Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida

Problem Solving using Python

(ACSE0101)

Unit: I

Basics of Python Programming

Utsav Kumar Malviya
Course Details (Asst. Professor)
(B. Tech. 1st Sem) CSE(IoT) Department

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 Evaluation Scheme

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 Syllabus
UNIT-I: Basics of python programming

Introduction: Introduction to computer system, algorithms and

flowcharts, Ethics and IT policy in company, A Brief History of
Python, Applications areas of python, The Programming Cycle for
Python, Python IDE.

Elements of Python: Keywords and identifiers, variables, data

types and type conversion, operators in python, Operator
precedence and associativity, expressions in python, strings,
Indexing and Slicing of Strings, Classes and object, constructor.

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 Syllabus
UNIT-II: Decision Control Statements

Conditional Statements:
if statement, if-else statement,

Nested-if statement and elif statements.

Loops: Purpose and working of loops, while loop,

for loop,

else with loop statement, Selecting an appropriate loop,

Nested Loops,

2/15/2022 break, continue and pass statement.

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 Syllabus
UNIT-II: Decision Control Statements

Conditional Statements: if statement, if-else statement,

Nested-if statement and elif statements.

Loops: Purpose and working of loops, while loop, for loop,

else with loop statement, Selecting an appropriate loop,
Nested Loops, break, continue and pass statement.

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 Syllabus
UNIT-III: Function and Modules

Introduction of Function, calling a function, Function arguments,

Mutability and Immutability, built in function, scope rules,
Namespaces, Garbage Collection, Passing function to a function,
recursion, Lambda functions, Map, filter, Reduce.

Modules and Packages: Importing Modules, writing own modules,

Standard library modules, dir( ) Function, Packages in Python.

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 Syllabus
UNIT-IV: Basic Data structures in Python

Python Basic Data Structures: Sequence, Packing and Unpacking

Sequences, Mutable Sequences, Strings, Basic operations,
Comparing strings, string formatting, Slicing, Built-in string methods
and function, Regular expressions, Lists, Tuples, Sets and
Dictionaries with built-in methods, List Comprehension, Looping in
basic data structures.

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 Syllabus
UNIT-V: File and Exception handling

Files and Directories: Introduction to File Handling, Reading and

Writing files, Additional file methods, Working with Directories.

Exception Handling, Errors, Run Time Errors, Handling I/O

Exception, Try-except statement, Raise, Assert.

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 Course Objective

In this semester, the students will

Study the basic of computers and algorithms.

Study the history of Python and Programming Cycle for Python.

Gain the understanding of the Python IDE and understand how to

write Python Program.

Learn the elements of Python like Keywords and Identifiers,

Variables, Data types and Operators.
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 Course Objective

Learn the conditional statement like simple if, if-else, nested if-else
and elif ladder.

Study the loop statement like while and for loop.

Gain the understanding of functions, modules and packages in

python.

Learn the basic python data structures like string, list, tuple, set and
dictionary.
Study the file and exception handling to develop real life application.
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 Course Outcome (CO)

Course Blooms
Outcome At the end of course , the student will be able to: Knowledge
( CO) Level (KL)
CO1 Analyse and implement simple python programs. K3, K4

CO2 Develop Python programs using decision control K3, K6

statements.
CO3 Implement user defined functions and modules in python. K2
CO4 Implement programs using python data structures –string, K3
lists, tuples, set, dictionaries.
CO5 Perform input/output operations with files in python and K3, K4
apply exception handling for uninterrupted execution.

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 Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1 : Engineering Knowledge

PO2 : Problem Analysis

PO3 : Design/Development of solutions

PO4 : Conduct Investigations of complex problems

PO5 : Modern tool usage

PO6 : The engineer and society

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 Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO7 : Environment and sustainability

PO8 : Ethics

PO9 : Individual and teamwork

PO10 : Communication

PO11 : Project management and finance

PO12 : Life-long learning

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 Pattern of Offline External Exam Question Paper (100 marks)

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 Pattern of Offline External Exam Question Paper (100 marks)

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 Pattern of Offline External Exam Question Paper (100 marks)

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 Pattern of Offline External Exam Question Paper (100 marks)

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 Pattern of Offline External Exam Question Paper (100 marks)

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 Pattern of Offline External Exam Question Paper (100 marks)

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 Pattern of Offline External Exam Question Paper (100 marks)

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 What is Python Language?

• Python is a high-level general-purpose, interpreted, interactive,

object-oriented and reliable language having wide range of
applications from Web development, scientific and mathematical
computing to desktop graphical user Interfaces.
• The syntax of the language is clean, and length of the code is
relatively short.
• It allows to think about the problem rather than focusing on the
syntax

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 Difference between Python and C Language

Python Language C Language

1. Python is an interpreted, high-level, 1. C is a general-purpose compiled,
general-purpose programming language. procedural computer programming
language.
2. Interpreted programs execute slower 2. Compiled programs execute faster as
as compared to compiled programs. compared to interpreted programs.
3. It is easier to write a code in Python as 3. Program syntax is harder than Python.
the number of lines is less comparatively.
4. No pointers functionality available 4. Pointers are available in C.
in Python

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 Evolution of Computer (1930-2020) (CO1)

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 Computer (CO1)

The term computer is derived from the term “compute”. Computer

is a programmable electronic device that takes data and instruction
as an input from the user and, process data, and provides useful
information.

