WRITING

TASK 1,2 (VOL 3)

Giới thiệu
Mind-map IELTS Writing task 1,2 là ấn phẩm được đội ngũ chuyên gia luyện thi
IELTS tại hệ thống Trung Tâm Anh Ngữ WISE English biên soạn với mục đích giúp
người học nắm được một cách bao quát về toàn bộ lượng kiến thức CẦN PHẢI CÓ
về kĩ năng IELTS Writing. Đồng thời, tài liệu cũng cung cấp nhiều phương án để luyện
tập hoặc ôn lại trực tiếp thông qua Mind-map. Nội dung chính của sách là toàn bộ
lượng kiến thức được minh hoạ dưới dạng các Mind-map bao gồm:

 Các ví dụ mẫu theo từng chủ đề

 Các công thức/cấu trúc câu thường gặp
 Các chiến thuật/công thức làm bài IELTS Writing
 Các dạng bài thường gặp theo thừng chủ đề và ví dụ

Mind-map IELTS Writing task 1,2 là sản phẩm trí tuệ của đội ngũ chuyên gia luyện
thi IELTS tại hệ thống Trung Tâm Anh Ngữ WISE English. Các hành vi sao chép dưới
mọi hình thức mà không có sự đồng ý bằng văn bản từ phía hệ thống Trung Tâm
Anh Ngữ WISE English đều là những hành vi vi phạm bản quyền và luật sở hữu trí
tuệ.

1
Hướng dẫn sử dụng sách
Để sử dụng tài liệu đạt hiệu quả cao nhất, người đọc nên tuân theo các bước sau:

Bước 1: Đọc kĩ phần tổng quan

(task 1) hoặc chiến lược/công
thức (task 2) để nắm nội dung
tổng thể

Bước 2: Đọc các ví dụ theo

từng chủ đề (task 1) hoặc cấu
trúc câu (task 2) để nắm được
các phương pháp viết bài

Bước 3: Tìm các bài mẫu có

chủ đề tương tự và áp dụng
những nội dung vừa học

2
 Background statement :
It is true that … / It is commonly observed that … /
Some people argue
that… (paraphrase the topic)

In my opinion, I strongly believe Thesis statement:

that this is a positive / negative mention only positive side or O ne-sided opinio n
development. negative side

Example: It is commonly observed that the youth of today admire and follow celebrities like media and Examp le: Nowadays, young people are admiring media and sports stars,
sports stars despite them not acting as good role models (Background statement). In my opinion, I strongly even though they do not set a good example. Do you think this is a positive
believe that this is a negative development (Thesis statement). or negative development?

Background statement :
It is true that … / It is commonly observed that … /
Some people argue
that… (paraphrase the topic)

In my opinion,… (this trend) could Thesis statement: Balanced opinion

have both positive and negative mention both positive and negative
consequences in equal measure. sides and state that they are in
equal measure PO SIT IVE / NEGA TIVE ESSA Y

Example: In recent years, it has become far more normal for people to live alone,
particularly in large cities in the developed world (Background statement). In my Example: In some countries, many more people are choosing to live
opinion, this trend could have both positive and negative consequences in equal alone nowadays than in the past. Do you think this is a positive or
measure (Thesis statement). negative development?

Do not write a very long background statement. It

does not help your score and wastes valuable time

a person who someone admires

Example: We need positive role models for
and whose behavior they try to role model (n)
young women to aspire to.
copy.

Try to write your background statement as one

Example: Criminals show a propensity for the fact that someone is likely to behave in a complex sentence. To do that, use a clause and
show a propensity for (expression) correct linking words.
behaving violently. particular way.

Example: The poem conveys his deep reverence a feeling of respect or admiration for someone or
reverence (n)
for nature. something.
T ip s fo r writing backgro und statements:

Useful o cabulary Do not paraphrase unless you are 100% sure your
word is perfect. Not all words can be changed in
English. Be selective when you paraphrase.
Example: We are not going to sugarcoat facts for to make something seem more positive or pleasant
sugarcoat (v)
partisan gain. than it really is.

Do not aim to impress – aim for accuracy instead.

Example: They hope to emulate the success of try to do something as well as somebody else
emulate (v)
other software companies. because you admire them.

Intro ductio n • Background statements.

Body paragraph 1: On the one hand, emulating famous entertainment stars might spark ( 2 - 3 sentences ) • Thesis statements.
changing patterns of fashion and behavior among young adults who are not mature enough to
judge what is suitable within their society (Sub-idea 1). As matter of fact, they show a
propensity for copying what those stars say or do on TV, even if their actions go against the
cultural value of some localities (Supporting statement - Fact). Regarding fashion, the way Bo dy paragraph 1 • Opening sentence 1.
Dam Vinh Hung, who is a renowned Vietnamese singer, dresses would be the onset of a ( 5 - 6 sentences ) • Sub-ideas and supporting statements.
modern yet rather unacceptable trend of fashion (Sub-idea 2). Unfortunately, the young have
yet to understand the long-term shortcomings of such a trend to traditional way of dressing C ON TEN T
which values the beauty and elegance of clothes such as the Ao Dai (Supporting statement –
Reason & Result)
Bo dy paragraph 2 • Opening sentence 2.
( 5 - 6 sentences ) • Sub-ideas and supporting statements.

N owad ays young people are admiring media

and sports stars, even tho ugh they d o not set a
good example. Do you think this is a positive or C onclusion
negative d evelopment? • Reaffirm the answer.
( 1 - 2 sentences )

Body paragraph 2: On the second hand, such reverence for celebrities in the field of
entertainment would possibly cause a detriment to social security under certain
circumstances (Sub-idea 1). A typical example of this is the chaos during and after
Korean singers and musical bands’ show in Vietnam a few years ago when the crowd of
fans went uncontrollable, which caused irritation for the locals and also danger to the fans The function of this statement is to present the
themselves (Supporting statement – Example). Furthermore, it would be really challenging Background statements – A paraphrase of the issues in the essay question. You do this by
for authorities to maintain security (Sub-idea 2). If their idols were criticized due to their essay question paraphrasing the question. This means you rewrite
scandals, they would try to sugarcoat the situation or even trigger arguments (Supporting the essay question in your own way.
statement – Hypothesis).
OPIN ION ESSA Y

IN TRO DUC TION

The second and final statement is the thesis

statement. This is your answer / your opinion. It
Thesis statement – Your position or main provides the reader with a clear answer to the task.
points. Your body paragraphs will then explain your
answer by presenting ideas which are developed
and supported.

Example: Advertising is a form of commercial

you give an explanation of the meaning of a word or communication that tells us what is most suitable
D efinition
phrase for our needs

Example: The reason is that advertisements on

TV and in supermarkets are the way to give us
Reason & R esult you give a reason for the sub-idea and a result that information about the product we are going to buy.
it leads to Therefore, we will know the product better and
make wiser decisions.

Example: For example, whenever I want to buy

you give an example that helps reinforce the any electric devices, I have to check their adverts
Example to know the choices I have before making any
sub-idea
purchases.

To support for
Background statement : BOD Y
SUB-ID EA
It is true that … / It is commonly observed that … /
Some people argue Example: In the past, we could not know anything
that… (paraphrase the topic) about what we were going to buy and ere more
you give a comparison to make a contrast that likely to make bad decisions. Meanwhile, in the
Co mparison
highlights the sub-idea modern world of advertising, we are able to know
exactly what we need to buy before going to
Personally / In my opinion, I completely disagree shopping malls or supermarkets.
Thesis statement:
with the idea that … Totally disagree with the view of the topic

Example: Unless we have advertising to keep us

Personally / In my opinion, I completely agree Thesis statement: Totally agree with the view One-sided op inion you give a hypothesis to highlights the importance
Hy pothesis well-informed, we will be more likely to buy things
with the idea that … of the topic of the sub-idea
we do not really need.

Example: In fact, we can see all kinds of adverts,

from flyers to banners, in every shopping mall and
Fact you give a fact to provide evidence for the sub-idea
supermarket to give us information about the
Example: In recent years, extreme sports have become increasingly popular, and some people argue that governments should prohibit Example: Extreme sports such as sky diving and products that are being sold.
them (Background statement). Personally, I completely disagree with the idea that these sports are too dangerous, and I therefore believe skiing are very dangerous and should be banned.
that they should not be banned (Thesis statement). To what extent do you agree or disagree with this
view?

