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B PHARMACY
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS- II
UNIT-1
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• COLLOIDAL DISPERSION- heterogeneous
system in which dispersed phase is dispersed
as very fine particle in another substance [
dispersion medium]
• Made up of dispersed phase & dispersion
medium
• Particle size ranges from 1 nm to 1000 nm
• Example- starch, glue, gelatin
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Classification of dispersed system
* Gas in gas is
a
homogeneous
mixture
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General characteristics
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• SIZE & SHAPE OF COLLOIDAL PROPERTIES-
# PARTICLE SIZE- according to particle size, they
are
1. Molecular dispersion- less than 1 nm
2. Colloidal dispersion- 1 to 1000 nm
3. Coarse dispersion- more than 1000 nm
• Particle size affect the colour of dispersion
because wavelength of light is absorbed by
particle
• Larger the particle = shorter wavelength
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• For example- gold [colloidal dispersion]- red
• Gold [coarse dispersion]- blue
• As particle size decreases the surface area
increases & hence solubility is enhanced
• Example- platinum colloids
# PARTICLE SHAPE- shape of particles depend
upon type of interaction b/w dispersed phase &
medium
Also it depends upon their preparation method
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• Shape may be cubical, spherical, cylindrical , disc,
spiral thread, rod shaped etc
• It is visible in electron microscope
• Shapes also affect the colour of particle
• Gold [spherical]- red
• Gold [disc like]- blue
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• CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS &
COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF THEIR GENERAL
PROPERTIES-
• Based on nature of interaction between dispersed
phase & dispersion medium
1. Lyophillic colloids
2. Lyophobic colloids
3. Association colloids
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1. LYOPHILIC COLLOID-
• These are solvent loving
• Thermodynamically stable because of good
interaction between solute & solvent
• Strong forces of attraction between dispersed
phase & dispersion medium
• Highly viscous [ viscosity increases on addition of
dispersed phase]
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LYOPHILIC COLLOID
Lyophillic
Hydrophilic
Dispersion medium
Dispersion medium
is oil
is water
Eg- rubber,
Eg- acacia, albumin
polystyrene in non
& gelatin in water
aqueous medium
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3. ASSOCIATION COLLOID-
• These are amphiphillic colloids
• Molecules have both polar & non polar groups
• Exist separately at low concentration
• They associate at CMC [ Critical Micelle
Concentration] to form micelle of colloidal size]
• Thermodynamically stable
• The head is hydrophilic/polar while the tail is
hydrophobic/ non-polar
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• CMC [ Critical Micelle Concentration]-
- Minimum concentration at which micelle is formed
- Viscocity increases with addition of amphiphiles
- These amphiphiles are known as surfactants
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Optical, kinetic & electrical properties-
1. OPTICAL PROPERTIES- these properties
helps to know about size, shape, structure &
molecular weight of colloids.
These are-
i. Tyndall effect [scattering light]
ii. Ultramicroscopy
iii. Electron microscopy
iv. Turbidity
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i. Tyndall effect [scattering light]
• It is the scattering of light as a light beam passes
through a colloid, the individual suspension
particles scatter & reflect light making the beam
visible. Eg- milk
• True homogeneous solution does not show this
effect as they have small particle size
• Heterogeneous mixture; lyophobic show more
tyndall effect while lyophilic show less or no
effect
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ii. Ultramicroscopy-
• When a light beam is passed through the colloidal
dispersion against a dark background at right
angle to the plane of observation, the particle will
appear as a bright spot which can be observed &
counted
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iii. Electron microscopy-
• In this highly energy electron beam is passed and
used to observe size, shape and structure of
colloidal particles, it gives actual picture of
colloidal particles and useful for lyophilic
iv. Turbidity-
• All colloidal dispersion show turbidity according to
molecular weight of colloid particle
• Turbidity directly proportional to molecular
weight [spectrophotometer used to check
turbidity]
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iii. Electron microscopy-
• In this highly energy electron beam is passed and
used to observe size, shape and structure of
colloidal particles, it gives actual picture of
colloidal particles and useful for lyophilic
iv. Turbidity-
• All colloidal dispersion show turbidity according to
molecular weight of colloid particle
• Turbidity directly proportional to molecular
weight [spectrophotometer used to check
turbidity]
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2. KINETIC PROPERTIES- these properties
used to check motion of colloidal particles &
colloidal dispersion.