INPUT OUTPUT
Data PROCESS Information

Instructions

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 Computer (CO1)

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 Characteristics of Computers (CO1)

Storage Speed

Computers

No IQ/ No
Accuracy
Feeling

Versatility

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 Application of Computers (CO1)

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 Application of Computers (CO1)

• Word Processing • Business and Industry

• Internet • Weather Forecasting
• Digital Audio/Video Compression • Education
• Desktop Publishing • Online Banking
• Traffic Control • Robotics
• Retail Business • Expert Systems
• Hospitals

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 Block Diagram of Digital Computers (CO1)

Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disk

EXTERNAL STORAGE UNITS

Information
Data Input Unit Main Memory Output Unit
or Result

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Control Unit

Memory
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 Algorithm and Flowchart (CO1)

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 Algorithm (CO1)

Algorithm is the well-defined computational procedures that takes

some values or set of values as input, process it and produces
some values or set of values as output.

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 Characteristics of Algorithm (CO1)
1. Input
➢ It takes zero or more values as input.
2. Output
➢ It produces one or more values as output.
3. Finiteness
➢ It should terminate after finite number of steps.
4. Definiteness
➢ Each instruction must be clear, precise and unambiguous.
5. Effectiveness
➢ Each instruction must be very basic but essential so that it can be
carried out using pen and paper.

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 Flowchart (CO1)

• It is the pictorial representation of the algorithm.

• It is used by programmer as a programming planning tool for
organizing the sequence of steps necessary to solve the
problem.
• It is also known as the roadmap for programming.

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 Elements of Flowchart (CO1)

Picture Name Meaning

Ellipse/Oval Start/End

Rhombus Input and output

Rectangle Data Processing

Diamond Condition

Arrows Movement or flow of

operations

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 Algorithm and flowchart (CO1)
1. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the arithmetic
operations of two numbers.
2. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the average of five
numbers.
3. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the area of triangle
using herons formula.
4. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the temperature in
degree Fahrenheit when temperature in degree Celsius is
given.{F=(Cx9/5)+32}
5. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to swap two numbers using 3rd
variable.
6. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to swap two numbers without
using 3rd variable.
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 Algorithm and flowchart(CO1)
7. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to check whether the
number is odd or even.
8. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the greater of
two numbers.
9. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the greatest
of three numbers.
10. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to check whether the
given year is leap year or not.
11. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the sum of
first N natural numbers.

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 Algorithm and flowchart(CO1)
12. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the factorial
of the given number.
13. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the sum of
digits of the given number.
14. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the reverse of
the given number. Also check the given number is in palindrome or
not.
15. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to convert the decimal
number to binary number. Hint: (D%2)x10**I
16. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to convert the binary
number to decimal number.

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 Code of Conduct (CO1)

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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (CO1)

The Code is designed to inspire and guide the ethical conduct of all
computing professionals, including current and aspiring
practitioners, instructors, students, influencers, and anyone who
uses computing technology in an impactful way.

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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (CO1)

1. GENERAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

A computing professional should...
• 1.1 Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all
people are stakeholders in computing.
• 1.2 Avoid harm.
• 1.3 Be honest and trustworthy.
• 1.4 Be fair and act not to discriminate.
• 1.5 Respect the work required to produce new ideas, inventions, creative
works, and computing artifacts.
• 1.6 Respect privacy.

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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct… (CO1)

2. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
A computing professional should…
• 2.1 Strive to achieve high quality in both the processes and
products of professional work.
• 2.2 Maintain high standards of professional competence, conduct,
and ethical practice.
• 2.3 Know and respect existing rules pertaining to professional
work.
• 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.

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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct… (CO1)

2. PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES
• 2.5 Foster public awareness and understanding of computing,
related technologies, and their consequences.
• 2.6 Access computing and communication resources only when
authorized or when compelled by the public good.
• 2.7 Design and implement systems that are robustly and usably
secure.

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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct… (CO1)

3. PROFESSIONAL LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES

• 3.1 Ensure that the public good is the central concern during all
professional computing work.
• 3.2 Manage personnel and resources to enhance the quality of
working life.
• 3.3 Create opportunities for members of the organization or group
to grow as professionals.

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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (CO1)

4.1 Uphold, promote, and respect the principles of the Code

Programming Code of Ethics
Key points of proper conduct for Computer Programmers-
A programmer must...
• Never create or distribute malware.
• Never write code that is intentionally difficult to follow.
• Never write documentation that is intentionally confusing or
inaccurate.
• Never reuse copyrighted code unless the proper license is
purchased, or permission is obtained.
.
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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct… (CO1)

• Acknowledge (verbally and in source code comments) the work of

other programmers on which the code is based, even if substantial
changes are made.
• Never intentionally introduce bugs with the intent of later
claiming credit for fixing the bugs, or to stimulate the uptake of
later versions.
• Never write code that intentionally breaks another programmers
code for the purpose of elevating ones status.
• Never hide known obstacles to a projects completion during any
phase of development, especially the design phase.

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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct… (CO1)

• Report any illegal activities of the employer.

• Never falsely deny the presence of bugs.
• Never reveal the secret corporate knowledge of an employer.
• Never accept compensation from multiple parties for the same
work unless permission is given.
• Never conceal from the employer their financial interest in
development resources.