Background statement :
It is true that … / It is commonly observed that … /
Some people argue
that… (paraphrase the topic)

Balanced o pinion

While it may be true that …, I disagree with the Thesis statement:

idea that … While I agree that …, I believe that … Partly agree with the view of the topic and mention
why you disagree with the view

A GREE / DISAG REE ESSAY

Examp le: Some people argue that we no longer remember the original meaning of festivals,
and that most of us treat them as opportunities to have fun (Background statement). While I Example: Most people have forgotten the meaning behind traditional or religious
agree that enjoyment seems to be the priority during festival times, I do not agree that people festivals; during festival periods, people nowadays only want to enjoy themselves.
have forgotten what these festivals mean (Thesis statement). To what extend do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Example: Her confidence has been slowly eroded to gradually destroy something or make it weaker
erode (v.)
by repeated failures. over a period of time

Example: The wide disparity between rich and a difference, especially one connected with unfair
poor was highlighted. disparity (n.)
treatment

Example: When the baby was born, I became the a person who supports their family with the money
sole breadwinner. they earn breadwinner(n.)

Useful vo cabulary

Examp le: This part of the law is only applicable to

that can be said to be true in the case of something. applicable(adj.)
companies employing more than five people

Example: It's considered good manners in some behavior that is considered to be polite in a
manner (n.)
societies to leave a little food on your plate. particular society or culture.

Body paragraph 1: On the one hand, many of the ideas that elderly people have
about life are becoming less relevant for younger people (Topic sentence). In the
past, people were advised to learn a profession and find a secure job for life, but
today’s workers expect much more variety and diversity from their careers
(Sub-idea 1 - C omparison). At the same time, the ‘rules’ around relationships are
being eroded as young adults make their own choices about who and when to marry
(Sub-idea 2). But perhaps the greatest disparity between the generations can be seen
in their attitudes towards gender roles (Sub-idea 3). The traditional roles of men and
women, as breadwinners and housewives, are no longer accepted as necessary or
appropriate by most younger people (Supporting sentence - Fact).

The older generations tend to have v ery

traditional id eas about how people sho uld liv e,
think and behave. However, so me people
believe that these ideas are no t helpful in
preparing younger generatio ns for modern life.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with
this view?
Body paragraph 2: On the other hand, some traditional views and values are certainly
applicable to the modern world (Topic sentence). For example, older generations
attach great importance to working hard, doing one’s best, and taking pride in one’s
work, and these behaviors can surely benefit young people as they enter today’s
competitive job market (Sub-idea 1). Other characteristics that are perhaps seen as
traditional are politeness and good manners (Sub-idea 2). In our globalized world,
young adults can expect to come into contact with people from a huge variety of
backgrounds, and it is more important than ever to treat others with respect
(Supporting sentence - Fact). Finally, I believe that young people would lead happier
lives if they had a more ‘old-fashioned’ sense of community and neighborliness
(Sub-idea 3).

3
 Topic sentence.

BODY

Sub-ideas and supporting sentences.

On the one hand, it can be said that ... has some

noteworthy positive / negative effects. On the one Topic
hand, there are some major benefits / drawbacks of sentence

Body 1

• In my opinion, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific

examples).
• Besides, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific
examples). Sub-ideas and supporting sentences
• Furthermore, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific
examples). Background statements

INTRODUCTION

Thesis statement
Despite the benefits / drawbacks mentioned above,
several drawbacks / benefits do exist. However, /
On the other hand, .... not completely beneficial / Topic
detrimental, there are several negative / positive sentence
aspects that should be taken into consideration.
It is thought by some people that …/ It is commonly
Background statement observed that … /
Some people argue that… (paraphrase the topic)

Body 2

• Firstly, … + explanation or supporting statements (specific

examples). BODY ADVANTAGES (BENEFITS) /
• Secondly, …+ explanation or supporting statements DISADVANTAGES (DRAWBACKS) ESSAY INTRODUCTION ADVANTAGES
(specific examples). Sub-ideasandsupportingsentences (BENEFITS) / DISADVANTAGES ... would bring a lot of benefits / advantages but
• Finally, …+ explanation or supporting statements (specific (DRAWBACKS) ESSAY there will also be some drawbacks / disadvantages.
Thesis statement This essay will discuss the benefits / advantages
examples).
and drawbacks disadvantages of … (this trend)

Body paragraph 1: There are several advantages of

speaking the same language (Topic sentence). One Example: The development of tourism contributed to Example: it is thought by some people that English, which is now the
evident benefit to having one global language is that English becoming the most prominent language in the most widely spoken language in the world, may one day predominate
it would enable greater understanding between world. Some people think this will lead to English over all other languages and result in their eventual disappearance
countries (Sub-idea 1). In other words, if everyone becoming the only language to be spoken globally. What (Background statement). Having one language would certainly bring a
spoke one language, there would be complete are the advantages and disadvantages of having one lot of benefits but there will also be some drawbacks (Thesis
understanding between not only countries but all language in the world? statement).
people throughout the world which would promote
learning, the flow of information and ideas
(Supporting sentence). Another reason that one
language would be advantageous is that it would
help economic growth (Subidea 2). With all people
speaking the same language, there would be fewer
barriers and therefore trade would flourish between
countries, resulting in a healthier world economy It is thought by some people that …/ It is commonly
(Supporting sentence). Background statement observed that … /
Some people argue that… (paraphrase the topic)

The development of tourism contributed to English DISCUSSION ESSAY

becoming the most prominent language in the world. INTRODUCTION
Some people think this will lead to English 'DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS’
becoming the only language to be spoken globally.
ESSAY While … (view 1), there are also some reasons …
What are the advantages and disadvantages of
Thesis statement (view 2) This essay will discuss both views …
having one language in the world?

Body paragraph 2: On the other hand, there are

obvious disadvantages to having only one global
language (Topic sentence). Firstly, it would mean
that all other languages would eventually disappear
and, along with them, their cultures (Sub-idea 1).
The diversity of cultures is one of the joys this Example: It is argued that some essential measures should be
world has to offer. Each culture is unique with its Example: Some people think that there should be applied to control noise (Background statement). While some
own way of life and own perspectives of the world some strict controls about noise. Others think that individuals say that they have the freedom to make noise as they
which would all be lost if there were only one they could just make as much noise as they want. like, there are also some reasons why it would be better to reduce
language (Supporting sentence). Secondly, it would Discuss both views. noise (Thesis statement)
result in the collapse of tourism because there
would be no reason to travel for pleasure and
interest if all countries had the same language and
similar cultures (Sub-idea 2). This would devastate
many countries economically that rely on tourism
as a source of income (Supporting sentence)

Before embarking on college many young people are advised that a year working or travelling may be a good option. This essay will suggest that experience gained
and money saved are the biggest advantages of this, but delaying careers and reducing motivation to study are the primary disadvantages.
On the one hand, there are some benefits that a gap year brings. For students who have just finished secondary school, working or travelling for a year will allow
them to learn what life is like outside of the education system. Also, third level education is very expensive and a lot of students decide to work for 12 months and
save up money before they begin their studies. The Times recently reported that the average student at a UK university requires over $12,000 per annum just to
survive and many drop out because they cannot afford to stay.
Despite the benefits mentioned above, several drawbacks do exist. Firstly, students lose a year that could have been used to advance their future careers and they
often get used to working and traveling and do not want to return to a life of study. As job markets are very competitive, an extra year of experience can make a
massive difference when applying for jobs, and those who took a gap year are at a disadvantage. Moreover, some decide to bypass university altogether and go
straight into a job that is beneath their capabilities or may not offer the same prospects their future career might have done. For instance, a recent survey by the
British Government found that 26% of students who take a gap-year never enter tertiary education.
In conclusion, while taking a break from studies can be beneficial if it allows people to accumulate savings or learn more about the world, it can be detrimental for
students in delaying the start of their careers and leading to disillusionment with education.

Topic
On the one hand, … (view 1)
sentence

to start a new project or activity, usually one that The new government embarked on an energetic
In some countries, young people are encouraged to embark on (v.)
will be difficult and will take time. legislative programme.
Advantages (benefits) / disadvantages work or travel for a year between finishing high
Body 1 (drawbacks) essay school and starting university studies. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages for young people
• In my opinion, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific who decide to do this.
examples). bypass (v.) to ignore a rule or They bypassed the committee and went straight to
• Besides, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific official authority. senior management.
examples). Sub-ideas and supporting sentences
• Furthermore, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific
examples). Useful vocabulary
education at college or university level. More than 60% of American high school graduates
tertiary education (n.)
start some form of tertiary education.

