2024-25

You must have observed that magnesium ribbon burns with a

dazzling white flame and
and changes into aa white powder. This powder is
is
magnesium oxide.
oxide. It is formed due
due tothereaction
to the reaction between magnesium
and oxygen present in the air.

Activity 1.2 Activity 1.3

n Take lead nitrate n Take a few
few zinc granules in a conical flask or a test tube.
solution in a
a test n Add
Add dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid to this
tube. 1.2).
(Fig. 1.2).
n Add
Add potassium CAUTION: Handle the the acid with care.
iodide solution n Do you observe anything happening around the zinc
to this. granules?
n What do you n Touch the conical flask or test tube. Is there any change in
observe? its temperature?

From theabove
the above three activities,
activities, wr t any of
we can say that of
the
the following observations helps ust ter
us to determine whether
a chemical reaction has
has taken plac
place –
n change in state
n change in colour
n evolution of a gas
n change in temperature.
AAs we
e o observe the changes
n Ground
around us,
us, we can
cansee
see
th
thattthere is a large variety of chemical
nicalreactionstaking
reactions taking
place around us. We will ’1 study about
›out the
the various types
mbolic representation
of chemical reactions and their symbolic
acid in this Chapter.

Figure 1.2 1.1 CHEMIC

CHEMICAL TTIONS
AL EQUA
EQUATIONS
Formation of hydrogen
Act e bed as
1 can be described
Activity 1.1 as —– when aamagnesium
magnesium ribbon isburntis burnt in
in
gas by the action of
dilute sulphuric acid on oxygen, itp
it gets convertedd to
to magnesium oxide. This description of of a
zinc chemical re: on in a sentence
reaction ntence form isquite
is quite long. It can
can be
be written in a
shorter forn
form. The simplest estway
way to do
do this is to write it in
in the
the form ofofaa
word-equation.
The w -e ation for the
word-equation the above reaction would be — –
um + Oxygen
Magnesium → Magnesium oxide (1.1)
(Regret ‹in1
(Reactants) (Product
(Product)

nces that undergo chemical change inthereaction

The substances in the reaction (1.1),
magnesium and md oxygen, are the reactants. TheThe new
new substance is is
magnesium oxide, formed during the reaction,
reaction, as
as aa product.
A word-equation shows change of reactants to products through an
arrow placed between them. The reactants are written on the left-hand
side (LHS) with a plus sign (+) between them. Similarly,
Similarly, products are
written on
on the right-hand side (RHS) with a plus sign (+) between them.
The
The arrowhead points towards the products, and
and shows thedirection
the direction of
the
the reaction.
reaction.

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Science

2024-25
1.1.1 Writinga
1.1.1 Writing a Chemical Equation
Is there any
any other shorter way
way for
for representing chemical equations?
Chemical equations can
can be
be made more concise andand useful if wewe use
use
chemical formulae instead of
ofwords.
words. AA chemical equation represents a
chemical reaction. If
If you
you recall formulae of
of magnesium, oxygen and and
magnesium oxide, the
the above word-equation cancan be written as -–
Mg +OO22 → MgO
Mg + MgO (1.2)
Count and compare the the number ofatoms
of atoms ofeach
of each element on on the
LHS
LHS and
and RHS
RHS ofofthe
the arrow. Isthe
Is the number ofofatoms ofeach
atoms of each element the
same on both the
the sides? If
If yes, then the
the equation isbalanced.
is balanced. If
If not,
then the
the equation isunbalanced
is unbalanced because the the mass isnotthesame
is not the same on
both sides of the equation.
equation. Such a chemical equation is is a skeletal
chemical equation fora
for a reaction. Equation (1.2) is aa skeletal chemical
equation forthe
for the burning ofmagnesium
of magnesium inair.
in air.

1.1.2 Balanced Chemical Equations

Recall the law of conservation of
law of ofmass
mass that you studi in Class IX;mas
you studied IX; mass
can neither be
can be created nor
nor destroyed in a chemic tion. That ip
chemical reaction. is, the
total mass ofoftheelements
the elements presentinthe
present in the produ
products offa mical reaction
a chemical c
has
has tobe
to be equal tothe
to the total mass of
of theeleme
the elementst present inthe
in therreactants.
t
In other words, the number ofatoms
of atoms ofeeach c element
lementrremains ai tthe e
same, before and
and after aa chemical reac
reaction.. Hence,
n , wewe need tobbalance ceaa
skeletal chemical equation. Is Is the chemical
ch ical Eq.. (1.2) ba c ? Let
balanced? Let usus
learn about balancing a chemical equation ’o step
tep by
bys step.
The
The word-equation forActi
for Activity 1.3 mayay be
be rep s
represented as
as -–
Zinc + Sulphuric acid →
—r Zin lphate + Hydrogen
Zinc sulphate o n
-e
The above word-equation may
may be
be repre ted by
represented by the following
che e bequation
chemical t1£t n"d
–
Zn + HH2SO,
Zn + 2
—r ZnSO,
SO4 → ZnSO4 + H
H22 ((1.3)
1.3)
Let
Let usexamine
us examine thenumber
the number of
of atoms ofdifferent
of different elements on
on both
of the
sides of the arrow.