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 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct… (CO1)

• Never maliciously injure the reputation of an employer or

members of the development team.
• Never take credit for anothers work.
• Never steal software, especially development tools.
• Never install third-party applications without the users
permission.

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 IT Policy (CO1)
• Companies provides and maintains technological products, services and
facilities like Personal Computers (PCs), peripheral equipment, servers,
telephones, Internet and application software to its employees for
official use.
• The Information Technology (IT) Policy of the organization defines
rules, regulations and guidelines for proper usage and maintenance of
these technological assets to ensure their ethical and acceptable use
and assure health, safety and security of data, products, facilities as
well as the people using them.
• It also provides guidelines for issues like purchase, compliance, IT
support and grievance redressal of the employees pertaining to
technological assets and services used for office work.

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 IT Policy… (CO1)
• Acceptable Use Policy
• Security awareness
• DR/BCP (Disaster Recovery, Business Continuity plan)
• Change management.
• Equipment Usage policy
• PC standards
• The Internet Usage Policy
• Information security Policy
• Email and chat Policy
• The Software Usage Policy

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 Python Introduction (CO1)

Python Introduction (CO1)

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 Python Introduction (CO1)

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 Introduction (CO1)

What is Python Language?

• Python is a high-level general-purpose, interpreted, interactive,
object-oriented and reliable language having wide range of
applications from Web development, scientific and mathematical
computing to desktop graphical user Interfaces.
• The syntax of the language is clean, and length of the code is
relatively short.
• It allows to think about the problem rather than focusing on the
syntax

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 A Brief History of Python (CO1)

• Guido Van Rossum was doing its application-based work in

December of 1989 at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI)
which is situated in Netherland.

• It was started firstly as a hobby project because he was looking

for an interesting project to keep him occupied during Christmas.

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 A Brief History of Python Cont…(CO1)

• The programming language which Python is said to have

succeeded is ABC Programming Language.

• He had already helped to create ABC earlier in his career and he

had seen some issues with ABC but liked most of the features.

• After that what he did as very clever. He had taken the syntax of
ABC, and some of its good features.

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 A Brief History of Python Cont…(CO1)

• It came with a lot of complaints too, so he fixed those issues

completely and had created a good scripting language which had
removed all the flaws.

• The inspiration for the name came from BBCs TV Show – Monty
Pythons Flying Circus, as he was a big fan of the TV show and also he
wanted a short, unique and slightly mysterious name for his invention
and hence he named it Python!

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 A Brief History of Python Cont… (CO1)

• The language was finally released in 1991.

• When it was released, it used a lot fewer codes to express the

concepts, when we compare it with Java, C++ & C.

• Its main objective is to provide code readability and advanced

developer productivity.

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 Applications areas of python (CO1)

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 Features of Python (CO1)

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 Features of Python (CO1)

• A simple language which is easier to learn.

• Free and open-source.
• Portability.
• Extensible and Embeddable
– easily combine pieces of C/C++ or other languages with Python code.

• A high-level, interpreted language.

• Large standard libraries to solve common tasks.

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 Features of Python (CO1)

• Object-oriented
– Everything in Python is an object.
– Object oriented programming (OOP) helps to solve a complex problem
intuitively.
– Structure supports such concepts as polymorphism, operation overloading, and
multiple inheritance.

• It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as

OOP.
• It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code
for building large applications.
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 Features of Python (CO1)

• It supports automatic garbage collection.

• Scalable
– Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than
shell scripting.
• It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and
Java.
• Databases
– Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

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 Getting Python (CO1)

• The most up-to-date and current source code, binaries,

documentation, news, etc., is available on the official website of
Python
https://www.python.org/

• Python documentation can be downloaded from

https://www.python.org/doc/

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 The Programming Cycle for Python (CO1)

• Pythons development cycle is dramatically shorter than that of

traditional languages.
• In Python, there are no compile or link steps.
• Python programs simply import modules at runtime and use the
objects they contain.
• Python programs run immediately after changes are made.
• And in cases where dynamic module reloading can be used, its
even possible to change and reload parts of a running program
without stopping it at all.

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 The Programming Cycle for Python (CO1)
Traditional Development Cycle Pythons Development Cycle

Start the application

Start the application
Test behavior

Test behavior Stop the application

Edit the program code

Stop the application

Pythons Development Cycle with Module Reloading

Edit the program code

Start the application

Recompile code
Test behavior

Relink the executable Edit the program code

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 Python IDE (CO1)
• Spyder

– https://www.spyder-ide.org/
• IDLE

– https://docs.python.org/3/library/idle.html
• Sublime Text 3

– https://www.sublimetext.com/3
• Jupyter

– https://jupyter.org/install.html

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 Interacting with Python Programs (CO1)

1. Open the command prompt.

2. Write jupyter notebook in command prompt and then press enter key.

3. Jupyter notebook will be opened in link of laptop browser. For e.g.,

http://localhost:8888/tree this kind of link will open up.

4. Select the path you want to save the file.

5. Click on the new option on the right most corner and select python3 from
cursor. Untitled notebook will open up, you can change up the name by
selecting it.
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 Elements of Python (CO1)

6. Click on the code cell write down the code 1+1 and then press
shift + Enter from keyboard/run command from interface. Then
check the output.