Topic While the deficit was allowed to accumulate,

On the other hand, … (view 2) to gradually increase in amount.
sentence accumulate (v.) nothing was done to address the problem.

a feeling of being disappointed and unhappy

Body 2 There is increasing disillusionment with the
disillusionment (n.) because of discovering the truth about something or government.
someone that you liked or respected.
• Firstly, … + explanation or supporting statements (specific
examples).
• Secondly, …+ explanation or supporting statements Sub-ideas and supporting
(specific examples). sentences
• Finally, …+ explanation or supporting statements (specific
examples).
BODY DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS ESSAY

Body paragraph 1: On the one hand, the option to

start work straight after school is attractive for
several reasons (Topic sentence). Many young
people want to start earning money as soon as
possible (Subidea 1). In this way, they can become
independent, and they will be able to afford their
own house or start a family (Supporting sentence). It is often held that teachers, peers and the media have a significant influence on the life of children. While some people argue that these factors
In terms of their career, young people who decide are predominant in shaping a child's future, others believe that parents impact their offspring in more critical ways. This essay will discuss both
to find work, rather than continue their studies, may these points of view.
progress more quickly. (Subidea 2). They will have In my opinion, the books children read and the music they listen to form their belief system. In other words, children tend to copy the behavior of
the chance to gain real experience and learn their favorite personality or fictional character. Moreover, when little ones work and play in groups, they are influenced by their peers. Finally,
practical skills related to their chosen profession. other factors, like the media, prompt children to want things regarded as fashionable. For instance, children demand toys that they see on
This may lead to promotions and a successful television.
career. (Supporting sentence). On the other hand, parents also play an important role in the development of their children. Firstly, children’s personality is malleable at a very
young age and they love to imitate their parents who are always present in their life at this stage. For example, children who come from a
dysfunctional family often exhibit behavioral problems at school. An emotionally secure environment at home is critical for the child's
The development of tourism contributed to English confidence. Moreover, parents also teach children about setting boundaries. Boundaries are important for children’s mental health. Moreover,
becoming the most prominent language in the world. boundaries support adolescents’ ability to form positive relationships which are the key to happiness and self-acceptance.
In conclusion, there are convincing arguments for the outside world being the most significant factor in the intellectual and social development of
Some people think this will lead to English
becoming the only language to be spoken globally. children, but parents are also important people who set the stage for these developments by laying a strong foundation from a very young age
What are the advantages and disadvantages of
having one language in the world?
Body paragraph 2: On the other hand, it is also
understandable that many students choose to
continue their studies (Topic sentence). Firstly,
academic qualifications are required in many It is commonly believed that nowadays main factors
professions (Sub-idea 1). For example, it is that affect a child's development are media, pop
impossible to become a doctor, teacher or lawyer ‘Discuss both views’ essay culture and friends. A different point of view is that
without having the relevant degree. As a result, family plays the most significant role. Discuss both
university graduates have access to more and better views.
job opportunities, and they tend to earn higher
salaries than those with fewer qualifications
(Supporting sentence). Secondly, the job market is
becoming increasingly competitive, and sometimes being the most noticeable or largest in number, or Women have a predominant role as health care
there are hundreds of applicants for one position in predominant (adj.) having the most power or influence professionals.
a company (Sub-idea 2). Young people who do not
have qualifications from a university or college
may not be able to compete (Supporting sentence). a person who is the same age or has the same
It is sometimes believed that teenage girls are less
peer (n.) social position or the same abilities as other
selfconfident than their male peers.
people in a group

Useful vocabulary Europe saw its colonies as a source of raw material

malleable (adj.) easily influenced, trained, or controlled
and a malleable workforce.

The city’s dysfunctional railway system needs a

dysfunctional(adj.) not working normally or properly.
total overhaul to regain proper functions.
Sample conclusion: In conclusion, while a single The development of tourism contributed to English
universal language is definitely beneficial for every becoming the most prominent language in the world.
Some people think this will lead to English In conclusion, while … beneficial for … , … ADVANTAGES (BENEFITS) /
country and improves the relationship among them, The three novels exhibit a growing confidence in
becoming the only language to be spoken globally. detrimental for … DISADVANTAGES (DRAWBACKS) ESSAY
it is also detrimental for the local language and exhibit (v.) to show something, especially a quality
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the author's use of language.
damages the local culture in future
having one language in the world?

CONCLUSION

Sample conclusion: In conclusion, there are Some people believe that studying at university or
convincing arguments for starting work straight after college is the best route to a successful career, In conclusion, there are convincing arguments for … (view 1), but …
DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS’ ESSAY
school, but higher education can also lead to a while others believe that it is better to get a job (view 2)
successful career straight after school. Discuss both views

4
 Topic sentence used when you support one view
On the one hand, … (there are some benefits /
over the other view
drawbacks of …)

Topic sentence used when you support both views

On the one hand, … (view 1)

Body 1

• In my opinion, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific

examples).
• Besides, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific Sub-ideas and supporting sentences
examples).
• Furthermore, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific
examples). Background statements

INTRODUCT ION

Thesis statement

However, I would argue that these benefits Topic It is thought by some people that …/ It is commonly
(advantages) / drawbacks (disadvantages) are sentence Background statement observed that … /
outweighed by the drawbacks / benefits. Some people argue that… (paraphrase the topic)

Body 2 While I recognize the benefits / drawbacks of …, I

believe that they are more likely to have a harmful /
beneficial impact.
• Firstly, … + explanation or supporting statements (specific BO DY ‘O UTWEIG H’ ESSAY INT RO DUC TIO N ‘OUT WEIGH’ ESSAY
examples).
• Secondly, …+ explanation or supporting statements Thesis statement
Sub-ideas and supporting sentences
(specific examples).
• Finally, …+ explanation or supporting statements (specific While I accept that …, I would argue that there are
examples). more disadvantages (drawbacks) / advantages
(benefits) than advantages / disadvantages

Example: Some people regard video games as harmless

Example: It is true that many people and children in particular, enjoy
fun, or even as a useful educational tool. Others, however,
playing computer games (Background statement). While I recognize the
Body paragraph 1 – The aspect that is less significant (In this case, the aspect that is less believe that video games are having an adverse effect on
benefits of these games, I believe that they are more likely to have a
significant is the benefits). On the one hand, video games can be both entertaining and the people who play them. In your opinion, do the
harmful effect on the user (Thesis statement).
educational (Topic sentence). In my opinion, video games encourage imagination and creativity drawbacks of video games outweigh the benefits?
within us (Sub-idea 1). Users, or gamers, are transported into virtual worlds which are often more
exciting and engaging than real-life pastimes and which has a lot of creative contents and
beautiful sceneries made by talented people that deeply interest them (Supporting sentence).
Besides, online games can also help enable logical thinking and problem solving, all of which are
useful skills outside the gaming context. (Sub-idea 2). For example, it has been shown that People’s opinions differ as to whether …
computer simulation games can improve users’ motor skills and help to prepare them for (paraphrase the topic)
realworlds tasks, such as flying a plane (Supporting sentence). Background statement
People have different views about … (paraphrase
the topic)

IN TRODUCT ION
Some people regard video games as harmless fun, ‘DISC USS BO TH VIEWS
Example: People have different views about the
or even as a useful educational tool. Others, & GIVE YOUR O PINIO N’ While some argue that … (the view that you don’t Example: Some people believe that school children
setting of homework (Background statement). While
however, believe that video games are having an ESSAY support), I still believe that … (the view that you should not be given homework by their teachers,
Support one view over the other view some argue that children should not be given
adverse effect on the people who play them. In your support). whereas others argue that homework plays an
homework after school, I still believe that it is a
opinion, do the drawbacks of video games outweigh important role in the education of children.
necessary aspect of education (Thesis statement).
the benefits?

Body paragraph 2 – The aspect that is more significant (In this case, the aspect that is more Thesis statement
significant is the drawbacks). However, I would argue that these benefits are outweighed by
the drawbacks (Topic sentence). Firstly, gaming can be highly addictive because users are DISCUSSION & O PINIO N ESSA Y Example: Some people think that museums should Example: People have different views about the role and
constantly given scores, new targets and frequent rewards to keep them playing (Sub-idea 1).
be enjoyable places to entertain people, while function of museums (Background statement) . In my
This type of addiction can have effects on problems at school, when homework is sacrificed In my opinion, … can be both …
Support both views others believe that the purpose of museums is to opinion, museums can and should be both entertaining and
for a few more hours on the computer or console (Supporting sentence). Secondly, playing
educate. Discuss both views and give your own educational (Thesis statement).
online games constantly may lead to unhealthy lifestyle and medical problems (Sub-idea 2).
opinion.
In recent years, the rise in obesity has been linked in part to the sedentary lifestyle and lack
of exercise that often accompany gaming addiction. (Supporting sentence).