Element Number of atoms in Number of atoms

reactants (LHS) in products (RHS)
Zzt
Zn 11 11
HH
SS
OO O 2
11
44
22
11
44

As
As the nu
numbererofatoms
of atoms of ofeach
each element isthe
is the same on both sides of
the
the arrow, Eq.
Eq. (1.3) is aa balanced chemical equation.
equation.
Let us
us try
try to balance the following chemical equation —–
Fe +H
Fe + H22OO →
—rFe,O,+
Fe3O4 + H
H22 (1.4)

Chemical Reactions and

and Equations 3

2024-25
 Step I: To
To balance a chemical equation,
equation, first draw boxes around each
formula. DoDo not change anything inside the boxes while balancing the
equation.

Fe +
Fe + H,2O → Fe,3O4 +
+ H
H,2 (15)
(1.5)

Step II: List the

the number ofatoms ofdifferent
of atoms of different elements present in the
unbalanced equation (1.5).
(1. 5).
Element Number of
ofatoms
atoms Number of
ofatoms
atoms
in
in reactants (LHS) in {RHS}
in products (RHS)
Fe
Fe i1 33
HH 22 22
OO 11 4

Step III: It is often convenient to start balancing with thec und

the compound
that contains the maximum number of ofatoms.
atoms. It may
may be a rea
be a an or
reactant r aa
product. In that compound, select the
the element which has the e maximum um
number ofatoms.
of atoms. Using these criteria,
criteria, we Fe O3O4 and the element
we select Fe lement
oxygen in
in it. There are
are four oxygen atoms on thethe RHS a one on
and only one on
the LHS.
To balance the oxygen atoms
at –

Atoms of In reactants In products

oxygen

(i IniGal
(i) Initial 1 (in HH22O)
O) 44 (in
(inFe,O,)
Fe3O4)
(i To
(ii) To baa ce
balance 1x4
1×4 4

To equ
To equalise the number of atoms,
t , it must be
be remembered that we we
cannot alter the formulae of theccompounds
m unds or orelements
elements involved in the
react‘
reactions. . For
Foreexample,
ample, to balance e oxygen atoms we we can put coefficient
‘4’ as 4 HH2O and
and not
not H
H2O,
O
2 4
or (H
(H O),.
22
O) 4
. Now
Now the
the partly balanced equation
bee
becomes –
(1.6)
Fe + 44 H2O O → Fe3O O 4 + H2 (partly balanced equation)

Step IV:Fe and H atoms

IV: Fe and oms are
arestill
still not
not balanced.
balanced. Pick any
any of
ofthese
these elements
toproce her. Let
to proceed further. Let us
us balance hydrogen atoms inthepartly
in the partly balanced
eq
equation.
alise the
To equalise the number of ofHH atoms, make thethe number of of molecules
of hydrogen as four onon the RHS.
Atoms of In reactants In products
hydrogen

(i IniGal
(i) Initial 88 (in
(in44 H
H22O)
O) 22 (in
(in H
H22))
ii To
(ii) To baance
balance 88 22x×44

The
The equation would be —
–
(1.7)
Fe + 44 H2O → Fe3O4 + 4
4HH2 (partly balanced equation)

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Science

2024-25
Step V: Examine the the above equation and
and pick up
up the third element
which isnot
is not balanced. You
You find that only one
one element is
is left to
to be
be
balanced, that is, iron.
Atoms of In reactants In products
iron

(i IniGal
(i) Initial 11 (in
(inFe)
Fe) 33 (in
(inFe,O,)
Fe3O4)
(i To
(ii) To balance 1x3
1×3 3

To
To equalise Fe, we
we take three atoms ofFe
of Fe on theLHS.
the LHS.

S3 Fe + 44 H2O → Fe3O4 + 44 H
H,2 (18)
(1.8)

Step VI:Finally,
VI: Finally, to check thecorrectness ofthe
the correctness of the balanced equation, we
we
count atoms of
ofeach
each element on
on both sides of the
the equation.
(I.9)
(1.9)
3Fe + 4H
3Fe 4H 2O
O → Fe
Fe.OO + 4H2
3 4 (balanced equation)

The
The numbers of ofatoms ofelements
atoms of on both sides of
elements on of Eq.
Eq. (1.9) are
are
equal. This equation isnow
is now balanced. This method of
ofbalancing
ancing chemical
chemic
equations is
is called hit-and-trial method asas we
we make trials to
to bal&
balance
the equation by
by using the smallest whole num oe ’ent.
number coefficient.
Step VII: Writing Symbols
S¡jmbots of oJ Phpsicnl fn
Physical States arefu examine
Carefully e
the above balanced Eq. (1.9).
(1 9). Does thise nt 1 us an
this equation tell us anything about out
the
the physical state of each reactant and pr product? ? No
Noiinformation
r i n has
has
been given in this equation aboutttheir e phy ’cal states.
physical state
To
To make a a chemical equation more e informative,
ative, the
e pphysical
ysical states
of the
the reactants and
and products a ’oned along
are mentioned alo with their eirchemical
chemical
formulae.
formulae. The
The gaseous, liquid, aqueous
a ous and
and solidsstates te of reactants
and products are repre
and represented d by by the nota
notationss g(g),
, (l),
(l), (aq) and
and (s),
respectively.
respectively. The
The word aqueous
eo (aq) is written ten if the
e reactant or product
ispresent
is present as a solutioniin water.r.
The
The balanced Eq. (1.9) beco
becomes s
the(s) + 4H
3Fe(s) 4H 2O(g)
O(q) → Fe
Fe,OO ,(s)
3 4
+ 4H2(g)
(s) + (I. lO)
(1.10)
Note that the symbol (g) (g is used
ed with H
H22OO toindicate
to indicate that in this
reaction water isused
is usediin the
e form ofofsteam.
steam.
Usually physical states aree not
ot included in a chemical equation unless
it is necessary totosspecify
fythem.
them.
Sometimes th the e t' n conditions,
reaction conditions, such as temperature,
temperature, pressure,
catalyst, etc., for
catalyst, e reaction
for the action are indicated above and/or below thearrow
the arrow
inthe equat’
in the equation. xample -
For example –
340 atm
340 at (1.11)
(1 .l l)
+22H2 (g) 
CO(g) + CH. 3 OH(l)
→ CH
Sunlight
6CO 2 (aq) +
6CO2(aq) +l2H
12H2O(1) Chlorophyll →C;H,
2O(l)  C6 H212 O 6 (aq) +
O;(aq) +6O 2 (aq) + 6H
6O2(aq)+6H 2O(1 ) (1.12)
2 O(l)

