Midterm Study Guide

1. Life
Biology is the study of _______________________________________.
2. living things
Reproduction, metabolism, and cellular organization are characteristics of ___________.
3. cells
All living organisms are composed of _________________________.
4. Homeostasis
____________________ means maintaining a stable internal environment.
5. food
The energy that drives metabolism in animals comes from ______________________.
6. heredity
Children tend to resemble their parents due to ___________________________.
7. hypothesis
A _________________ is a testable explanation of an observation and problem.
8. experiment
A planned procedure to test a hypothesis is called an ______________________.
9. dependent
The variable that is measured in an experiment is the ___________________ variable.
10. protons
Atoms are composed of _____________, neutrons
__________________, electrons
__________________.
11. element
A substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called an _________________.
12. All matter is composed of ___________________________.
atoms
13. A molecule that has a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the
other side is called a _________________________ polar molecule
_____________________. (water)
14. covalent bond
The bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons is called a ________________
________________.
15. _____________
Water is important to life because it surrounds all cells, is found inside cells, and
influences the shape of the cell membrane.
16. proteins
_____________________, lipids
__________________, carbohydrates
___________________, and
nucleic acids
____________________ are organic molecules.
17. carbon
All organic compounds contain the element ____________________________.
18. hereditary information
DNA stores _______________________ __________________________.
19. small
To function most efficiently, a cell must be _________________.
20. One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that
prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
_________________________________________________.
21. A structure within a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function is called an
organelle
____________________
22. The plasma (cell) membrane encloses the contents of the cell, allows materials to enter and
____________________
leave the cell, is selectively permeable.
23. ribosomes
In a cell, proteins are made on the ____________________________.
24. endoplasmic reticulum
Which cell structures packages and distributes proteins and lipids?__________________
25. mitochondria
A cell that requires a lot of energy might contain large numbers of __________________
26. chloroplast
The organelles associated with plant photosynthesis are the ________________________
27. cell walls
________________________ chloroplast
and _______________ ___________ are found only in plant
cells.
28. diffusion
_________________ is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
29. osmosis
The diffusion of water into or out of a cell is called ____________________.
30. passive
Osmosis is a type of ________________________ transport.
31. hypotonic
A cell will swell when it is placed in a _________________________ solution.
32. omosis
______________________ diffusion
and ___________________ are types of cellular transport that do
not require energy.
33. energy
Unlike passive transport, active transport requires ________________________.
34. exocytosis
Ridding the cell of materials by discharging the materials in vesicles is called _________
35. sun
Most of the energy used by life on Earth comes from _______________________.
36. heterotrophs
___________________ are organisms that must consume other organisms to get energy,
autotrophs
whereas ________________________ make their own food.
37. The process in which plants capture energy and make organic molecules is known as
photosynthesis
__________________________.
38. cellular respiration
The process of _________________________ ______________________ breaks down food
molecules to release stored energy.
39. chromatids
_____________________ are joined strands of duplicated genetic chromosomes.
40. The point at which two chromatids are attached to each other in a chromosome is called a
centromere
________________________.
chromosomes
41. The ________________________ in your body exist in 23 pairs, contain thousands of genes,
and form right before cells divide.
homologous chromosomes_____________________ are pairs of chromosomes containing
42. ______________________
genes that code for the same traits.
sex chromosomes_________________.
43. The X and Y chromosomes are called the _________________
44. In, humans, the male determines the sex of a child because males have _______ x y
and _______
chromosomes.
chromosomes
45. Trisomy is a mutations that results in a cell having an extra _____________________.
46. The phase of mitosis that is characterized by the arrangement of all chromosomes along the
metaphase
equator of the cell is called _________________________.
47. __________________
mitosis is the process by which a cell’s nucleus divides.
48. ______________________
cytokinesis in plant cells involves the formation of a cell plate.
anaphase 1
49. Separation of homologous chromosomes occurs during _____________________ ____.
50. When crossing over takes places, chromosomes exchange segments of ____________. DNA
heredity
51. The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called _____________________.
genetics
52. The scientific study of heredity is called __________________.
Gregor Mendel
53. The father of genetics is _____________________ ____________________.
54. Mendel’s law of ________________________
segregation states that the two alleles for a trait separate
when gametes are formed.
phenotype
55. The __________________ of an organism is the physical appearance of a trait.
56. Tallness (T) is dominant to shortness (t) in pea plants. A heterozygous tall pea plant would
Tt
be represented by __________.
57. Mendel’s law of __________________ independent assortment
_____________________ states that the inheritance
of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another.
males
58. If a characteristic is sex-linked, it occurs most often in ___________________.
59. A diagram that shows several generations of a family and the occurrence of certain genetic
pedigree
characteristics is called a _________________________.
60. In humans, the risks of passing on a genetic disorder to offspring can be assessed by
genetic conseling, prenatal testing, analysis of a pedigree
_____________________________________________________________________.
61. _______________blood_________________
type is controlled by multiple alleles.
mutation
62. A change in a gene due to damage or being copied incorrectly is called a ____________.
nucleotides
63. Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of ______________________________.
deoxyribose nitrogen base
64. ______________________, __________________________, and __________________ phosphate are
part of a DNA molecule.
a sugar
65. A nucleotide consists of __________________, a phosphate
___________________, and
a nitrogen base
_________________________.
Watson
66. The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are ________________ and
Crick
____________________.
single stranded
67. RNA differs from DNA in that RNA is _________________________________,
contains ribose sugar
____________________________________, contains nitrogen base uracil
and ______________________________.
uracil
68. Which nitrogen base is not found in DNA? ______________________________.
uracil
69. In RNA adenine is complimentary to _________________________.
70. Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a
RNA
_________________________ molecule.
codon
71. Each mRNA triplet that specifies a particular amino acid is called a _________________.
messenger RNA transfer RNA
72. The three types of RNA are ________________, ______________, ribosomal RNA
and ____________.
Human Genome Project ____________________ ______________ is to
73. The goal of the ____________________
create maps showing where genes are located on human chromosomes.
antibodies
74. _____________________ help destroy microbes that invade the body.
cloning
75. ____________________ is a process by which many identical cells may be produced.