Topic sentence.

BOD Y

Sub-ideas and supporting sentences.

There are several reasons why people believe that

Topic
…
sentence
(the view that you do not support)

Body 1

• Firstly, … + explanation or supporting statements (specific It is true that many children now spend much of their spare time playing with the latest technological devices. Despite some obvious
examples). disadvantages of this trend, I would argue that there are far more benefits.
• Secondly, …+ explanation or supporting statements (specific Sub-ideas and supporting sentences On the one hand, there are two major drawbacks when children devote much of their free time to playing electronic games or using the Internet.
examples). As entertaining programs and apps are extremely attractive, children are more likely to be engrossed in those pastimes and spend less time on
• Finally, …+ explanation or supporting statements (specific physical and outdoor activities. A sedentary lifestyle, as a consequence, is gradually developed, making children vulnerable to obesity, diabetes
examples). and cardiovascular diseases. Secondly, spending too much time on their computers or mobile phones may lead to other health problems for some
youngsters. If they keep their eyes glued to screens for hours on end, they may suffer from eye-strain. Waves from hi-fi devices also tend to
cause headaches if used for too long.
However, I would argue that these drawbacks are outweighed by the benefits. One reason for this view is that new technologies encourage
children to use their free time to broaden their knowledge, which is possible in fun ways through interactive software. My young nephew, for
example, spends hours on the Internet learning about dinosaurs. Another reason is that the Internet gives youngsters countless opportunities to
In spite of the above arguments, I support the view Topic sentence used when you support one view over the
discover friends with the same interests in any part of the world, using chat rooms and social networks such as Facebook. Consequently, new
that … (the view that you support) other view
technologies both promote the habit of self-study and encourage young people to develop a wide circle of virtual friends.
In conclusion, it seems to me that the potential benefits of this modern trend are more significant than the possible harm

BODY ‘D ISCUSS BOTH VIEWS & GIVE New technologies have changed the way children
Y OUR O PINIO N’ ESSA Y ‘Outweigh’ essay spend their free time. Do the advantages outweigh
the disadvantages?
On the other hand, … (view 2) Topic sentence used when you support both views Body 2

Example: Much of the country seems to be

be engrossed in (v.) giving all your attention to something engrossed in the process as the media spoon-feeds
them breaking news sound-bites.
• In my opinion, …+ explanation or supporting sentences
(specific examples).
• Besides, …+ explanation or supporting sentences (specific Sub-ideas and supporting sentences Example: Security guards have to keep their eyes
examples). keep one’s eyes glued to screen (phrase) look at screens in a very concentrated way for a long time glued to screens of security cameras to look for
• Furthermore, …+ explanation or supporting sentences Useful vocabulary criminals entering the building
(specific examples).

Example: As she likes to listen to music, her home

hi-fi (=high fidelity) device (n.) equipment which plays recorded music
has some expensive hi-fi devices

Example: In order to tackle the problem to reduce

increase and make wider the/one’s knowledge of
broaden the/one’s knowledge (phrase) the number of trespasser fatalities, it is important to
Body paragraph 1 – the view that you do not support There are several reasons why people might argue something.
broaden the knowledge related to trespassing
that homework is an unnecessary burden on children. (Topic sentence). Firstly, there is evidence to
support the idea that homework does nothing to improve educational outcomes (Sub-idea 1). Countries
such as Finland, where school children are not given homework, regularly top international educational
league tables and outperform nations where setting homework is the norm (Supporting sentence).
Secondly, many parents would agree that the school day is already long enough, and leaves their children
too tired to do further study when they return home (Sub-idea 2). Finally, it is recognized that play time It is true that the question of whether to reward students with excellent academic results or those showing great improvements remains a source of
is just as beneficial as study time from the perspective of brain development (Sub-idea 3) controversy in the education field. While a number of people believe that only students achieving the highest grades deserve rewards, I would
argue that praising students who achieve improvements is much more reasonable.
On the one hand, there are a variety of reasons why awards should be given to students having excellent academic performances. Firstly, this
could create a highly competitive studying environment at school, seeing that students often desire to win prizes. As a consequence, school
Some people believe that school children should
children could be encouraged to put their effort into studying for the highest scores. Secondly, by adopting this approach, gifted students who are
not be given homework by their teachers, whereas
outstanding could be given opportunities to nurture their abilities. My secondary school, for instance, selects students with the best results for
others argue that homework plays an important role
extra classes to develop their capabilities in order to take them to national competitions.
in the education of children. Discuss both views
On the other hand, I believe that giving encouragement to those who make strides in their studies results in more favorable outcomes. The first
and give your own opinion.
benefit is that this could give equal chances for every student to receive awards, rather than only focus on the highest achievers. Instead of feeling
disappointed when competing with their top classmates, students who are recognized for their effort during semesters will feel motivated if they
are rewarded for making significant progress. Another benefit is that this form of recognition follows the holistic principle of learning, which is to
access the world of knowledge, not just to gain high scores. Consequently, several common phenomena which occur when examinations approach,
Body paragraph 2 – the view that you support In spite of the above arguments, I support the view that Some people think that schools should reward including pressure, anxiety and cheating, would be reduced.
homework has an important role to play in the schooling of children (Topic sentence). The main benefit students who show the best academic results, while In conclusion, although rewarding students with the highest scores is advantageous to some extent, it seems to me that it is better to give
of homework is that it encourages independent learning and problem solving, as children are challenged ‘Discuss both views & give your opinion’ essay others believe that it is more important to reward encouragement to those who have improved their level of academic performance.
to work through tasks alone and at their own pace. In doing so, students must apply the knowledge that students who show improvements. Discuss both
they have learnt in the classroom (Sub-idea 1). For example, by doing mathematics exercises at home, views and give your opinion.
students consolidate their understanding of the concepts taught at school (Supporting sentence). In my
view, it is important for children to develop an independent study habit because this prepares them to
work alone as adults (Sub-idea 2).

a subject of public discussion, about which people Example: The decision of the President to declare
a source of controversy (phrase)
strongly disagree war is still a source of controversy today.

a situation in which people or organizations have to Example: Graduates have to fight for jobs in a
highly competitive(adj.)
compete against each other highly competitive market.
Useful vocabulary
Example: Her music teacher recognized and
to develop their capacity to learn or do things while
nurture one’s abilities (phrase) nurtured her abilities, and as a result she became a
they are growing
famous pianist

the students who have the most success and the Example: The highest achievers in my secondary
the highest achievers (n.)
highest marks school all went to university when they left.

Some people regard video games as harmless fun, or even as a useful In conclusion, it seems to me that the potential harm
Example: In conclusion, it seems to me that the potential dangers of video
games are more significant than the possible benefits. educational tool. Others, however, believe that video games are having an (drawbacks, disadvantages) / benefits (advantages)
adverse effect on the people who play them. In your opinion, do the
of … are more significant than the possible benefits ‘OUTWEIGH’ ESSAY
drawbacks of video games outweigh the benefits?
/ harm.

Example: In conclusion, there are convincing arguments for starting work Some people believe that school children should not be given homework by
C ONC LUSION
straight after school, but higher education can also lead to a successful their teachers, whereas others argue that homework plays an important role In conclusion, it seems to me that … (repeat the Used when you support one view over the other view.
career. in the education of children. Discuss both views and give your own opinion idea that you support)

‘DISCUSS BOTH VIEWS & GIVE YOUR

OPINION’ ESSAY

In conclusion, it seems to me that … (repeat both

Example: In conclusion, it seems to me that a good museum should be able to Some people think that museums should be enjoyable places to entertain views)
offer an interesting, enjoyable and educational experience so that people can people, while others believe that the purpose of museums is to educate. In conclusion, it seems evident that both … (view Used when you support both views.
have fun and learn something at the same time. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
1) and … (view 2) have their own unique
advantages.

5
 Introduction • Background statements.
( 2 - 3 sentences ) • Thesis statements.

Body paragraph 1 • Opening sentence 1.

( 5 - 6 sentences ) • Sub-ideas and supporting statements.
CONTENT

Body paragraph 2 • Opening sentence 2.

( 5 - 6 sentences ) • Sub-ideas and supporting statements.

Conclusion
( 1 - 2 sentences ) • Reaffirm the answer.

The function of this statement is to present the Example: It is thought by some people that .../ It is
Background statements – A paraphrase of the issues in the essay question. You do this by commonly observed that ... / Some people argue
essay question paraphrasing the question. This means you rewrite that... / It is true that ... (paraphrase the topic)
the essay question in your own way.