(Glucose)
Using these steps, can
can you
you balance Eq. (1.2) given in the text earlier?

and Equations
Chemical Reactions and 55

2024-25
 @Q UU EE SS TT II O
O NN SS
1.
1. Why
Why should a rnap°ricsium
magnesium ribbon bc clcancd bcforc
be cleaned before burriing
burning in air?
2. Writc
Write the balanccd cqiiation for the
balanced equation the following chemical
clacniical reactions.
rcactions.
(il Hydrogen
(i) Hydrogcn + Chlorine
Chlorinc → Hydrogcn cliloridc
Hydrogen chloride

?
(iil Barium
(ii) Hariiini chloride
cliloriclc +
+ Aliimiriiiirn siilphatc → Barium
Aluminium sulphate Bariiim sulphate
siilphatc +
Ahiminiiim cliloridc
Aluminium chloride
(iiil Sodium
(iii) Sodiiini +
+ Watcr liydroxidc + Hydrogen
Water → Sodium hydroxide Hydrogcn
3.
3. Write a bbalanced
alanccd chemical
chc niica1 equation
cc}uation u ithst
with atc symbols
state syiiib ols for tthe
lac
follow irig reactions.
following reactions.
(il Solutions of
(i) of bariurn chloridc and
barium chloride and sodium sulphate
sulpliatc in vwater
atcr react
remet
to give insoluble bariiini sulphatc and
barium sulphate and the
ttc solution of of sodium
cliloridc.
chloride.
(iil Sodium
(ii) Sodiuni hyclroxidc soliitiori (in
hydroxide solution (iri vwater)
atcr) rc acts with hydrochloric
reacts liydroclaloric
acid soliitiori (in wwater)
ucid solution roducc
a*••) toI»produce sodium
sodiiim chloride
chloridc solution
soliitiori and
and
watcr.
water.

1.2 TYPES OF
1.2 OF CHEMI
CHEMIC
CHEMICAL EACTIO¥I
REACTIONS
AL REA CTIONS
We
We have learnt in Class IX hthat during a chemical
em action atoms of
reaction ofone
one
element do not change
chan int hose of
into those of another element.
Element. Nor
Nor do
do atoms
disappear from the e oor appear
the mixture ppear fr here. Actually,
from elsewhere. Actually, chemical
reactions involve the
e br
breakingng and
and making
a of bonds between atoms to to
produce new u tanc . You
new substances. You will study about types of of bonds formed
between at s in Chapters
atoms ters33 and
a 4.

1.2.1 Com
1.2.1 ” a ion Reaction
Combination RQ

Beaker
Activity 1.4
Activity 1.4
n Take a small amount of ofcalcium
calcium oxide
or quick lime in a beaker.
Water n Slowly add
add water to
to this.
n Touch thebeaker
the beaker as shown inFig. 1.3.
in Fig. 1.3.
n Do
Do you
you feel any
any change in
in temperature?
Calcium oxide
Ftgtzre 1.3
Figure 1.3
Formation ofof sslaked
takeGi
by the reaction of
lime by
calcrum oxide with
calcium Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to
to produce slaked
slated lime
water
water calcium hydroxide) releasing a large amount of
(calcium ofheat.
heat.
CaO(s) + H 2O(l)
H O(1) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + + Heat (1 13)
(1.13)
(/ irkli
(Quick lime) (S k Minlime)
(Slaked )
In
In this reaction, calcium oxide and
and water combine toform
to form a single
product, calcium hydroxide. Such a reaction in which a single product
isformed
is formed from two ormore
or more reactants isknown asa
is known as a combination reaction.
reaction.

66 Scence
Science

2024-25
Do You Know?

A solution of
of slaked lime produced by the the reaction 1.13
1. 13 is used forwhitewashing
for whitewashing
walls. Calcium hydroxide reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide in air air to form a thin
layer of calcium carbonate onon the walls. Calcium carbonate is is formed after twotwo to
three days ofwhitewashing and gives aa shiny finish to the
of whitewashing and the walls. It is
is interesting to note
that the chemical formula formarble
for marble isalso CaCO,.
is also CaCO 3
.
Ca(OH),(aq)
Ca(OH) 2
CO,(g)
(aq) + CO 2
(g) —r
→ CaCO,(s)
CaCO 3
(s) + HUO(l)
H2O(l) (1.14)
(Calcium (Calcium
hydroxide) carbonate)

