These two pats are separated by a comma (,).

The part outside "..* has a subject

mav/may not have alistener mentioned
(speaker) and a finit
In thisway, direct narrationcan be represented as:
"He |said, "I am busy."
(Subject) (Reporting (Reported Specch)
Verb)

Transformation of Direct into Indirect

Dothe following changes while changing direct into
indirect speech
Change of Reporting Verb Change of Pronouns
Change of Tense Introduction of Conunctun
Change of Adverbs Removal of Marks of Punctuann
áChange of Reporting Verb
When we change direct speech into indirect speech we change the pm
according to the reported speech:
Direct He said, "Iam very happy today."
Indirect He said that he was very happy that day.
Direct Theteacher said to the students. "Water boils at l00 C
Indirect The teacher told/taught the students that water boils at 10U
AChange of Pronoun/Possessive
Adjectives
The pronoun (s) in the reported speech change (s) in the following manrer
1. If the
reported speech has a first person Pronoun, it changes
speaker (reporter of) the reporting
Direct : Meena said, "I do verb.
Indirect : my work mysell.
2. 1f the Meena said that she did her work herselt.
reported
listener in speech has a second person Pronoun, it is changed
into third reporting clause. However, it there is lo listener,
person
Diret : She saidpronoun.
to
Indirect:
3. If
the She told Sandeep, "You are my best triend."
Sandeep that he was her best triend.
Pronoun
Direct The in the reported speech is in notchanged
priest
Indirect: The pPiest
r said, "He who sins, thirdperson, itis
will go to hell."
preached that
Englishh Grammar 8 he who sins,
will goto hel.
 teachersaid, wHe is avery
was a naughty
he.

: teacher said thathe boy."

Diet The,
nirect:
verynaughty boy.
enemore
examples:
tome, "Iam very tired."
Hesaid
told methat he was very tired.
He
Rajnisaid to me, Your father is ill."
:
ant:
Rajnitold me that my father was ill.
Hesays, "He is hungry."
Hesays
thathe is hungry.
thefollowing
into indirect speech:
Change
farmersaid, " have to go to the field."
me, "Your friend likes me."
Shesaidto
3Thepatientsaid tothe doctor, "It is the time to give you an injection."
him, "You are my best friend"
4Isaidto
neighbour"
: She said to me, "Ianm your
Theysaid to me, "You are a good boy."
He said to us, "Iam illtoday."
Rekha said to her teacher,
A lam late"

Change of Tenses
eense of the verb in the reported speech may change depending on the tense ot the
zIting verb.
Ithe reporting verb is in the present or future tense.
9) Direct : He says, "Iam the most intelligent boy in this town."

Indirect: He boasts that he is the most intelligent boy in this town.

fü Direct
My father will say, "You are growing badday by dav."
Indirect My tather will complain that Iam growing bad day by dav.
the two examples given above, the reporting verbin example (i) isin the present
tense, whereas in example (ii), it is in the future tense, We see that the tense of
the

teported cun, in either case is not changed. However, other

ndge

handatorTeport
y,. ing verb the tense of the reported
speech is

hanged:. is in the past tense,

English Grammar-8 139

 Direct : He said, "I am scared of dogs."
Indirect: He said that he was scared of dogs.
The reporting verb said is in the past tense, so the
corresponding to the tense of the reporting verb. yerb am hang
Observe the giventable carefully:
3. When the reporting verb is -said/told Verbs change in
is/ are/ am was / were indirect speech
was/ were had been
had been (no change)
has/ have had
had (no change)
do did
did had done
had done (no change)
will /shall would (in some cases shallchanges m
must had to
would/ should / might /could / ought tÍ do not change
(Read the point 4 for more detail of tenses.)
Now, note the name of tenses in reported speech, you have leameu te
previous table:
IndirectSpeech
Direct Speech pasttense
1. simple present tense 1. changes to simple,
Continuows
2.
present continuous changes to past
2.
3. present perfect to pastpertect
3. changes
4. pertect
present perfect continuous 4. changes to
past
5. simple past past
perfect
5. changes to
6. past continuous
does not change
7 6.
past perfect does not change
8 7.
past perfect continuous
does not change
Observe the following 8.
Direct : Tom examples:
said, "Iam not
Indirect: Tom said (that) he free.'"
was not free.
Englsh Grammar - 8
 Ashok
said,"Iam writing to my father."
Ashoksaid(that)
he was writing to his father.
book," said Asha.
"Thavereadthe
Asha. saidthatshehad read the book.
:
lext
took my pen, "said Suresh
"Gopi
Suresh. that Gopihad taken his pen.
Aiat:
said " My brother may be back on Sunday."
: She
She saidthat her brother might be back on Sunday.
iat:
Changein Words Referring to time, place or position
as follows:
Fniating time, place and position change
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. there
1here
2. that
2this
3 these 3. those
4 tomorroW 4. the day after/ the following day
itoday 5. that day
yesterday 6. the day before/the previous day
1. tonight 7. that night
two days ago 8 two days before
. ast week week
9. the previous
.ast month month
10. the previous
11. before
12. then