Example: This essay will discuss some of the ...

Causes (reasons / drawbacks / problems) and several
Solutions measures that (governments / societies / we as
individual people) could take to ...

Example: (There could be several reasons why this

The second and final statement is the thesis Problems is the case / There are some major drawbacks /
INTRODUCTION statement. This is your answer / your opinion. It Solutions problems of ...) and in my opinion, governments /
Thesis statement – Your position or main provides the reader with a clear answer to the task. societies/ we as individual people could do much
points. Your body paragraphs will then explain your more to ...
answer by presenting ideas which are developed
and supported.

Causes Example: There seems to be several main causes

Effects involved, and a variety of effects on ... , which will
be discussed in this essay.

Example: In my opinion, ... has/have imposed

Effects (positive/negative) impacts on ..., and governments
Solutions / societies / we as individual people should take
steps to ...

Example: It is true that an increasing number of

Background statements – A paraphrase people are moving to large metropolises in the
of the essay question hope of a better future
It is true that many people think that they are no longer safe either in their own houses or when they are Example: More and more people are migrating to
in the street or other public places. Some causes for this feeling can be identified, but I believe that cities in search of a better life, but city life can be
some solutions could help to allay those fears. Introduction example extremely difficult. Explain some of the difficulties
The perception that society is unsafe and that people are at risk even at home stems from at least two of living in a city. How can governments make
important causes. Firstly, the widening gap between the rich and the poor is one of the factors behind urban life better for everyone?
the rising crime rate in many countries. In Vietnam, for example, burglary and robbery have Example: This essay will discuss some of the
become increasingly common, because some criminals turn to crime simply as a way to survive. Thesis statement – Your position or main challenges of living in urban areas and several
Secondly, everyone who uses the roads is aware of the dangers resulting from the dramatic points. measures that governments could take to improve
increase in traffic. In the past, parents allowed their children to play freely in the street, but this is People today do not feel safe either at home or when they are out. What are the causes? What are the the quality of life for all city residents
unthinkable nowadays. However, some simple measures should be implemented to deal with these root solutions? SAMPLE ANSWER
PROLBLEM AND SOLUTION ESSAY
causes of insecurity. It is necessary to provide more job training programs to help people out of poverty
and into employment. With increasing prosperity and opportunities, the need to steal from others would
be reduced and everyone would feel safer. In terms of greater security on the roads, more surveillance
cameras should be installed. These could be placed on trains and buses and also sited along major
roads, which would help to ensure that motorists obeyed speed limits and drive safely. The public
would feel much safer knowing that such cameras were in place.
In conclusion, the problem of poverty as a cause of burglary and robbery and the problem of road safety
can be tackled by effective measures, giving people a greater sense of security.

Example: The public are concerned about

increasing violence on public transport. We must
make those fears less strong allay those fears (phrase)
allay those fears by having cameras on trains and
buses.

Example: Their disagreement stemmed from a

to start or develop as the result of something stem from (v.) = result from
misunderstanding

Example: The police arrested the man for burglary

the crime of illegally entering a building and Useful vocabulary
after he broke a window, entered a house and left burglary (n.)
stealing things from it
carrying a TV and laptop.

OUTLINE
Example: It is unthinkable that Britain or France
impossible to imagine or accept unthinkable (adj.)
could again become colonial powers.

Example: Outside the bank, the security company

cameras which record actions at a place where a
installed surveillance cameras to deter any potential surveillance cameras (n.)
crime may be committed
robbers

Causes Example: There are various reasons why ...

Example: There are some main (problems /

Problems drawbacks) of ...

Topic sentence

Example: There are several effects of this problem

Effects / matter / issue on ...

Body 1 write about the causes / problems / effects

Example:
•Firstly, ... + explanation or supporting
sentences (specific examples).
Sub-ideas and supporting sentences •Secondly, ... + explanation or supporting sentences
(specific examples).
•Finally, ... + explanation or supporting
sentences (specific examples).

Example:
However, there are various steps that governments /
societies / we could take to mitigate / reduce /
Solutions solve the problems. However, some simple
measures should be implemented to deal with ...
However, there are various measures that could be
taken to mitigate / reduce / solve the problems.
Topic sentence

Example: Consequently,/ Thus,/ Hence,/ For this

Effects reason, there are some serious / significant
problems that should be concerned.

BODY

Body 2 write about the solutions / effects

Example:
•Firstly, ... + explanation or supporting
statements (specific examples).
•Secondly / A second option would be, ...+
Solutions explanation or supporting statements (specific
examples).
•A third option would be / Finally, ... + explanation
or supporting statements (specific examples).

Sub-ideas and supporting sentences

Example:
•The first and most important is that ... +
explanation or supporting statements (specific
examples).
Effects •Another consequence no less important is that ... +
explanation or supporting statements (specific
examples).
•Finally, ... + explanation or supporting statements
(specific examples).

Body paragraph 1 – The difficulties of living in a city

There are various problems of living in a city (Topic sentence). For anyone who hopes to
migrate to a large city, the cost of living is likely to be much higher than it is in a small
town or village (Sub-idea 1). In fact, inhabitants of cities have to pay higher prices for
housing, transport, and even food (Supporting sentence - Fact). Secondly, urban areas tend
to suffer from social problems such as unemployment and poverty rates in comparison with
rural areas (Sub-idea 2). Another issue is that the air quality in cities is often poor, due to
pollution from traffic, and the streets and public transport systems are usually overcrowded
(Sub-idea 3). As a result, city life can be unhealthy and stressful (Supporting sentence –
Reason & Result)

More and more people are migrating to cities in

search of a better life, but city life can be extremely
difficult. Explain some of the difficulties of living
in a city. How can governments make urban life
better for everyone?

Body paragraph 2 – The solutions to make urban life better

However, there are various steps that governments could take to tackle these problems
BODY SAMPLE (Topic sentence). Firstly, they could invest money in the building of affordable or social
housing to reduce the cost of living (Sub-idea 1). A second option would be to develop
provincial towns and rural areas by moving industry and jobs to those regions (Sub-idea 2).
As a result, this would reduce the pressure on major cities (Supporting sentence – Reason &
Result). Finally, politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centers and promote
the use of cleaner public transport, which would help to reduce both air pollution and traffic
congestion (Sub-idea 3). In London, for example, the introduction of a congestion charge for
drivers has helped to curb the traffic problem (Supporting sentence - Example).

Example: The world market for

containing too many people or things telecommunications is already overcrowded with
overcrowded(adj.) businesses

to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult Example: There is a great deal of indecision over
tackle (v.) problem or situation how to tackle the problem.
Useful vocabulary

Example: The traffic congestion in the city gets

traffic congestion (n.) the state of being crowded and full of traffic worse during the summer.

to control or limit something, especially something Example: The government should act to curb tax
curb (v.) bad evasion

More and more people are migrating to cities in

search of a better life, but city life can be extremely Sample conclusion In conclusion, governments
CONCLUSION OUTLINE difficult. Explain some of the difficulties of living could certainly implement a range of measures to
in a city. How can governments make urban life enhance the quality of life for all city residents.
better for everyone?

6
 Introduction • Background statements.
( 2 - 3 sentences ) • Thesis statements.

Body paragraph 1 • Opening sentence 1.

( 5 - 6 sentences ) • Sub-ideas and supporting statements.
CONTENT

Body paragraph 2 • Opening sentence 2.

( 5 - 6 sentences ) • Sub-ideas and supporting statements.

Conclusion
( 1 - 2 sentences ) • Reaffirm the answer.

The function of this statement is to present the

Example: It is thought by some people that ... / It is
Background statements – A paraphrase of the issues in the essay question. You do this by commonly observed that ... / Some people argue
essay question paraphrasing the question. This means you rewrite
that... / It is true that ... (paraphrase the topic)
the essay question in your own way.

INTRODUCTION
More and more young people from wealthy countries are spending a short time in
communities in poorer countries doing unpaid work such as teaching or building houses.
Why? Who benefits more from this, the community or these young people? The second and final statement is the thesis
statement. This is your answer / your opinion. It Example: ... (give general answer to the first
Thesis statement – Your position or main provides the reader with a clear answer to the task. question of the topic), and in my opinion, /I would
points. Your body paragraphs will then explain your argue that (give general answer the second question
answer by presenting ideas which are developed of the topic).
and supported.