Let us
us discuss some more examples ofcombination
of combination reactions.
reactions.
(i) Burning ofofcoal
coal
C(s)+O,
C(s) ) →
+ O2(g) ECO, )
CO2(g) (1
. 15)
(1.15)
(ü)
(ii) Formation of
ofwater
water from HH2(g)
2
(g) and
andOO(g)
2 2
(g)
2H 2(g)
2H (p) +
+ O
O 2(g) → 2H
2H 2O(l)
O(1) (1. 16)
(1.16)
In
In simple language we can say that when tw
we can oresubstwic
two or more substances
(elements or compounds) combine toform sin product,
to form a single od , there i
the reactions
arecalled
are called combination reactions.
In Activity 1.4,
1.4, we
we also observed that a
allarge amount nt of
ofheat ev ed.
heat is evolved.
This makes thereaction
the reaction mixture wwarm. . Reactions
ons in h
in which at is
heat is
released along with the formationo rod c s arec e
formation of products are called exothermicthermic
chemical reactions.
Other examples of ofexotherm ns are -–
exothermic reactions
(i) Burning of ofnatural
natural gas
gas
CH 4,((g)
CH ) ++ 2O
2O 2( (g)
) → CO
O 2( (g)
) ++ 2H
2H 2O
O (g)
(q) (î. 17)
(1.17)
(ü)
(ii) Do
Do you
you know th irationiis an exothermic
that respiration othermic process?
We
We all know that we we neede
need energy to stay ay alive.
alive. We
We get
get this energy
from thefood
the food we digesti
we eat. During digestion, od is broken down into simpler
food
substances. For example,
exampl , rice,’ce, potatoes and and bread contain
carbohydrates. Theseccarbohydrates
d tesarebroken
are broken down toform
to form glucose.
glucose.
This glucose combines withooxygen gen inthecells our body and provides
in the cells of our
energy. The
energy. specia name
The special me oof this reaction isis respiration,
respiration, the
the process of
of
which you will study
st hapter 6.
in Chapter 6.

C„H
C H OO,j(aq) + 6O2(aq)
6 12 6
aq) → 6CO
ÔCO(a)
2
+ 6H
(aq) + 6H,O(1)
2
+ energy
O(l) + cnory ((1.18)
l.IR)
Glror
((Glucose)

(iii)
The
The decomposition ofvegetable
(iii) of vegetable matter into compost isalso
is also an
an
example ofan
of an exothermic reaction.
reaction.
Identify the
the type of
of the reaction taking place in Activity 1.1,
1. 1, where
heat isgiven
is given out along with the formation ofofa
a single product.

and Equations
Chemical Reactions and 77

2024-25
 Wafting gas gently 1.1.9 Decomposition
1.2.2 Decomposition Reaction
Reaction
towards nose

Activity J.5
Activity 1.5
•n Take about
about22gg ferrous sulphate crystals
in aa dry
dry boiling tube.
•n Note the colour of of the ferrous sulphate
Do not point
the mouth of Boiling tube
crystals.
crystals.
boiling tube o Ferrous sulphate
•n Heat the
the boiling tube over the flame of of
at your neighbours crystals a burner or or spirit lamp asas shown in in
or yourself q
Fig. 1.4.
1.4.
Burner •n Observe the colour of of the crystals after
heating.

Fiyuze 1.4
Figure 1.4
Have you noticed that the green colour ofthe
of the ferrous sulphate
sulphat crystals
stals
may of
Correct way ofheating
heating
theboiling
the boiling tube has
has changed? You
You can also smell the characteristic odouro u ’rig
odour of burning
containingcrystals
containing crystals sulphur.
ollerrous
of ferrous sulphate
Heat
2FeSO4(s) p
arid of
and ofsme?firig
smelling the → Fe
Fe22O,(s)
O3(s) ++ SO
SO2(g)
2
(g) ++ SO,(g
SO3(g) (1. 19)
(1.19)
odour
odour su1pLtate)
(Ferrous sulphate) de)
(Ferric oxide)

In
In this reaction you can observe
you can se that a single
g a nt breaks down
reactant
togive
to give simpler product
products. This is ’s a decomp
decomposition’t reaction. Ferrous
(FeS 4.
sulphate crystals (FeSO 4
O) lose
. 7H2O) ose wwater when heated eated and
and the colour
of
of the crystals chan
changes. t Ittthen
en decomposes
dec to
to ferric oxide (Fe22OO3),
dioxide((SO22) and sulphur
sulphur dioxide phur trioxide
’oxi (SO Of).
3
). Ferric oxide isa solid,
is a solid,
while SO
SO22 and
andSSO3 arearegases.ses.
Decompos
Decomposition of calcium lcium carbonate
bo te to to calcium oxide and and carbon
dioxide on
on heating is an iimportant decomposition reaction used in
is an in
various indu ’es. Calci
industries. Calcium oxideiis called lime or quick lime. It It has
has
man
many uses s -– one
one isin
is in the
the manufacturecture ofcement.
of cement. When a adecomposition
decomposition
rea
reactionniis carried out
out byh ting, it is
by heating, is called thermal decomposition.
CaCO,(s) Heat
(s) p aO(s) ++ CO
CO2(g)
3 → CaO(s) 2
(g) (1.20)
(Limeston
(Limestone) (@uick lime)
(Quick

Ano
Anotherr example ofa
of a thermal decomposition reaction isgiven
is given
A pair of ton s in Activity 1.6.
1.6.
Boilin be
d nitra
Activity J.6
Activity 1.6
•n Take about2
about 2gg lead nitrate powder ina
in a boiling
tube.
ner • Hold the
n the boiling tube with a pair of
of tongs and
and
heat it over a flame, as
as shown inFig. 1.5.
in Fig. 1.5.
• What do
n do you
you observe†
observe? Note down thechange,
the change,
if any.