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 Elements of Python (CO1)

Elements of Python (CO1)

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 Topic Objective

The students will study the elements of Python like Keywords and
Identifiers, Variables, Data types and Operators.

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 Prerequisite and Recap

• Expression

• Operators

• Constant and variable

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 Elements of Python (CO1)

• Keywords and Identifiers

• Variables
• Data types and type conversion
• Operators in Python
• Expressions in Python

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 Keywords (CO1)

• Keywords are the reserved words in Python.

• We cannot use a keyword as a variable name, function name
or any other identifier. They are used to define the syntax and
structure of the Python language.
• In Python, keywords are case sensitive.
• All the keywords except True, False and None are in
lowercase, and they must be written as they are.
help()-keywords
• Example
– and, as, assert, await, break, class, continue, def, del, elif, else,
except, finally, for, global, if, import, in, is, lambda, not, or, pass,
raise, return, try, while, with, yield

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 Identifiers (CO1)

An identifier is a name given to entities like class, functions,

variables, etc. It helps to differentiate one entity from
another.

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 Rules for writing Identifiers (CO1)

• Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or

uppercase (A to Z) or digits (0 to 9) or an underscore _.

• An identifier cannot start with a digit.

• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.

• Cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. in identifier.

• An identifier can be of any length.

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 Variables (CO1)

• A variable is a location in memory used to store some data (value).

• Unique names are given to them to differentiate between different
memory locations.
• No need to declare a variable before using it. The declaration happens
automatically when a value is assigned to a variable.
• The Assignment operator (=) is used to assign values to variables.
• Use id(var) for address
• Garbage collection concept

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 Variables (CO1)

• The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the

variable and the operand to the right of the = operator is the
value stored in the variable.
• For example
>>> num = 347 # An integer assignment
>>> x = 45.89 # A floating point
>>> name = “Aman" # A string

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 Multiple Assignment in Variables (CO1)

• A single value may be assigned to several variables simultaneously.

• For example
>>> a = b = c = 1
• Here, an integer object is created with the value 1, and all three
variables are assigned to the same memory location.
• It also allows to assign multiple objects to multiple variables.
• For example −
>>> a, b, c = 23, 29.45, “Ram”
• Here, two integer objects with values 23 and 29.45 are assigned to
variables a and b respectively, and one string object with the value
“Ram" is assigned to the variable c.

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 Data types (CO1)

• Every value in Python has a datatype, that are used to

define the operations possible on them and the storage
method for each of them.
• Since everything is an object in Python programming, data
types are classes and variables are instance (object) of
these classes

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 Standard Data types (CO1)

Data Types Keyword

Numeric Types int, float, complex
Text Type str
Sequence Types list, tuple, range
Mapping Type dict
Set Types set
Boolean Types bool
Binary Types bytes

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 Numbers (CO1)

• They store numeric values. Number objects are created when a value is
assigned to them. For ex:
>>> var1 = 1
>>> var2 = 10
• They can be deleted the reference to a number object by using the del
statement. The syntax of the del statement is
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]
• A single object or multiple objects can be deleted by using the del statement.
For example
>>> del var
>>> del var_a, var_b

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 Types of Number Types (CO1)

1. int (signed integers)

2. float (floating point real values)

3. complex (complex numbers)

Membership functions of Complex class

conjugate(), real and imag

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 Examples of Number Types (CO1)

int float complex

10 0.0 2+3.14j
100 15.20 45j
-786 -21.9 9.322e-36j
0o80 32.3e18 .876j
-0o490 -90 -.6545+0J
-0x260 -32.54E100 3e+26J

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 Strings (CO1)

• Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters

represented in the quotation marks.
• Python allows for either pairs of single or double quotes.
• Subsets of strings can be taken using the slice operator ([ ] and [:] )
with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of the string and working
their way from -1 at the end.
• The plus (+) sign is the string concatenation operator and the
asterisk (*) is the repetition operator.

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 Strings (CO1)

• For example
>>> str = Hello World!
>>> print(str) # Prints complete string
>>> print(str[0]) # Prints first character of the string
>>> print(str[2:5]) # Prints characters starting from 3rd to 5th
>>> print(str[2:]) # Prints string starting from 3rd character
>>> print(str * 2) # Prints string two times
>>> print(str + TEST) # Prints concatenated string

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 Slicing Strings (CO1)

Slicing
• A range of characters can be returned by using the slice syntax.
• Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a colon, to
return a part of the string.
Example
Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):
Program
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:5])
Program Output
llo
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 Program to demonstrate slicing of Strings (CO1)

# String slicing
String =ASTRING
# Using slice constructor
s1 = slice(3)
s2 = slice(1, 5, 2)
s3 = slice(-1, -12, -2)
print("String slicing")
print(String[s1])
print(String[s2])
print(String[s3])
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 Output of slicing of Strings (CO1)

Output:
String slicing
AST
SR
GITA

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 Member Methods of String Class Category
capitalize(), casefold(), lower(), swapcase(), upper(), title() String Text editing
center(arg), ljust(arg), rjust(arg) Alignment of String
isalnum(), isalpha(), isascii(), isdecimal(), isdigit(), isidentifier(), islower(), Boolean
isnumeric(), isprintable(), isspace(), istitle(), isupper(), endswith(arg),
startswith(arg)

find(arg), index(arg), rfind(arg), rindex(arg) Search

expandtabs(arg), format(arg), format_map(arg), partition(arg), Formatting string
rpartition(arg), split(arg), splitlines(), removeprefix(arg), removesuffix(arg),
strip(), rstrip(), maketrans(arg,arg), replace(arg,arg),

count(arg), join(arg), zfill(arg) Operations

encode() Conversion

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 Lists (CO1)

• A List is an ordered sequence of item, It contains items separated by

commas and enclosed within square brackets ([]).