It is true that an increasing number of young volunteers are now doing unpaid work to help communities
in developing countries. Some reasons can be identified, and I would argue that both the youngsters and the Background statements – A paraphrase of the Example: It is no doubt true that the majority of
communities benefit. essay question people would like to be happy in their lives
There are at least two important reasons why I think some youngsters from developed countries spend
some time doing voluntary work in communities in poor countries. Firstly, they gain invaluable experience and
develop practical skills which they can then add to their CVs. This experience will certainly help them when
job-hunting later in their career. Secondly, the motivation of idealistic young people should not be
underestimated .The desire to help others less fortunate than themselves comes from a feeling of wanting to give Example: Happiness is considered very important
without reward and share hardships , experiencing what it is like to live in a poor community. SAMPLE ANSWER
TWO-PART QUESTION ESSAY INTRODUCTION SAMPLE in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors
Both the host community and the young people benefit. The community benefits because these young are important in achieving happiness?
people bring their enthusiasm and knowledge, as well as their physical endeavor. Hence, the youngsters may
be able to teach literacy and numeracy skills, or they may be strong and energetic to help with building houses for Example: While the personal nature of happiness
those who have inadequate shelter. The young people benefit through the life experience which they gain, Thesis statement – Your position or main makes it difficult to describe, there do seem to be
living and working alongside those from a different culture. Without exaggeration, it is a life-changing challenge points. some common needs that we all share with regard
and the youngsters will return to their homes with a much more mature and broader outlook on life to experiencing or achieving happiness
In conclusion, there are some clear reasons for this volunteering trend and I believe that everyone benefits
–it can be truly be said to be a win-win situation.

Example: The new book is invaluable for students

who are learning English. extremely useful invaluable(adj.)
Topic sentence (Answering the first question directly)

Example: My teacher is very idealistic and she

believes that we can all achieve great things in our having a strong belief in perfect ideas [which may
or may not be possible to achieve idealistic (adj.
lives.
Answering question 1 with explanation

Example: His determination to pass the exam realize how strong, good or determined someone or Useful vocabulary
should not be underestimated. something really is underestimate(v.) Body 1 •Firstly, ... + explanation or supporting
sentences (specific examples).
Sub-ideas and supporting sentences •Secondly, ... + explanation or supporting sentences
Example: As they crossed the desert on foot, the situations that are difficult or unpleasant, because (specific examples).
two men faced great hardships you do not have enough money, clothes or food, for hardship (n.) •Finally, ... + explanation or supporting
example. sentences (specific examples).

Example: After great physical endeavor, they

succeeded in climbing the highest mountain in the physical effort physical endeavor (n.) BODY
world.

Topic sentence (Answering the second question directly)

Body 2

answering question 2 with explanation.

•In my opinion, ...+ explanation or supporting

sentences (specific examples).
•Besides, ...+ explanation or supporting sentences
Sub-ideas and supporting sentences (specific examples).
•Furthermore, ...+ explanation or supporting
sentences (specific examples).

Body paragraph 1 – answering question 1 with explanation.

Happiness is difficult to define because it means something different to each
individual person (Topic sentence). Nobody can fully understand or experience
another person’s feelings, and we all have our own particular passions from which we
take pleasure (Sub-idea 1). Some people, for example, derive a sense of satisfaction
from earning money or achieving success, whereas for others, health and family are
much more important (Supporting sentence Example). At the same time, a range of
other feelings, from excitement to peacefulness, may be associated with the idea of
happiness, and the same person may therefore feel happy in a variety of different
ways (Sub-idea 2).

Happiness is considered very important in life.

Why is it difficult to define? What factors are
important in achieving happiness?
Body paragraph 2 – answering question 2 with explanation
Although it seems almost impossible to give a precise definition of happiness, most
people would agree that there are some basic preconditions to achieving it (Topic
sentence). Firstly, it is hard for a person to be happy if he or she does not have a safe
place to live and enough food to eat (Sub-idea 1). If our basic survival needs cannot be
met, we cannot lead a pleasant life (Supporting sentence - Hypothesis). Secondly, the
greatest joy in life is usually found in shared experiences with family and friends, and it
is rare to find a person who is content to live in complete isolation (Sub-idea 2). Other
key factors could be individual freedom and a sense of purpose in life (Sub-idea 3).

SAMPLE BODY

Example: The entertainment industry takes

take pleasure in / from (phrase) to get enjoyment from pleasure in reducing the family head to a mere
subject of ridicule and disrespect.

Example: The story derives from a very common

derive (v.) to come or develop from folktale

Useful vocabulary

Example: The precise location of the wreck was

precise (adj.) careful to be accurate and exact in manner discovered in 1988.

Example: Sound financial

precondition(n.) something that must happen or be true before it is
policies are a precondition for
possible for something else to happen
economic growth

Sample conclusion In conclusion, happiness is difficult

Happiness is considered very important in life. to define because it is particular to each individual, but
In conclusion, ... (reaffirming the answer to the first
Why is it difficult to define? What factors are I believe that our basic needs for shelter, food and
CONCLUSION OUTLINE question) , but / and I believe that ... (reaffirming
important in achieving happiness? company need to be fulfilled before we can experience
the answer to the second question).
it.

7
 “In 1980, the percentage of tourists who chose to visit Castle was nearly 25%, which was - 1980: the percentage of visitors to Castle was nearly 25%, while that of visitors
significantly higher than the figure for Zoo, at only 10%. Over the following 20 years, the to Zoo was only 10%.
The graph(s) The line / bar / pie graph(s)
percentage of Castle visitors increased dramatically to reach a peak of about 45% in 1995, - 1980 – 2000: the percentage of visitors to Castle increased dramatically to
Detailed paragraph 1: Describe ‘Zoo’ line and
followed by a considerable drop to just over 30% in 2010. By contrast, despite some minor reach a peak of 45% in 1995 then decreased to 35% in 2000, the percentage of
‘Castle’ line (upward trends) from 1980 to 2010
fluctuations around 10 to 15% during the first 20 years, the figure for Zoo then significantly visitors to Zoo fluctuated around 10 – 15%.
increased to 20% in the last year.” - The rest of the period: the percentage of visitors to Castle continued to
decrease slightly to 33%, while that of visitors to Zoo increased to 20% The chart(s) The line / bar / pie chart(s) / The flow chart(s)

Subject

The table(s) The statistics

Example: The graph shows the percentage of
tourists to Scotland visiting four attractions from The picture(s) / the diagram(s)
The map(s)
1980 to 2010.
- 1980: the percentage of visitors to Festival was
“Looking at the other attractions, Festival was the most attractive place in Scotland in 1980 with 30% of Scotland the highest (30%), while that of visitors to illustrate
tourists choosing this, compared to 20% for Aquarium. Over the next 5 years, the percentage of travelers paying a Aquarium was 20%.
Detailed paragraph 2: Describe ‘Aquarium’ line
visit to Aquarium reached a peak of nearly 35% in 1985 before decreasing back to 20% five years later. Since then, - The percentage of visitors to Aquarium reached a
and ‘Festival’ line (downward trends) from 1980 compare
this figure continued to fall significantly to just under 10% in 2010. Meanwhile, the percentage of Festival visitors peak at 35% then decreased back to 20%, show / give information about / provide
to 2010. Verb
experienced a gradual decrease throughout the period, ending at below 20% in 2010.” then it decreased gradually to below 10% in 2010. information about
- The percentage of visitors to Festival decreased represent
gradually over the period to below 20% in 2010.
demonstrate

Paraphrasing technique
how many + countable noun The graph shows how many tourists used three
(plural) + verb major airports in the year 2000.

The graph shows how much money was spent on

how much + uncountable noun + verb
Example: The number of WISE students was 500 in 2018 and this figure increased to 1000 in 2019. fast food over a period of five years.
What

the proportion of + noun The graph shows the proportion of population

(countable, uncountable) growth in three different countries in 1996.

The number of WISE students increased

significantly to 1000 in 2019 Subject + verb + adverb + number + time period
figures for + noun The graph shows figures for jobs in tourism related
(countable, uncountable) industries in the year 2018

INTRODUCTION

There was a significant increase of 500 in the There + be + a /an + adjective + noun + of +
number of WISE students in 2019 number + in + “WHAT” + Time period In (number of countries / cities / places) different The chart shows the spending on consumer goods in
Where countries / cities / places
LANGUAGES OF CHANGES three different countries in the year 2010.