Figure 1.5
1.
5
You
You will observe the emission ofbrown
of brown fumes.
Heating ollead
Heating of lead nitrate and
and These fumes areare of
of nitrogen dioxide (NO
(NO 2). The
The
olnlLrogen
emission of nitrogen dioxide reaction that takes place is-
is –

8 Science

2024-25
2Pb(NO,)32)(s) Heat
(s)  ++ 4NO2(g)
(g) ++ OO(g)
2Pb(NO 2 → 2PbO(s) 4NO 2 2 2
(g) (1.21)
(Lead nitrate) (Lead oxide) (Nitrogen (Oxygen)
dioxide)

Let us
us perform some more decomposition reactions as
as given in
Activities 1.7
1.7 and
and 1.8.
1.8.

Activity J.7
Activity 1.7
Plastic mug
•
n Take a plastic mug. Drill two two holes at its
Oxygen Hydrogen
base and
and fit rubber stoppers in these holes.
Insert carbon electrodes in these rubber
stoppers as shown inFig. 1.6.
in Fig. 1.6. Test tube
%• Water
•
n Connect these electrodes to a 66 volt
battery. Graphite rod Water
•
n Fill the
the mug
mug with water such that the
electrodes are immersed. Add Add a few drops Ru r stopper
of
of dilute sulphuric acid to the water.
•
n Take two test tubes filled with water and and Anode thode
invert them over the two
two carbon electrodes.
electrodes.
•
n Switch on the the current andand leave the Switch
apparatus undisturbed for for some time.
•
n You
You will observe the formation of of bubbles Figure 1.6
at
at both thethe electrodes. These bubbles displace ace water
ater in the Electrol
Electrolysis of water
test tubes.
•
n Is
Is the volume ofthegas
of the gas collected the
the sameiin bothth the
the te b †
test tubes?
•
n Once the
the test tubes are
are filled wi es ctive gase
with the respective gases,rremove e
them carefully.
•
n Test these gases one by by one ‘ngi aa burn‘
one by bringing burning candle close
to
to the mouth ofthetestt
of the test tubes.s.
CAUTION: This step must be performed ed carefully
care eteacher.
by the teacher.
•
n What happens in case.
in each case?
•
n which
Which gasgas ispres
is present in each test tube†
tube?

Activity J.8
Activity 1.8
n Take about
about22gg silverc
silver chloride in
in a china dish.
•
n What isits colour†
is its colour?
n e this
Place )s china
china di ght for
dish in sunlight for some time Sunlight
• .F: ,i
(Fig. 1.7).
•
n Observe theccolour of
f the silver chloride after some
time. China dish
Silver chloride

fifikuze 1.T
Figure 1.7
You will see
se that white silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.
sunlight. This is
is Silver
Silver chloride
chJo fide turns
tur:ns yrey
grey
due
due to the decomposition of
of silver chloride into silver and
and chlorine by
by in•sunlight
27igñt to
to for si7rer
form silver
light. mefaf
metal

Sunlight
2AgCl(s)  2Ag(s)++ Cl
Cl,(g)
→ 2Ag(s) 2
(g) (1.22)

Chemical Reactions and

and Equations 9

2024-25
 Silver bromide also behaves inthe
in the same way.
Sunlight
2AgBr(s)p
2AgBr(s) → 2Ag(s) +
+ Br
Br22(g)
(g) (1.23)

The
The above reactions are used inblack and white photography.
in black and photography.
What form of
ofenergy
energy iscausing
is causing these decomposition reactions?
We
We have seen that the decomposition reactions require energy either
in the
the form of
ofheat,
heat, light or
or electricity for breaking down thereactants.
the reactants.
Reactions in which energy is is absorbed areare known as
as endothermic
reactions.
reactions.

Carry out the following Activity

Take about2
about 2gg barium hydroxide in a test tube. Add Add11gg of
of ammonium chloride and
and mix
mix
with the help ofa
of a glass rod. Touch thebottom
the bottom ofthetest
of the test tube with your palm. What do you
ou
feel? Is this an
an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

@Q UU EE SS TT II . OO NN S
1. AA solution
s)oNu : :e X’‘X’ s h

?
1. of a substance is used for whitewashing.
me US
(i) Name ub
the substance l‘X’ andd write
,tort la.- '’
its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of
of the substa e ‘X’ named
substance amed in
in (i) above with
water.
2.
2. Why
Why is
is the amount ofofgas collec
gas collected in one of
f the
the ten n Activity
test tubes in
1.7 double of
1.7 of the amount collected
cold in intthe
e other s gas.
other? Name this

ent Reaction
1.2.3 Displacement

Activity 1.9
Activity 1.9
n Take three iron nails and clean them by
rubbing with sand paper.
n Take two test tubes marked as (A) and
(B). In each test tube, take about 10 mL
copper sulphate solution.
pper sulphate n Tie two iron nails with a thread and
immerse them carefully in the copper
sulphate solution in test tube B for
about 20 minutes [Fig. 1.8 (a)]. Keep one
iron nail aside for comparison.
n After 20 minutes, take out the iron nails
from the copper sulphate solution.
n Compare the intensity of the blue colour
of copper sulphate solutions in test tubes
(A) and (B) [Fig. 1.8 (b)].
n Also, compare the colour of the iron nails
Figure 1.81.
8 dipped inin the copper sulphate solution
(a)Iron
(a) Iron nails dipped
dippedincoppersulphate
in copper sulphate solution with the one kept aside [Fig. 1.8
1.8 (b)].
(b)].

