The document discusses the dual nature of light as both a wave and a particle, detailing its properties such as reflection, refraction, transmission, and absorption. It explains key concepts like Snell's Law, diffraction, and dispersion, along with the behavior of light in different media. Additionally, it provides problems and solutions related to the index of refraction and critical angles.
The document discusses the dual nature of light as both a wave and a particle, detailing its properties such as reflection, refraction, transmission, and absorption. It explains key concepts like Snell's Law, diffraction, and dispersion, along with the behavior of light in different media. Additionally, it provides problems and solutions related to the index of refraction and critical angles.
The document discusses the dual nature of light as both a wave and a particle, detailing its properties such as reflection, refraction, transmission, and absorption. It explains key concepts like Snell's Law, diffraction, and dispersion, along with the behavior of light in different media. Additionally, it provides problems and solutions related to the index of refraction and critical angles.
The document discusses the dual nature of light as both a wave and a particle, detailing its properties such as reflection, refraction, transmission, and absorption. It explains key concepts like Snell's Law, diffraction, and dispersion, along with the behavior of light in different media. Additionally, it provides problems and solutions related to the index of refraction and critical angles.
(OPTICS) Engr. Christian Keith Aldovino Is Light a wave of a particle? • Light has the properties of a wave and a particle. • The word “wavelength” is used to express the wave or undulating property of light. It is the distance that light travels in one oscillation and is often expressed using a unit called "nanometer". • Light also has the property of a particle. The intensity of the light varies depending on the number of particles. Bright light has many particles while dark light has fewer particles. These particles of light are called “photons” LIGHT WAVES • Light is a transverse, electromagnetic wave that can be seen by the typical human. The wave nature of light was first illustrated through experiments on diffraction and interference. Like all electromagnetic waves, light can travel through a vacuum.
• Light is just one part of the electromagnetic spectrum,
that human eyes can see. But Light Waves define all the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum. LIGHT WAVES • Physicist usually use the term “light waves” to mean the same thing as electromagnetic waves.
• Electromagnetic waves are waves made of oscillating
magnetic and electric fields, and include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays. LIGHT WAVES • Light Wave is a form of an electromagnetic wave that is propagated perpendicular to the source of energy.
• They travel in straight path.
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT • There are several properties of light, and they are as follows:
1. Reflection 2. Refraction 3. Transmission 4. Absorption REFLECTION • occurs when the waves encounter a surface or other boundary that does not absorb the energy of the radiation and bounces the waves away from the surface.
• An image formed on a plane mirror is virtual, upright
and reversed (or laterally inverted). REFLECTION REFLECTION • Incident Ray – light striking the plane mirror. • Angle of Incidence – angle formed by the incident ray. • Normal Vector – an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface of the plane. • Reflected Rays – formed when light strikes the surface of an object. REFLECTION • Reflected ray and incident ray both have common reference point (the normal); follows the Law of Reflection.
• LAW OF REFLECTION – angle of incidence is equal to
the angle of reflection. REFRACTION • It is the bending of light as it passes through different media or materials with different densities. It happens because light waves change their speed as they travel from one medium to another. REFRACTION • Virtual/Appearance Image – image that appears in a different location that its actual location. • Refractive Index – relative quantification of how a medium propagates a specific wavelength of light. REFRACTION What causes refraction?
• Index of Refraction – ratio of the speed of light in a
vacuum and the speed of light in the material. REFRACTION • Newtonian Physics – there is no speed greater than the speed of light; thus, the indices of refraction of different materials are always greater than 1.
• Newtonian physics, also called Newtonian or classical
mechanics, is the description of mechanical events— those that involve forces acting on matter—using the laws of motion and gravitation formulated in the late seventeenth century by English physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) TRANSMISSION • It refers to the process where light passes though an object or medium without being absorbed. Thus, any portion of light that is not absorbed by an object is said to be transmitted.
• Transmittance (T) – ratio between the absorbed light
(I) and the incident light (Io). It is unitless and is used as a relative comparison of how efficient a medium is in transmitting light. TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION • Transmission of solar light in a tinted glass ABSORPTION • Occurs as light passes through a medium with the same natural frequency. As light travels through a medium, a portion of it is absorbed. FORMULAS Snell’s Law Formula: Frequency of Light
Speed of Light in a Material: Wavelength of Light
𝝀𝟐 𝒏𝟏 = 𝝀𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝝀𝟎 𝝀𝒏 = 𝒏 PROBLEMS: The speed of light in ice is 2.3 x 108 m/s. What is the index of refraction of ice?
Ans. 1.3043 PROBLEMS: A certain light ray has a wavelength of 400nm in glass. What is the wavelength of this light in diamond?
Ans. 250nm DIFFRACTION • Huygen’s Principle “Every point of an advancing wavefront is a new center of disturbance from which emanate independent waves in all directions.” DIFFRACTION • When wave of light pass through a small opening in a barrier and as a result radiate out in all directions on the other side, we call this diffraction. This is a result of Huygen’s Principle. Every part of the wavefront is blocked by the material, so the part that can spread out is not interfered with as it spreads. DIFFRACTION DISPERSION • When white light is passed through a glass prism it splits into its spectrum of colours (in order violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red) and this process of white light splitting into its constituent colours is termed as dispersion.
• This happens because the index of refraction of water,
and most of other materials, is a function of wavelength. DISPERSION TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION • Total internal reflection occurs for any incident angle greater than the critical angle θc, and it can only occur when the second medium has an index of refraction less than the first. PROBLEMS: Calculate the critical angle between glass and water.
Ans. 62.4573º PROBLEMS: The critical angle for the interface between a solid and air is 40 degrees. What is the index of refraction of this solid?
Ans. 1.5557 PROBLEMS: The critical angle between a material and air is 41.8 degrees. What is the index of refraction?
Ans. 1.5003 PROBLEMS: A light ray strikes a diamond air interface at 20 degrees. The index of refraction of diamond is 2.4. (a) Will total internal reflection occur? (b) What if the angle of incidence is increased to 35 degrees?