These are-
i. Brownian motion
ii. Diffusion
iii. Sedimentation
iv. Viscosity
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i. Brownian motion-
• Zigzag motion of particles in colloidal dispersion
• Particles strike each other & walls of the
container
• Given by robert brown
• If particle size decrease, velocity increase as a
result Brownian motion & stability increase
ii. Diffusion-
• Movement of particles from higher to lower
concentration
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• It is fick`s first law, particle diffuse continuously
untill equilibrium is reached
iii. Sedimentation-
• Due to gravity dispersed phase particles settle
down in dispersion medium
• Directly depend upon molecular weight of colloidal
particle, as weight increases the sedimentation
rate also increases
• Also depend upon density difference of dispersed
phase to medium
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• Sedimentation decreases as Brownian motion
increases
• Sedimentation increases = stability increases
iv. Viscocity-
• Resistance in flow of fluid
• It depends upon shape, size, molecular weight,
interaction b/w phase & medium
*molecular weight directly increases with viscocity
• Einstein describe an equation of flow to dilute
colloidal dispersion of spherical particle
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• n = no ( 1 + 2.5 θ )
• no = viscosity of dispersion medium
• n = viscosity of dispersion
• Θ = volume fraction
3. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES-
These properties help us know about the charge on
colloidal particles in dispersion
i. Electrophoresis ii. Electrical double layer
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i. Electrophoresis-
• When electrical field is applied on colloidal
dispersion then particles carrying charge move
towards opposite charge electrode
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ii. Electrical double layer-
• Helmolz explained it in 1879
• At the first layer, charge imparted to surface of
particle which is immovable also known as static
layer
• Second layer consist of diffused mobile ions
• The charge develops on both layer are equal
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ZETA POTENTIAL OR ELECTROKINETIC
POTENTIAL-
• It is difference between static and diffused layer
1. Effect of electrolytes
2. Coacervation
3. Peptization
4. Protective action
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i. Effect of electrolytes-
• Stability may be affected by adding / removing
electrolytes in colloidal dispersion
• On adding excess of electrolytes the particles of
colloidal dispersion precipitate due to
accumulation of opposite charged particles
HARDY SCHULZE LAW-
• In this phenomenon we add opposite charge
molecules [electrolytes] in colloidal dispersion. As
we know opposite charges attract each other so it
leads to formation of precipitate
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• Higher the charge [cation/anion] higher the
precipitation
• Al +3 > Mg +2 > Na+
• PO4 -3 > SO4-2 > Cl-
ii. Coacervation-
• A colloid rich layer will form if 2 opposite charged
hydrophilic colloids are mixed
• This colloid rich layer is known as coacervate
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iii. Peptization-
• Used for the formation of stable colloidal
dispersion
• By adding small amount of electrolyte/ peptizing
agent, converting precipitate into colloidal
dispersion
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Example-
iv. Protective action-
• When lyophilic is added to lyophobic colloid, then
the particles of lyophillic cover the surface of
lyophobic particles. It behaves as protective
colloid
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• Now this covered lyophobic particle behave as
lyophillic & prevent from coagulation
Lyophobic
Lyophilic
• GOLD NUMBER- the amount of protective colloids
in mg which prevents the coagulation of gold
solution [10ml] when 1 ml of NaCl is added to it
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Amount of 0.1 % AgNO3 to make it stable
0.1%
0.1%
AgNO3
NaCl
10 ml
1 ml
Stable colloid Unstable colloid Stable colloid