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Iron nail — - Iron nail taken
out from crapper
sulphate
solution

Ftpure 1.8 (b)

Figure 1.8 {b) iron rinils and
Iron nails nncl copper sulphate solutions compared before
be oreand after the experiment
and after

Why
Why does theiron
the iron nail become browrñsh
brownish incolour and the blue colour
in colour and
of copper sulphate solution fades?
of
The
The following chemical reaction takes place in this Activity—
Activity–
be(s) +
Fe(s) + CuSO
CuSO,(aq)
4
(aq) → FeSO,(aq)
FeSO 4
(aq) + Cu(s) (124)
(1.24)
sii1pli‹ite)
(Copper sulphate) (Iron sulphate)

In this reaction, iron has

has displaced or remo nother element,
removed another eler en
copper, from copper sulphate solution.
solution. Thi cti is In
This reaction known as
displacement reaction.
Other examples ofdisplacement
of displacement react’ s are
reactions r
Zn(s) + CuSO
CtiSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq)
(a + Cu(s) .25)
(1.25)
(Copper sulphate) (Zinc sulphate)
+ CuCl
Pb(s) + CuC12(aq) → PbC12(aq)
PbCl + Cu(s) (1.26)
(Copper chloride) (Le
(Lead e)
chloride)
Zinc and
and lead are more reactiv ementstthan copper.
reactive elements o er. They
hey displace
copper from its compou
its compounds.

Displa nt Reaction
1.2.4 Double Displacement Rea

Activity 1.10
Activity 1.10
Test tube
•n Take about3
about 3 mLmL of ofssodium
i sulphate containing solution
of sodium sulphate
solution in a testt
test tube.
•n In another test tube, take
k aabout
out33 mL of
mL of
barium chloride
chlori e solution.
oluti
•n Mix
Mix the
the two
twossolutions
’ons (Fig. 1.9).
1.9).
•n What do
do yo
you observe? e? Test tube
containing solution
You
You will observe that
hat aa white substance,
substance, which is is ‹f barium ehl‹aride
insoluble in water,
te, isformed.
is formed. This insoluble substance
formed iskno
is known as a precipitate.
precipitate. Any
Any reaction that Figure 1.9
1.
9
produces a precipitate cancan be
be called aa precipitation reaction.
reaction. Formationo
Formation of barium
anGi sodium
sulphate and
Na 2SO
Na SO(aq)
4
(aq) + BaCl(aq) BaSO(s)
BaCl2(aq) → BaSO 4
2NaC(aq)
(s) + 2NaCl(aq) (1.27)
(I. 27) chloride
(Soiuu
(Sodium (Babur
(Barium (Baiuu
(Barium (Soiuu
(Sodium
su1ph‹i1 e)
sulphate) chloride) su1ph‹i1 e)
sulphate) chloride)

and Equations
Chemical Reactions and 11
11

2024-25
 What causes this? The
The white precipitate of BaSO
BaSO,4 isformed
is formed by the
the
SO22–
reaction of SO Ba22+
4° and Ba +.. The
The other product formed issodium
is sodium chloride
which remains in in the
the solution. Such reactions in which there is is an
an
exchange ofions
of ions between thereactants
the reactants are called double displacement
reactions.
reactions.

RecaH
R e c a l l ActiuiÉy
A c t i v i t y 11.2,
2, where you have mixed the
.2 of lead(II) nitrate
the solutions of
and potassium iodide.
and
(i) What was thecolour the colour ofof the precipitate formed? CanCan you
you name thecompound
the compound
precipitated?
(ü) Write the balanced chemical equation forthis
(ii) for this reaction.
(iii) Is
Is this also a double displacement reaction?

1.2.5 Oxidation and Reduction

Activity 1.11
"“" "°““" •n Heat a china dish containing
co about 1 g
ccopper
per powder (Fig. 1.10).
•n What
at do
do you ose ?
you observe?
Burner
o e becomes coatedvîth
The surfaceo of copper powder coated with
i
black copper(II) oxide. Why has this black
substance formed?
copperand
This is because O oxygen is added to copper and
copper oxide is formed.
Figure 1.10
2Cu + O2  Heat
Oxidation of copper to → 2CuO (1.28)
copper oxide
copper
as is pas
If hydrogen gas e this heated material (CuO),
passed over 1), the
the black
S brown as the reverse reaction takes place
coating on the surface turns
an copper
and pp is obtained.
CuO +H 2 Heat
 → Cu + H2 O (1.29)
If a substance gains oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be oxidised.
If a substance loses oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be reduced.
During this‘sr reaction (1.29), the copper(II) oxide is losing oxygen and
e
is being reduced.ed. The
The hydrogen isgaining and isbeing
is gaining oxygen and is being oxidised.
In other r words,
„ oneone reactant gets oxidised while the other gets reduced
on.Such
during a reaction. Such reactions are called oxidation-reduction reactions
or redox reactions.
10 IS.