• lists are mutable

• To some extent, lists are like arrays in C. One difference between
them is that all the items belonging to a list can be of different data
type.

• Declaring a list is straight forward. Items separated by commas are

enclosed within brackets [ ].
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 Lists (CO1)

• >>> a = [1, 2.2, ‘python’]

– The values stored in a list can be accessed using the slice operator ([ ] and [:])
with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of the list.

• The plus (+) sign is the list concatenation operator, and the asterisk
(*) is the repetition operator.

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 Lists (CO1)

>>> list = [ ‘abcd’, 786 , 2.23, ‘john’, 70.2 ]

>>> tinylist = [123, ‘john’]
>>> print(list) # Prints complete list
>>> print(list[0]) # Prints first element of the list
>>> print(list[1:3]) # Prints elements starting from 2nd till 3rd
>>> print(list[2:]) # Prints elements starting from 3rd element
>>> print(list * 2) # Prints list two times
>>> print(list + tinylist) # Prints concatenated lists

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 Member Methods of List Class
clear(), copy(), pop(arg), remove(arg),

append(arg), extend(arg), insert(arg,arg),

count(arg), index(arg),

reverse(), sort(reverse=T/F)

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 Tuple (CO1)

• A tuple is similar to the list. A tuple consists of several values separated

by commas. Unlike lists, however, tuples are enclosed within
parentheses. tuples are immutable
• The main differences between lists and tuples are: Lists are enclosed in
brackets ( [ ] ) and their elements and size can be changed, while tuples
are enclosed in parentheses ( ( ) ) and cannot be updated.
• Tuples can be thought of as read-only lists.
• The only difference is that tuples are immutable. Tuples once created
cannot be modified.
• Tuples are used to write-protect data and are usually faster than list as it
cannot change dynamically.
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 Tuple (CO1)

>>> tuple = ( abcd, 786 , 2.23, john, 70.2 )

>>> tinytuple = (123, john)
>>> print(tuple) # Prints complete tuple
>>> print(tuple[0]) # Prints first element of the tuple
>>> print(tuple[1:3]) # Prints elements starting from 2nd till 3rd
>>> print(tuple[2:]) # Prints elements starting from 3rd element
>>> print(tuple * 2) # Prints tuple two times
>>> print(tuple + tinytuple) # Prints concatenated tuples

Member Methods of Tuple Class

count(arg),
index(arg)
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 Set (CO1)

• Set is an unordered collection of unique items.

• Set is defined by values separated by comma inside braces { }.
• Items in a set are not ordered.
• Set operations can be performed like union, intersection on two sets. Set
have unique values. They eliminate duplicates.
• indexing has no meaning as set are unordered collection. Hence the
slicing operator [] does not work.
• For example
>>>a = {1,2,2,3,3,3}
>>> a
{1, 2, 3}
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 Member Methods of Set Class

add(), clear(), copy(), discard(), pop(), remove(),

difference(), difference_update(), intersection(), intersection_update(),

symmetric_difference(), symmetric_difference_update(), union(),

isdisjoint(), issubset(), issuperset(),

update()

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 Dictionary (CO1)
• Dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs.
• It is generally used when we have a huge amount of data.
• Dictionaries are optimized for retrieving data. It is must to know the key to
retrieve the value.
• A dictionary key can be almost any Python type but are usually numbers or
strings. Values, on the other hand, can be any arbitrary Python object.
• Dictionaries are defined within braces {} with each item being a pair in the
form key: value. Key and value can be of any type.
• For example
>>> d = {1:value,key:2}
>>> type(d)
<class dict>
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 Member Methods of Dictionary Class

clear(), copy(),
keys(), values()
fromkeys(),
get(),
items(), pop(), popitem(),
setdefault(), update(),

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 Type conversion (CO1)

• The process of converting the value of one data type

(integer, string, float, etc.) to another data type is called
type conversion.
• Python has two types of type conversion.
– Implicit Type Conversion
– Explicit Type Conversion

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 Implicit Type conversion (CO1)

• Python automatically converts one data type to another data

type without any user involvement.
• It always converts smaller data types to larger data types to
avoid the loss of data.
• Example
>>> a = 4
>>> b = 2.3
>>> c = a + b
• In above example, data type of a and b are int and float,
respectively. Data type of c will be float and its value is 6.3

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 Explicit Type conversion (CO1)

• In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data type of an

object to required data type.
• The predefined functions like int(), float(), str() are used to
perform explicit type conversion.
• This type of conversion is also called typecasting because the
user casts/changes the data type of the objects.
• Syntax
<datatype>(expression)
• Example
>>> a = 2.6
>>> c = int(a)

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 Function of type conversion (CO1)
Function Description
int(x) Convert x to an integer
float(x) Convert x to a float number
str(x) Convert x to a string
tuple(x) Convert x to a tuple
list(x) Convert x to a list
set(x) Convert x to a set
ord(x) Convert x to ASCII code
bin(x) Convert x to a binary
oct(x) Convert x to an octal
hex(x) Convert x to a hexadecimal
chr(x) Convert x to a character
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 Operators in Python (CO1)

Python language supports the following types of operators.

