

EF + FG = EG Apply Segment Addition Postulate

(8x-14) +(4x+1)= 59 Substitute
8x-14+4x+1= 59
8x+4x-14+1=59
12x-13 = 59 Combine like terms
12x-13+13=59+13 Apply Addition Property of Equality
12x = 72
1
12
( 12 x )=72
1
( )
12 Apply Multiplication Property of Equality

Apply cancellation

X=6 Answer

To find the measures of EF and FG.

EF = 8x – 14 FG = 4x + 1
= 8(6) – 14 Substitute 6 for x = 4(6) + 1 Substitute 6 for x
= 48 – 14 = 24 + 1
EF = 34 FG = 25

2. Q is the midpoint of PR . Find PQ , QR and PR .

Solutions:

To find the value of x.

PQ =QR Definition of midpoint

6x – 7 = 5x + 1 Substitute
6x-7+7–5x=5x+1+7-5x Apply Addition Property of Equality
(add 7 and -5x to both sides)
6x-5x-7+7=5x-5x+1+7 Combine like terms
x=8 Answer

To find the measures of PQ and QR .

PQ = 6x – 7 QR = 5x + 1
= 6(8) - 7 Substitute 8 for x. = 5(8) + 1 Substitute 8 for x.
= 48 – 7 = 40 + 1
PQ = 41 QR = 41

To find the measure of PR .

PR = PQ + QR Apply Segment Addition Postulate

= 41 + 41 Substitute
 PR = 82

What’s More
A. Given the number line:
1. Find the distance of A and B.
2. Find the midpoint of AB.

B. Given the line segment RT with midpoint S, if RT = 12,

1. What is RS ?
2. What is ST ?
3. Is RS + ST = RT ? Why?

C. Apply the Segment Addition Postulate and the definition of midpoint to write an equation and solve for
x.

1. If AB = 25, find AN and NB .

2. M is the midpoint of RT . Find RM , MT ,and RT .

LESSON 3: Theorems on Angles

What is it
Here are some important definitions that are used in the theorems on angles.

Supplementary angles are two angles whose Linear pair are two angles which are adjacent
measures have a and whose noncommon sides are
sum of 180o. opposite rays.
∠ AOD and ∠ BOD
∠ AOD and are linear pairs
O ∠ BOD are because O ⃗A and O⃗ B
supplementary. are opposite rays.
Complementary angles are two angles whose Vertical angles are two nonadjacent angles
measures have the sum of 90o. formed by two intersecting lines.
They are congruent.
∠ FIT and ∠ AIH are
∠ HOP and ∠ POE vertical angles, so are
are complementary. ∠ FIA and ∠ TIH .
Each pair are
nonadjacent.
Adjacent angles are angles which have a Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect
common side and a common vertex to form right angles.
but no interior points in
common. ´
CP⊥ ´ .
HM
Each angle forms 90O.
∠ LOV and ∠ VOE are
adjacent because they
have a common side
 ⃗
OV .

What’s More

A. In the given figure at the right, name one pair of:

1. complementary angles
2. supplementary angles
3. vertically opposite angles
4. perpendicular lines
B. Give the corresponding complements and supplements for the following measures.
Example: 150; Complement: 900 – 150 = 750
Supplement : 1800 – 150 =1650

1. 13O 2. 60.25O

Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the answer
sheet provided.

1. Which part of a line that has two endpoints?

a. ray b. angle c. vertex d. segment
For numbers 2-4, refer to the figure at the right.
2. What is the other name of ∠1?
a. ∠ABC
b. ∠ACB
c. ∠BCA
d. ∠CAB
3. What are the sides of ∠1?
a. ⃗AB and ⃗ BC
b. ⃗AB and ⃗ CB
c. ⃗BA and ⃗ BC
⃗
d. BA and CB ⃗
4. What is the vertex of ∠1?
a. B
b. Point b
c. Point B
d. ∠B

For numbers 5-7, refer to the figure at the right.

5. What is the distance between points A and C?

a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7
6. Which segments is equal to AB?
a. AC b. BD c. BC d. AD
7. What is the midpoint of AC ?
a. -1 b. 0 c. 0.5 d. 1

For numbers 8-10, refer to the figure at the right.

C is the midpoint of A and B. If AC is 2x+5 and CB is 3x-4,

8. what is the value of x?
a. 6 b. -6 c. 9 d. -9
9. what is the measure of AC ?
a. 13 b. 23 c. 26 d. 46
10. what is the measure of AB?
b. 13 b. 23 c. 26 d.46
 Answer Sheet

Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________ Score: _______

Quarter 3 – Module 2

Lesson 1
What’s More
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lesson 2
What’s More
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.

2.

3.

C.
1. x = ________ AN = _________ NB = __________

2. x = ________ RM = _________ MT = __________ RT = _________

Lesson 3 Assessment
What’s More 1.
A. 2.
1. 3.
2. 4.
3. 5.
4. 6.
B. 7.
1. 8.
9.
2. 10
 Answer Key
Quarter 3 - Module 2

Lesson 1

What’s More

1. ⃗
OA and ⃗
OE
2. ∠ BOC
3. ⃗
OC and ⃗ OD
4. ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 or ∠ AOB and ∠ BOC
5. ⃗
OD

Lesson 2

What’s More

A. 1. 4

2. -1

B. 1. 6; 2. 6; 3. YES, Because of the definition of midpoint

C. 1.) x = 8; AN = 10; NB = 15
2.) x = 15; RM = 84; MT = 84; RT = 168

Lesson 3

What’s More ASSESSMENT

A. 1. ∠ ALN and ∠ NLG 1. D 6. B

2. ∠ ELA and ∠ GLA ; 2. A 7. B
∠ ELS and ∠ GLS 3. C 8. C
3. ∠ ELS and ∠ ALG ; ∠ GLS and ∠ ELA ; 4. C 9. B
´ and ÁS
4. EG 5. C 10. D

B. 1. Complement = 77; Supplement = 167

2. Complement = 29.75; Supplement = 119.75

References

Dilao, Soledad J, and Julieta G Bernabe. 2009. Geometry. Revised Edition. Quezon City: SD
Publications, Incorporated.
Argel, Analyn M. 2006. Math Digest Geometry. First Quarter. Paranaque City: Caneo Enterprises.
 Performance Task

Write a “HUGOT” statement using the concept of the undefined terms in Geometry such as point,
line and plane about the effects of the COVID-19 in your life as a grade 8 student.
The rubric below is used in giving the points.

CRITERIA OUTSTANDING SATISFACTORY DEVELOPING BEGINNING RATING

4 3 2 1

Originality Exceptional use of Good use of the Use of the No use of the
the Undefined Undefined Terms Undefined Undefined
Terms in in Geometry to Terms in Terms in
Geometry to make make “HUGOT” Geometry to Geometry to
“HUGOT” statements. make make
statements. “HUGOT” “HUGOT”
statements. statements.

Craftsmanshi The “HUGOT” The “HUGOT” The “HUGOT” The

p statements are statements are statements are “HUGOT”
exceptionally attractive. It is a attractive. It is a statements are
attractive. It is a well-constructed good not attractive.
well-constructed statement. constructed It is not a
statement. statement good
constructed
statement.