(1.30)

Some other examples of

ofredox
redox reactions are:
ZnO +CC → Zn
ZnO + Zn++ CO
CO (1.31)
MnO 2++ 4
MnO 4HC1 MnC12++ 2
HCl → MnCl 2H O++ Cl
H2 O C12 (1.32)

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Science

2024-25
 Inreaction
In reaction (1.31) carbon isoxidised
is oxidised to CO
CO and
and ZnO
ZnO isreduced
is reduced toZn.
to Zn.
Inreaction
In reaction (1.32) HCI
HCl is oxidised toCl
Cl22 whereas MnO
MnO22 is
is reduced toMnCl
to MnCl22..
From theabove
the above examples we we can say that ifa
if a substance gains oxygen
or loses hydrogen during a reaction, it is
or is oxidised.
oxidised. If a substance loses
If a
oxygen oror gains hydrogen during a reaction, it is is reduced.

Bec‹itIActitiity I.1, where a magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling flame in

Recall Activity 1.1
1.1, in air
air(oxygen)
(oxygen)
and
and changes into a a white substance, magnesium oxide. Is magnesium being oxidised or
reduced inthis
in this reaction?

1.3
1 HAYE
. 3 HAVE 7OU
HAVE YOU OBSERYED
OBSERVED THE EFFECTS
EFFECTS OF
OF OXIDATION
OXID
OXID
XIDA
ATION
REACTIONS
REA IH EVERYD
CTIONS IN EYERYDAY
EVERYDA LIFEt
AY LIFE?
1.3.1 Corrosion
1.3.1
You
You must have observed that iron articles are are shiny when new, but get get
coated with a reddish brown powderwhen
powder when left for
for some time. This process
is
is commonly known as as rusting ofof iron. Some other metals also get
tarnished in this manner. Have you noticed the colour of of the coating
formed on copper and and silver? When ametal
a metal isattacked
is attacked byby substances
around it such as as moisture, acids, etc., it is
is said to corrode and
and this
process isis called corrosion. The
The black coating
coatingoon silver
i r andand the green
on copper are
coating on are other examples ofcorro
of corrosion.
Corrosion causes damage tocarbodies,
to car bodies, bridges,, iron
n rat ‘n ships
railings,
and
and to all
allobjects
objects made ofmetals, specia tthose
of metals, specially s off iron.C
iron. Corrosion
OSl of
iron isa
is a serious problem. Every year an enormous o s amounts
amount of money eyis
is
h etoReplace
spent replace damaged iron. You l lear
You will ore about
learn more abo sion in
corrosion
Chapter
t 3.

1.3.2 Rancidity
Have you ever tasted orsor smeltt the fat/oil
/oil con
containing food od materials left
for a
a long time?
When fats and
and oils aare oxidised,
sed, the
they become ome rancid and
and their smell
and taste change. Us
and subs
Usually substances hich prevent oxidation
which
are added tofood
(antioxidants) are i'i'?I'fg fats and
to foods containing and oil. Keeping food
in air
airtight
tight containers helps to slow
slo down
o oxidation. Do Do you
you know that
chips manufacturers usual ushWags
usually flush bags of ofchips
chips with gas such as
nitrogen to prevent thec
the chips from getting oxidised?
oxidised ?

@ Q *$IP
U E E S S T T I I OO NN SS
1.
1. Why
Whyddoes s the colour
lour of
of copper sulphate solution change when

?
aniiron
an nos
nail is dipped in
in it?
it?
2. G’
Give a example
an xample of
of a double displacement reaction other than
the
the onee given in Activity l. 10.
1.10.
3.
3. Identify the
the substances that are oxidised andand the substances
that are reduced in the following reactions.
in the reactions.
) 4Na(s) +
(i) +0O
2(g)
2
2Na2O(s)
(g) → 2Na 2
O(s)
(ii) CuO(s)
(ii) CuO(s+H+H(g)+Cu(s)+H
2 2
(g) → Cu(s) + 2HO()
2
O(l)

Chemical Reactions and

and Equations 13
13

2024-25
 What you have learnt
•n AA complete chemical equation represents the reactants,
reactants, products and
and their physical
symbolically.
states symbolically.
•n AA chemical equation is balanced so that the numbers of ofatoms
atoms ofeach
of each type involved
in a chemical reaction are the same on thereactant
the reactant and
and product sides of the
equation. Equations must always be balanced.
equation.
•n In a combination reaction two two or more substances combine toform to form a new
new single
substance.
•n Decomposition reactions are opposite to combination reactions. In a a decomposition
reaction, aa single substance decomposes togive to give two
two or more substances.
substances.
•n Reactions inwhich
in which heat isgiven
is given out along with the products are called exothermic
reactions.
•n Reactions inwhich
in which energy isabsorbed areknown
is absorbed are known as asendothermic
endothermic reaction
reactions.
•n When an anelement
element displaces another element from its compound, a dis displacement
reaction occurs.
•n Two
Two different atoms orgroups
or groups ofofatoms ar exchanged indoub
atoms (ions) are is cement
in double displacement
reactions.
reactions.
•n Precipitation reactions produce insolubl Its.
insoluble salts.
•n Reactions also involve the the gain orl s of oxygen
or loss en or hydrogene by substances.
by substances.
Oxidationisthe
Oxidation is the gain of
ofoxygen orlo
oxygen or lossoof hydrogen.
ogen. Re cti i is thelossofoxygen
Reduction the loss of oxygen
orgain
or ofhydrogen.
gain of hydrogen.