• Arithmetic Operators

• Relational Operators

• Assignment Operators

• Logical Operators

• Bitwise Operators

• Membership Operators

• Identity Operators

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 Arithmetic Operators (CO1)
Example
Operator Description
(a=5, b=3)
+ Adds values on either side of the operator. a+b=8

- Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand. a–b=2

* Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 15

a/b=
/ Divides left hand operand by right hand operand
1.6667
% Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and a%b=2
a**b =53=
** Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators
125
The division of operands where the result is the quotient in
// a//b=1
which the digits after the decimal point are removed.
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 Relational Operators (CO1)

Example
Operator Description
a=5, b=3
If the values of two operands are equal, then the condition a == b is not
==
becomes true true.
If values of two operands are not equal, then condition a!=b is true
!=
becomes true.
If the value of left operand is greater than the value of right a > b is true
>
operand, then condition becomes true.
If the value of left operand is less than the value of right a < b is not
<
operand, then condition becomes true. true
If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the a >= b is
>=
value of right operand, then condition becomes true. true
If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value a <= b is not
<=
of right operand, then condition becomes true. true
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 Assignment Operators (CO1)

Operator Description
a=b
=
Assigns values from right side operands(b) to left side operand (a)
a+=b is same as a = a + b
+=
It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand
a-=b is same as a = a - b
-=
It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand
a*=b is same as a = a * b
*=
It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand
a/=b is same as a = a / b
/=
It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand

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 Assignment Operators (CO1)

Operator Description
a%=b is same as a = a % b
%=
It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand
a**=b is same as a = a ** b
**= Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the
left operand
a//=b is same as a = a //b
//=
It performs floor division on operators and assign value to the left operand

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 Logical Operators (CO1)

Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.

Operator Description

and True if both the operands are true

or True if either of the operands is true

not True if operand is false (complements the operand)

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 Logical Operators (CO1)

a b a and b a or b not a

True True True True False

True False False True False

False True False True True

False False False False True

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 Bitwise Operators (CO1)

• Bitwise operators manipulate the data at bit level.

• These are applicable on integer values.
• Types
➢ & (Bitwise and operator)
➢ | (Bitwise or operator)
➢ ^ (Bitwise XOR operator)
➢ ~ (Bitwise ones complement operator)
➢ << (Bitwise left-shift operator)
➢ >> (Bitwise right-shift operator)

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 Bitwise Operators (CO1)

a b a&b a|b a^b ~a

0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 0 0

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 Bitwise Operators (CO1)

Operator Let a = (92)10 =(0101 1100)2 and b = (14)10 = (0000 1110)2

0101 1100
& 0000 1110
& c = (a & b) = 92 & 14
--------------------
0000 1100 = (12)10
0101 1100
| 0000 1110
I c = (a | b) = 92 | 14
--------------------
0101 1110 = (94)10
0101 1100
^ 0000 1110
^ c = (a ^ b) = 92 ^ 14
--------------------
0101 0010 = (82)10
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 Bitwise Operators (CO1)

Let a = (92)10 =(0101 1100)2 and b = (14)10 = (0000 1110)2

Operator

~ c = ~a = ~92 c = ~(0101 1100) = 1010 0011

<< c = a<< 1 = 46<< 1 C = 00101 110 << 1 = 01011100 = (92)10

>> c = a >> 2 = 92>> 2 C = 0101 1100 >> 2 = 0001 0111 = (23)10

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 Membership Operators (CO1)

• in and not in are the membership operators in Python.

• They are used to test whether a value or variable is found
in a sequence (string, list, tuple, set and dictionary).
• In a dictionary, we can only test for presence of key, not
the value.
Example
Operator Description Result
x = {2,3,5}
in True if value/variable is found in the sequence 5 in x True
True if value/variable is not found in the
not in 5 not in x False
sequence

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 Identity Operators (CO1)

• Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects.

• is and is not are the identity operators in Python.
• They are used to check if two values (or variables) are located on the
same part of the memory.
• Two variables that are equal does not imply that they are identical.
Example
Operator Description a = Hello Result
b = Hello
True if the operands are identical (refer to the
is a is b True
same object)
True if the operands are not identical (do not
is not a is not b False
refer to the same object)
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 Operator Precedence and associativity(CO1)

• When an expression contains two or more than two

operators, then it is evaluated based on operator
precedence and associativity.
• Each operator of same precedence is grouped in same
level and operator of higher precedence is evaluated first.
• Two or more operators having equal precedence are
evaluated either left-to-right(LTR) or right-to-left(RTL)
based on their associativity.