BODY GRAPHS WITH A TREND

The number of WISE students witnessed a Subject + experienced / saw / witnessed + a /an +
significant increase of 500 in 2019 adj. + noun + number + time period Over a period of (number of years) starting from (the first
year) to (the last year) The chart shows figures for minutes of telephone
When Over a (number of years)-year period starting from (the calls in the UK over a period of seven years / over
first year) to (the last year) a seven-year period starting from 1995 to 2002

The year 2019 witnessed a significant increase of Time period + witnessed/saw/experienced + a/an +
500 in the number of WISE students. adj. + noun + in + noun phrase

Example: the number of WISE students decreased slightly to 500 in 2018. However, this
figure increased significantly by 500 in 2019.

Subject The chart

Verb compares

Example: The chart shows the average number

There was a fall to 500 in the number of WISE of students taking IELTS courses at WISE What how many students took the IELTS courses
students in 2018, which was followed by an Subject + verb, (which was) followed by + noun English Center between 2018 and 2020.
increase to 1000 in 2019.

Where at three branches of WISE English in Danang

When over a period of one year.

The number of WISE students declined slightly to

500 in 2018, but later went up sharply by 500 in Subject + verb, but later + verb
2019.

The number of WISE students declined slightly to

500 in 2018 before experiencing a sharp increase of Subject + verb + before + verb-ing
500 in 2019.

Example: “Overall, it is clear that while the percentage of tourists visiting Castle
The line graph shows the percentage of tourists to and Zoo increased, the opposite was true for Aquarium and Festival
OVERVIEW
Scotland who visited four different attractions from over the period. It is also notable that Castle was the most popular
1980 to 2010. tourist attraction in Scotland for most of the period.”

The number of English films will increase Subject + will +

to 200 in 2021. verb-infinitive

The number of English films is expected to increase Subject + is / are expected to ( is / are predicted to
to 200 in 2021. ) + verbinfinitive

LANGUAGES OF FUTURE TRENDS

It is predicted that the number of English films will

It is predicted that + clause
increase to 200 in 2021

An increase to 200 in the number of English films is

An increase/ a decrease is predicted in (year)/ over
predicted in 2021
(period of time)

While / Although the percentage of visitors to

Danang City increased, that of those to Hanoi City While /
decreased. Although

Almost 50% of Vietnamese chose to reside in a

hotel. In contrast / On the other hand, staying in
self-catering accommodation was much less In contrast / On the other hand
popular when only 10% chose this

LANGUAGES OF COMPARISION

More than 50% of students in our school like

playing soccer than doing aerobics More than / less than:

The figures for 2015 were very similar to the

figures for 2013. Similar (to) / The same as

8
Example: Coffee in France is nowhere near as Subject1 + (to be) + nowhere near as
expensive as in the UK. + adjective + as + subject2

Big difference

Example: Coffee in France is not nearly as Subject1 + (to be) + not nearly as +
expensive as in the UK adjective + as + subject2

Example: Coffee in the UK is not quite as Subject1 + (to be) + not quite as +
expensive as in Italy adjective + as + subject2

MORE COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES • In paragraph 2 of your Task 1 answer, you need to write a general overview of
Small difference
the most important information in the graph.
• Do not write any numbers or percentages in this paragraph.
• For comparative graphs, there is no characteristic of trends. Instead, you should
Example: Coffee in the UK is almost as expensive Subject1 + (to be) + almost as + focus on: - Characteristic of magnitude.
as in Italy adjective + as + subject2

Overall, it is clear that Finance was the most attractive area of qualification
among both sexes in the year 2010, while the opposite was true for
Engineering. It is also notable that the biggest difference was in the number
of males and females enrolling in Mathematics.
OVERVIEW

Example: Coffee in France does not cost as Subject1 + do/does/did + not + verb +
expensive as in the UK, at £2 and £2.90 as + noun phrase + as + subject2 Advanced comparatives
respectively
Finance was the most chosen subject by male and
The largest figure / The highest point
female students

Example:
The chart below shows information about students
COMPARATIVE studying six main subjects at a US university in
GRAPHS 2010.
Example: The bicycle costs half as much money as
As much + (uncountable noun) + as Engineering was the least chosen subject by male
the other one The smallest figure / The lowest point
and female students

Example: There are twice as many students in the

upper-intermediate level as students in the As many + (countable noun) + as The figures for Mathematics have the largest
The largest discrepancy / The smallest discrepancy
advanced classes discrepancy

Example: The proportion of citizens choosing

Semi-detached houses in London was twice as high
As + adjective + as
as the figure for Liverpool.
NUMERICAL COMPARATIVES
- The numbers of males and females choosing Finance were
“As can be seen from the chart, a finance course had an equal number of males and females
Detailed paragraph 1: Compare the categories equal with approximately 230 students.
with approximately 230 students. The numbers of males and females who studied Accounting
with the number of females choosing them - The numbers of males and females choosing Accounting were
were relatively smaller, with 170 and 200 students respectively. Similarly, the number of
greater than or equal to that of males choosing smaller, with 170 and 200 students respectively.
female students choosing Marketing as their major (about 120 students) was also higher than
them. - The number of female students choosing Marketing as their
that of male ones (about 80 students).”
major (about 120 students) was higher than that of male ones.
Example: The number of elementary students was
three times higher than the number of students in More/ higher/ greater than + noun phrase
beginner’s classes, at 90 and 30 respectively. Example: The chart below shows information
BODY about students studying six main subjects at a US
university in 2010

- The number of males choosing Mathematics was 200 students,

whereas that of females was significantly lower (60 students). “Looking at the chart in more detail, the second most popular subject among males was
Detailed paragraph 2: Compare the categories
- The numbers of males and females choosing Engineering were Mathematics with 200 students, whereas the number of females choosing this subject was
with the number of females choosing them less
equal with approximately 55 students. significantly lower with just nearly 60 students. In addition, the figure for male economics
Example: The number of students in beginner’s than that of males choosing them.
- The figure for male economics students was 150, almost twice as students was 150, almost twice as much as female economics students.”
classes was three times less than the number of Less than + noun phrase much as female economics students.
elementary students, at 30 and 90 respectively

9
 - Natural process, which means it exists in or is
produced by nature (rather than by the intent of
human beings).
- Manufacturing process (man-made process), which
The kind of process means it is carried out by people.
- Linear process, which means it starts and finishes
in different places and it does not repeat itself.
- Cyclical process, at the end of the process, it goes
back to the beginning and repeats itself.

The picture
The graph Subject
The plan

illustrates
describes Verb
demonstrates
The diagram
Subject
The drawing
two proposed locations for a new shopping
complex in the city of Brandfield illustrates
Example: The map below shows two possible
Verb describes
sites of a new shopping mall in Bradfield city
two possible spots in Brandfield city at which a demonstrates
new shopping center would be constructed What
Example: The process below shows the life
cycle of a species of large fish called the
two possible locations for the construction of a salmon the life cycle of salmon from eggs to adult
new shopping mall in the city of Brandfield fishes

how salmon grows from eggs to mature

The pictures What
individuals
The graphs Subject
The plans INT RODUCTION
the main stages which take place in the life
illustrate
cycle of salmon
describe Verb
demonstrate

The diagram
a small town of Islip before Subject
The drawing
and after the constructions Example: The maps below show the center of a
of several facilitie small town called Islip from 2005 to 2010.
illustrates
the center of a small town Verb describes
called Islip before and after What demonstrates
some developments Example: The process below shows how
geothermal energy is used to pro duce electricity
a number of changes
the production of electricity using
which took place in Islip
town geothermal energy

how electricity is generated by using

during a 10-year What
geothermal energy
period starting When
from 200
INT RODUCTION the process by which geothermal energy is
converted into electricity

Example: It can be seen that the two sites under

- Point out the location of two proposed sites for a
consideration are in the south-west and northeast of
building.
the town.
single map PROC ESS
Example: The most notable difference between
the two sites is that the first site is near the Point out the main difference between two sites that
residential area, while the second site is a short stands out the most. Example: Overall, there are five main stages in the
Point out the number of steps or stages, the starting
distance from the industrial zone life cycle of frog starting with eggs in shallow
point/ the ending point of the process.
ponds