E X E R C I S E S
1. Which of
1. ofthesta
the statements abouttthe reaction
action below areincorrect?
are incorrect?
2PbO(s)++ C(s) →
2PbO(s) —› 2Pb(s)+
2Pb(s) +CCO2(g)
(a) Lead isgetting
is getting reduc
reduced.
(b) Carbon dioxidei
(b) ettin oxidised.
dioxide is getting
(c) Carbon is et ooxidised.
is getting ised.
(d) Lead oxide is getting et g reduced.
(i) ( (a) andd (b)
(ii)
(ii) (a) and (c) +)
(iJi
(iii) a), (b)
(a), b) and
and (c)
v) all
(iv) l
2. Fe
2. Fe2OO, 3 + 2Al
Al → AI O, 3+ + 2Fe
Al2O 2Fe
The
The above reaction isan is an example of
ofaa
(a) combination reaction.
(b) double displacement reaction.

14
14 Scence
Science

2024-25
 (c) decomposition reaction.
(d) displacement reaction.
3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is
is added toiron
to iron fillings? Tick the
correct answer.
(a) Hydrogen gas
gas and iron chloride are produced.
(b) Chlorine gas
gas and
and iron hydroxide are produced.
(c)No
No reaction takes place.
(d) Iron salt and
and water are
are produced.
4.
4. What isa
is a balanced chemical equation? Why
Why should chemical equations be
be
balanced?
5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and
5. and then balan
balance them.
(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns inair
in air togive
to give water and
and sulpur di
dioxide.
(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give alur loride
aluminium chloride
and a precipitate of barium sulphate.
and sulphate.
(d)Potassium metal reacts with watertto give
ve potassiu y o Rd and hydrogen
potassium hydroxide
gas.
6. Balance thefollowing
6. equ
the following chemical equations.
(a) HNO,
HNO3++ Ca(OH)
Ca(OH)22 → Ca(NO
Ca(NO,)) + H2 O
3 2

(b) NaOH +
(b) +HH2SO4
2
—› NHS
SO4 → Na2SO44 + H22O
(c) NaC1
NaCl++ AgNO,
AgNO3 → —›Ag 1 + NaNO
AgCl aN 3
(d) BaCl22++ HH2SO4
2
S 4+
SO4 → BaSO + HCll
7. Write the balanced che chemical 1eequations
uatio for the following
owing reactions.
(a) Calcium hydroxide ’de++ Carbon dioxide e → Calcium carbonate+
carbonate + Water
(b) Zinc+ Sil nitrate
Zinc + Silver ate → Z’ Zinc nitrae
nitrate++ Silver
(c) Aluminiu
Aluminium + Copper opper ch d → Aluminium chloride
chloride chloride++ Copper
(d) Barium chloride
chloride++ Potassium
ssi sulphate → Barium sulphate++ Potassium chloride
8. Write the balanced chemical
chemic equation forthe for the following and
and identify the
the type of
of
reaction in each ca case.
(a) Potassiu ro
Potassium bromide(aq) (aq)++ Barium iodide(aq) → —› Potassium iodide(aq)+
iodide(aq) +
Barium bromide(s)
(b) Zin
Zincc carbonate(s)
ate(s) → Zinc oxide(s)+
oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
(c) HHydrogen(g)
ro en(g) + + Chlorine(g) → Hydrogen chloride(g)
(d) nesium(s) +
Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) → Magnesium chloride(aq)+
chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
9. Wha oes one
What does one mean byexothermic
by exothermic and and endothermic reactions? Give examples.
10.
10. Why
Why isrespiration
is respiration considered an an exothermic reaction? Explain.
11. Why
11. Why are decomposition reactions called the
the opposite of
of combination reactions?
Write equations forthese
for these reactions.

and Equations
Chemical Reactions and 15

2024-25
 12. Write one
12. one equation each fordecomposition
for decomposition reactions where energy issupplied
is supplied in
the form of
ofheat,
heat, light or electricity.
electricity.
13. What is
13. is the
the difference between displacement and and double displacement reactions?
Write equations forthese
for these reactions.
reactions.
14. In the
14. the refining of silver, the
the recovery of
of silver from silver nitrate solution involved
displacement byby copper metal. Write down thereaction
the reaction involved.
15. What do
15. doyoumean
you mean bya
by a precipitation reaction? Explain by by giving examples.
16. Explain the following in terms ofgain
16. of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each.
(a) Oxidation
(b) Reduction
17. AA shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on
17. on heating in airairbecomes
becomes black in colour.
Name the
the element ‘X’ and
and the
the black coloured compound formed.
18. Why
18. do we
Why do we apply paint onon iron articles?
19. Oil and
19. and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen.
nitrogen. Why?
20. Explain the following terms with one example each.
20.
(a) Corrosion
(b) Rancidity

Group Activity
Perform the following activity.
•n Take four beakers and and label them as A, , B,C
B, C and D.
•n Put 25 mL
Put 25 mL ofofwater
water inA,
in A,BB and C beakers
akers and copper
p sulphate solution in beaker D.
•n Measure and record the tern ature of
temperature c liquid
of each idcontained
contained inthe
in the beakers above.
•n Add two
Add two spatulas o ssium sulphat,
of potassium sulphate, ammonium onium nitrate, anhydrous copper
sulphate and
and fine iron fillings
lings to beakers
ers A,
A, B,C
B, C and
and DD respectively and
and stir.
• n Finally measure an ecord t t ature ofeach ofthemixture
and record the temperature of each of the mixture above.
Find out
outwhich
which reactions are ex e
exothermic’c and
and which ones areendothermic
are endothermic innature.
in nature.

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