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 Operator Precedence and associativity(CO1)

Operator Description
() Parenthesis
** Exponentiation
~,+,- Unary operators
*,/,//,% Arithmetic multiply, division, floor and
modulo division
+, - Addition and subtraction
>>,<< Bitwise left and right shift operator
& Bitwise and operator
^ Bitwise Ex-or operator
| Bitwise or operator
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 Operator Precedence and associativity(CO1)

Operator Description
<=,>=,<,> Relational inequality operators
==, != Equal and not equal operators
=,*=,/=,//=,%=,+=,-=,**=,&= Assignment operators
is, is not Identity operators
in, not in Membership operators
not Logical not operator
and Logical and operator
or Logical or operator

-9+9-8*6%8-int(19//10/2)|12&14

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 Expressions in Python (CO1)

• Expressions are representations of value.

• They are different from statement in the fact that
statements do something while expressions are
representation of value.
• Python expression contains identifiers, literals, and
operators.
• For Example
x = a*b + c/d –f is an expression.

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 Classes (CO1)

• The class can be defined as a collection of objects. It is a logical

entity that has some specific attributes and methods. For
example: if you have an employee class, then it should contain
an attribute and method, i.e. an email id, name, age, salary,
etc.
Syntax
class ClassName:
<statement-1>
.
.
<statement-N>

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 Object (CO1)

• The object is an entity that has state and behavior. It may

be any real-world object like the mouse, keyboard, chair,
table, pen, etc.
• Everything in Python is an object, and almost everything
has attributes and methods. All functions have a built-in
attribute __doc__, which returns the docstring defined in
the function source code.
• When we define a class, it needs to create an object to
allocate the memory. Consider the following example.

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 Example of Object (CO1)

class car:
def __init__(self,modelname, year):
self.modelname = modelname
self.year = year
def display(self):
print(self.modelname,self.year)

c1 = car("Toyota", 2016)
c1.display()

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 Output of example (CO1)

Toyota 2016

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 Python Constructor(CO1)

• A constructor is a special type of method (function) which is used

to initialize the instance members of the class.
• In C++ or Java, the constructor has the same name as its class, but
it treats constructor differently in Python. It is used to create an
object.
• Constructors can be of two types.
– Parameterized Constructor
– Non-parameterized Constructor
• Constructor definition is executed when we create the object of
this class. Constructors also verify that there are enough resources
for the object to perform any start-up task.

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 Creating Python Constructor(CO1)

• In Python, the method the __init__() simulates the constructor

of the class. This method is called when the class is
instantiated. It accepts the self-keyword as a first argument
which allows accessing the attributes or method of the class.
• We can pass any number of arguments at the time of creating
the class object, depending upon the __init__() definition. It is
mostly used to initialize the class attributes. Every class must
have a constructor, even if it simply relies on the default
constructor.
• Consider the following example to initialize the Employee class
attributes.

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 Example Python Constructor(CO1)
class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, id):
self.id = id
self.name = name
def display(self):
print("ID: %d \nName: %s" % (self.id, self.name))

emp1 = Employee("John", 101)

emp2 = Employee("David", 102)
# accessing display() method to print employee 1 information
emp1.display()
# accessing display() method to print employee 2 information
emp2.display()

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 Output of example(CO1)

ID: 101
Name: John
ID: 102
Name: David

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 Python Non-Parameterized Constructor (CO1)
The non-parameterized constructor uses when we do not
want to manipulate the value or the constructor that has only
self as an argument.
Example:
class Student:
# Constructor - non parameterized
def __init__(self):
print("This is non parametrized constructor")
def show(self,name):
print("Hello",name)
student = Student()
student.show("John")
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 Output of Non-Parameterized Constructor (CO1)

This is non parametrized constructor

Hello John

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 Python Parameterized Constructor (CO1)

• Constructor with parameters is known as parameterized constructor.

• The parameterized constructor takes its first argument as a reference to
the instance being constructed known as self and the rest of the
arguments are provided by the programmer.

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 Python Parameterized Constructor (CO1)
Example:
class Student:
# Constructor - parameterized
def __init__(self, name):
print("This is parametrized constructor")
self.name = name
def show(self):
print("Hello",self.name)
student = Student("John")
student.show()
Output:
This is parametrized constructor
Hello John
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 Python Default Constructor (CO1)

• The default constructor is a simple constructor which doesnt

accept any arguments.
• Its definition has only one argument which is a reference to the
instance being constructed.

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 Faculty Video Links, You tube & NPTEL Video Links and Online Courses Details

• Youtube/other Video Links

• Evolution of Computer
– https://youtu.be/OQax5NF5aEw
• Application of Computers
– https://youtu.be/ac7T3ocg9gk
• Code of Conduct
– https://youtu.be/txNEiGwVtUA
• Algorithm and flowchart
– https://youtu.be/RwnY_mJ6ras
• Introduction to Python
– https://youtu.be/xxeBb7OyKXY

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 Daily Quiz

1. In Python, Hello, is the same as “Hello”

a) True
b) False

2. _________Operator
* is used to multiply numbers.

