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Risc and Cisc

The document compares Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architectures, highlighting their approaches to CPU performance, instruction complexity, and memory usage. RISC focuses on simplifying hardware with fewer instructions that require more memory, while CISC aims to reduce instruction count at the cost of increased cycles per instruction. Additionally, it discusses the Von Neumann architecture, which is based on the stored-program concept, integrating control units, ALU, memory, and input/output components in modern computers.

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21 views3 pages

Risc and Cisc

The document compares Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) architectures, highlighting their approaches to CPU performance, instruction complexity, and memory usage. RISC focuses on simplifying hardware with fewer instructions that require more memory, while CISC aims to reduce instruction count at the cost of increased cycles per instruction. Additionally, it discusses the Von Neumann architecture, which is based on the stored-program concept, integrating control units, ALU, memory, and input/output components in modern computers.

Uploaded by

devjit207
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) –

The main idea behind this is to make hardware simpler by using an instruction
set composed of a few basic steps for loading, evaluating, and storing
operations just like a load command will load data, a store command will store
the data.
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) –
The main idea is that a single instruction will do all loading, evaluating, and
storing operations just like a multiplication command will do stuff like loading
data, evaluating, and storing it, hence it’s complex.
Both approaches try to increase the CPU performance
 RISC: Reduce the cycles per instruction at the cost of the number of
instructions per program.

 CISC: The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instructions


per program but at the cost of an increase in the number of cycles per
instruction.

Example – Suppose we have to add two 8-bit numbers:


 CISC approach: There will be a single command or instruction for this like
ADD which will perform the task.
 RISC approach: Here programmer will write the first load command to load
data in registers then it will use a suitable operator and then it will store the
result in the desired location.
So, add operation is divided into parts i.e. load, operate, store due to which
RISC programs are longer and require more memory to get stored but require
fewer transistors due to less complex command.
Difference –
RISC CISC

Focus on software Focus on hardware

Uses both hardwired and microprogrammed


Uses only Hardwired control unit control unit

Transistors are used for storing complex


Transistors are used for more registers Instructions

Fixed sized instructions Variable sized instructions


Can perform only Register to Register Can perform REG to REG or REG to MEM or
Arithmetic operations MEM to MEM

Requires more number of registers Requires less number of registers

Code size is large Code size is small

An instruction executed in a single clock


cycle Instruction takes more than one clock cycle

Instructions are larger than the size of one


An instruction fit in one word word

Von Neumann architecture

Historically there have been 2 types of Computers:


1. Fixed Program Computers – Their function is very specific and they
couldn’t be programmed, e.g. Calculators.
2. Stored Program Computers – These can be programmed to carry out
many different tasks, applications are stored on them, hence the name.
The modern computers are based on a stored-program concept introduced by
John Von Neumann.

Von Neumann architecture was first published by John von Neumann in


1945.

His computer architecture design consists of a Control Unit, Arithmetic


and Logic Unit (ALU), Memory Unit, Registers and Inputs/Outputs.

Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer


concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same
memory. This design is still used in most computers produced today.
Components of Von-Neumann Model:
o Central Processing Unit(ALU, CU and Registers)
o Buses
o Memory Unit

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