OVERVIEW
Example: As can be seen from the pictures, the
city witnessed dramatic changes. - Where do the - Are the changes significant?
changes come from?
Example: Point out the total the total amount of time that a Example: In general, the complete life cycle lasts
two maps process takes to complete.
The table and chart below show the domestic water for approximately 10 years.
Example: As can be seen from the plans, the most OVERVIEW
MAP use and cost in 5 countries
notable change taking place in the area is the
- What are the changes made for?
construction of a road bridge, which replaces the
ferry.
Point out the places where the process happens or Example: In general, it can be seen that there are
the main materials used during five main stages of the process and these stages
“Site 1 is to the north of the city center and to the manufacturing process. take place both under and above the ground level.
south east of the housing estate. This will provide - Site 1 is to the north of the city center and to the
easy access for people who live in the residential south east of the residential area.
area If the shopping mall is built there. There is a - This proposed location is convenient for people Detailed paragraph 1: Describe the first
railway line between Site 1 and the downtown to go shopping there. proposed site of the building – Site S1
which runs from the north west of the city to the - Site 1 is also near the railway line, close to the PROCESS VA MAP
south east. Site 1 is also fairly close to the river river and the main road.
and the main road, which runs through the town.” The map shows two possible sites S1 and S2 of
a new shopping mall in Brandfield city. Single map “Salmon begin life as eggs in the slow-moving
- Salmon usually lay eggs in the slow-moving upper upper reaches of a river. Eggs are surrounded by
river and these salmon eggs are surrounded by reeds and pebbles for about five to six months
reeds and small stones for 5-6 months. before they hatch. The newborn fish normally
Detailed paragraph 1: Describe the gro wth of
“Site 2 is located to the south east of the city center - ‘Fry’ salmon are 3-8 cm long, they follow the fast called ‘fry’ are very small, which are only three to
- Site 2 is to the south east of the city center and to salmon in fresh water (‘fry’ and ‘smolt’)
and to the south of the industrial estate. It is also in flow to the lower river and stay there for 4 years. eight centimeters long. These ‘fry’ follow the fast
the south of the industrial zone. - After that, they reach the length of 12-15 cm and flow to the lower river. They stay there for 4 years
close proximity to the railway and the main road.
- Site 2 is also close to the railway line and the Detailed paragraph 2: Describe the second they are known as ‘smolt’. until they reach the length of twelve to fifteen
However, there is a considerable distance between
main road. proposed site of the building – Site S2 centimeters. Grown fish are known as ‘smolt’.”
Site 2 and the river. Both Site 2 and Site 1 are BODY Example: The process below shows the life cycle
- Site 2 is far away from the river, the golf course BODY
located quite far away to the east of the golf course of a species of large fish called the salmon.
and park
and park.”

“The ‘smolt’ migrate to the open sea and live there

- ‘Smolt’ salmon migrate to the open sea and live
for about 5 years. After 5 years, these ‘smolt’ will
there for about 5 years. - After 5 years, they will
- A minor operation room has been built next to the grow to adult size, which is about 70-76
“Firstly, a minor operation room has been added to the left-hand side of the Detailed paragraph 2: Describe the gro wth of grow to adult size, about 70-76 cm long.
physiotherapy room. centimeters. Their reproductive stage then begins as
physiotherapy room. The consulting rooms and the office have been made salmon in salt water (‘adult salmon’) - ‘Adult’ salmon swim back to their birthplace and
- Consulting rooms have changed in both number the mature salmon swim back to their birthplace
smaller and the former also increased to four in number. Another notable lay eggs.
and size. and lay eggs. The life cycle of salmon starts again
change is that the entrance has been relocated to the southern side of the Detailed paragraph 1: Describe indoor changes - The life cycle of salmon repeats itself
- Office has been made smaller for the expansion at the same place where it begins.”
building. This leads to a waiting area, which has been expanded with more
of reception area, there is also children’s
seats. The reception desk is now placed in front of the office and a
playground and the entrance has been relocated to
children’s play area has been added in the corner opposite the entrance.” Plan A shows a health center in 2005. Plan B
the southern side of the building Two
shows the same place in the present day maps
E.g. At the first stage of the paper-recycling
process, recycled paper is collected.
E.g. Then, some water is added and the mixture is
“A number of changes also took place outside. The First(ly) – Then – Next – ... – Final(ly)
The car park has been expanded from 12 to 30 left for an hour.
car park has been expanded from 12 to a total of 30
slots. E.g. Finally, the new paper is left to dry in a warm
parking spaces. The garden behind the building has Detailed paragraph 2: Describe outdoor changes
The garden has been narrowed down to make way place for at least 24 hours.
been narrowed down in size to make way for the
expansion of the health center.” for the expansion of the health center

E.g. Before being beaten for about 45 seconds to

Top left-hand corner form a pulp, the mixture is left for an hour.
Top E.g. After being soaked for an hour, the mixture is
Top right-hand corner beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.
• Before/ After/ After that/ Afterwards E.g. Some water is added and the mixture is soaked
Left-hand side
Example: The table is located in the middle of the Middle/centre for an hour. After that, the mixture is beaten for
room Right-hand side about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.
Bottom left-hand corner E.g. The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds
Bottom and a pulp is formed afterwards.
LANGUAGES OF DIRECT IO N
Bottom right-hand corner
SEQUENCING
LANGUAG ES
E.g. At the following stage, the pulp is poured into
Following/ Followed by a shallow tray. This is followed by a hand-mixing
process.
To the west/left of
To the south-west of
To the north-east of
Example: Vietnam is in the south-east of Asia
in the south/ at the bottom of
In the east/ on the left-hand side of
in the south-east/ on the bottom right-hand corner of
E.g. The mixture is soaked for an hour and is
Subsequent/ Subsequently subsequently beaten for about 45 seconds until a
pulp is formed
Example: A power plant was constructed to the
east of the mine. To be built, constructed, erected

Example: The university library was completely To be renovated, reconstructed,

renovated. modernized E.g. While the mixture of sand and soda is being
Buildings While/ At the same time heated, some other chemicals are added to create
various colors.

Example: The playground was converted into a

To be converted, transported (into something)
large car park.

Example: The hotel was greatly extended to a total

To be extended, expanded
of 70 rooms.

LANGUAGES OF T RANSFORMAT ION

Example: The forest on the western end of the

island is going to be chopped down to make way To be cut down, chopped down, cleared (to make
for a hotel. way for)

Trees / Forest

Example: Many palms will be planted around the

villa. To be planted

Example: A new theme park was established just Amenities

To be opened up, set up, established
opposite the shopping mall.

10
 The pie graph
Subject The table

displays
Verb
illustrates
Example: The pie chart below shows the main
reasons why agricultural land becomes less
INTRODUCTION productive. The table shows how these causes
affected three regions of the world during the the principal causes why farming
The pie chart
1990s. land deteriorates

What

how three regions of the planet

The table
were affected by these factors

When in the
1990s

The US experiences the highest domestic water

The largest figure / The highest point
consumption

MULTIPLE GRAPHS (Line graphs, bar charts, Bar chart

pie charts and tables)
Households in Germany consume the smallest
The smallest figure / The lowest point
amount of water
Example:
OVERVIEW The table and chart below show the domestic water
use and cost in 5 countries.

The largest figure / The highest point Water is the most expensive in France

Table

The smallest figure / The lowest point Water price is the lowest in the US

- Australian ethnicity made up nearly three fourths “According to the pie chart, Australian ethnicity
of the total population. The figures for made up nearly three fourths of the total
people coming from the UK and New Zealand were population. This was followed by the figure for
7% and 3% respectively. people coming from the UK and New Zealand, with
Detailed paragraph 1
- People of Chinese and Dutch ethnicity, on the 7% and 3% respectively. People of Chinese and
other hand, made up a negligible 1-2%. Dutch ethnicity, on the other hand, made up a
- The figure for other nationalities was 14%. negligible 1 to 2%. Moreover, the figure of other
nationalities was 14%."

Example: The table and pie chart give information

BODY about population in Australia according to different
nationalities and areas in 2010.

- 80% of people from Australia and New Zealand “As can be seen from the table, roughly 80% of
lived in cities, whereas only around 20% people from Australia and Dutch lived in cities,
lived in the countryside. whereas only around 20% lived in the countryside.
Detailed paragraph 2
- The figures for China and New Zealand with their Similarly, the figures for China and New Zealand
urban population were the highest, with their urban population were the largest, around
around 90 to 99%. 90 to 99%.”

11
 MIND-MAP IELTS WRITING
TASK 1,2 (VOL 3)

Table of Contents
Opinion Essay ………………………………….…………………………….…...3
Discussion essay ………………………………………………………………….4
Discussion and opinion essay……………………….…………………....………5
Problem and solution essay ………………...........................................................6
Two-part question essay ………………………………………….……………...7
Graph with a trend (Line graph, bar chart, pie chart and table) ..………….….8
Comparative graphs(Bar chart, pie chart and table) ..…………………………9
Process and maps ……………………………………………………………....10
Multiple graphs(Line graph, bar charts, pie charts and tables).………………11
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