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 Weekly Assignment 1.1

1. Give classification of computers. (CO1)

2. Explain memory hierarchy with the help of a diagram.
(CO1)
3. What is a digital computer? Draw the block diagram of a
digital computer and explain its each component. (CO1)
4. Explain the need of cache memory in a computer
system. (CO1)

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 Weekly Assignment 1.1

5. Define the term software and hardware. Briefly explain

system software and application software with at least
one example of each. (CO1)
6. What is operating system? List functions and types of
operating system. (CO1)
7. Define algorithm. Write Properties of an algorithm.
(CO1)
8. Write an algorithm and draw a flow-chart to swap two
numbers without using third variable. (CO1)

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 Weekly Assignment 1.1

9. Write an algorithm and draw a flow-chart to check

whether given year is a leap year or not. (CO1)
10.Write an algorithm and draw a flow-chart to compute
factorial of a given number. (CO1)
11.Write an algorithm and draw a flow-chart to check
whether the given number is an armstrong number or
not. (CO1)
12.Write an Algorithm and design a flow-chart to compute
prime factors of the given number. (CO1)

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 Weekly Assignment 1.2

1. What is Python? What are the benefits of using Python?

(CO1)
2. Discuss about feature and application area of python
(CO1)
3. What is PEP 8? How is memory managed in Python?
(CO1)
4. Explain types of operators used in python. (CO1)

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 Weekly Assignment 1.2

5. What is class and objects? Explain role of constructor.

(CO1)
6. What do you mean by tokens? Explain different elements of python.
(CO1)
7. Explain operator precedence and associativity with suitable example.
(CO1)
8. Write short notes on “Ethics and IT policy in a company”.
(CO1)
9. Explain the rules of naming identifier in Python. (CO1)
10. Write a python program to compute the surface area and volume of
cone. (CO1)
11. Write a Python Program to swap values of two variable using comma(,)
operator. (CO1)

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 MCQs

1. What is the correct file extension for Python files?

a) .pyt
b) .py
c) .pt
d) .pyth
2. What is the output for −
python [-3]?
a) o
b) t
c) h
d) Negative index error.

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 MCQs
3. How do you create a variable with the numeric value 5?
a) x=5
b) x = int(5)
c) Both option (a) and (b) are correct
d) No option is correct
4. Which one is NOT a legal variable name?
a) My_var
b) My-var
c) _Myvar
d) Myvar

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 MCQs
5. Which operator can be used to compare two values?
a) <>
b) ><
c) ==
d) =

6. Which one is a legal identifier?

a) ab#cd
b) abc
c) S.I
d) Area of circle

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 MCQs

7. Which of these collections defines a SET?

a) {1, 2, 3, 4}
b) {1:12,2:45}
c) (1,2,3,4)
d) [1,2,3,4]

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 Old Question Papers

1. In Python what is slicing?

[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 1 marks]
2. Write name of any two Python Editors(IDE)?
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 1 marks]
3. How is Python an interpreted language?
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 1 marks]
4. What does [::-1] do?
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 1 marks]
5. What is __init__?
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 1 marks]

2/15/2022 Sachin Kumar Problem Solving using Python Unit I 152

 Old Question Papers

6. What is negative index in Python?

[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 1 marks]
7. Define floor division with example?
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 2 marks]
8. Define the Programming Cycle for Python?
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 2 marks]
9. Discuss format specifiers and escape sequences with examples.
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 6 marks]
10.Explain Ethics and IT policy in company.
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 10 marks]

2/15/2022 Sachin Kumar Problem Solving using Python Unit I 153

 Old Question Papers

11. Explain the following:

i. Implicit and Explicit type-casting
ii. Rules for naming an Identifier
[NIET Autonomous 2020-2021(odd), 10 marks]
12. What is the difference between list and tuples?
[AKTU 2019-2020(odd), 2 marks]
13. In some languages, every statement ends with semicolon(;). What
happens if you put a semi-colon at the end of a Python
statement? [AKTU 2019-2020(odd), 2 marks]

2/15/2022 Sachin Kumar Problem Solving using Python Unit I 154

 Old Question Papers

15. Mention five benefits of using Python.

[AKTU 2019-2020(odd), 2 marks]
16. How is Python an interpreted language?
[AKTU 2019-2020(odd), 2 marks]
17. What type of language is Python ?

[AKTU 2019-2020(odd), 2 marks]

18. Define floor division with example.

[AKTU 2019-2020(odd), 2 marks]

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 Old Question Papers

19. Write short notes with example: The Programming cycle for
Python, Elements of Python, Type conversion in Python,
operator precedence and Boolean expression.

[AKTU 2019-2020(odd), 10 marks]

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

1. Define operator. Explain various types of operators in

Python with suitable example.
2. Explain standard data types in Python.
3. Explain Programming cycle of Python.
4. Explain the type conversion in Python.
5. Names some frequently used Python IDEs.

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 Summary

• Introduction to computer system

• Algorithms and flowcharts
• Ethics and IT policy in company
• The Programming Cycle for Python
• Python IDE
• Features of Python
• Elements of Python

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 References

1. Allen B. Downey, “Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer

Scientist”, 2nd edition, Updated for Python 3, Shroff/OReilly
Publishers, 2016.
2. Robert Sedgewick, Kevin Wayne, Robert Dondero, “Introduction to
Programming in Python: An Inter-disciplinary Approach” , Pearson
India Education Services Pvt. Ltd., 2016.
3. Paul Barry, “Head First: A Brain Friendly Guide” OReilly publisher.
4. Reema Thareja, “Python Programming: Using Problem Solving
Approach” 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press publisher.
5. Guido van Rossum and Fred L. Drake Jr, “An Introduction to
Python”, Revised and updated for Python 3.2, Network Theory Ltd.,
2011.

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