into indirect speech :

"1 study here."
"We were waiting for you yesterday"
"You have taken yourfood now." tomorrow."
"You may attend your class
"Twill talk to him today.
eraher said, I wil teach youfifth chaptertomorrow."
"I met my uncle last week."
,"We are doing this work one time." Grammar-
8141
Englsh
 9. Reenasaid to her mother, "Ravi met mne last
weok "
10. They said to the child, "You
"You can pay your fee
IFacts
tomorrow"
The tense of the reported speech remains unchanged if :
it expresses a universal truth, scientific act, general rule,
saying or an action/activity which has not become athing of the
Direct : Father said, "Everything is perishable in this world -
habitual activit,
Indirect: Father said that everything is perishable in this world
Direct Theteacher said, "The Moon is a natural satellite of the Fat%
Indirect: The teacher said that the Moon is a natural satellite of Earth
Direct : He said to me, "Iwake up early in the morning every day"
Indirect: He told me that he wakes up early in the morning every day
Change the following iniT indirect speech:
1. Everyone says, "Smoking is injurious to health."
2. Mother said, "All that glitters is not gold."
3. The teacher said to me, "As you sow so shall you
reap.
4. The grandmother said to her son, "May you reach the pinnacle of glory
5. He said to me, "Hard work is the key
to success.
6. The teacher said, "A stitch in
time saves nine."
7. My father said to me, "All is
well that ends well."
8. He said to me, "A friend to
all is a friend to none.
Conversion of Different Types of Sentences intoIndirectSpeed
During the course of reortrg
the subordinate narration, the principal clause containing he
clause containing the reported speech are joined withth
different
speech. linking
theea

1. If the words/conjunctions
reported speech
depending on the kind/sense
o

the conjunction Italic isis useod

a to join the reportn! verb ndthereortedyv
declarative
/ assertive sentenUs
Direct The man said,
Indiret:
Diret The "These
man said that oranges are sOur."
"The mother said those Orangs WOre SOUr.
to the sOD,
"Your food is ready."
142
Engleh Grammat
 mother told the sonthat his food was ready.
t
He
saidtothe sailor, "The sea will be rough according to the weather
he

forecast.
informed the sailor that the sea would be rough according to the
weatherforecast.

said'ischanged to(told' when an object follows it.

Rrt
said'remainsunchanged when it is not followed by an object.
erh
taummaand the inverted commas are omitted and replaced by the conjunction

Aeaid' mav also be replaced by other verbs like answer, state, inform, reply
in explain and so on.
-rorted speech is a question starting with an auxiliary, it is joined with if
he.
She said to her sister, "Willyou help me?"
She asked her sister if/whether she would help her.
My triend asked me, "Have you completed your homework?
Mfriend asked me iflwhether I had completed my homewo
Speech is a question starting with a
wh-word (what. whm, whene
te wh-word itselfjoinsreported verb with reported speecn.
He said to him, "How much do you earn every month?"
He asked him how much he earned every month.
happy today"
A.Sel ow student said to me, "Why are you so
day
Ajel ow student asked me why I was so happythatreporting verbs ike
Mtgerative Sentence is changed in indirect
Instruct, are used for
speech,
commands in reportedspevh bor
tor atvae
commard
reporting verbs like 'advicewarn',
'plead
request, 'ask''forbid'
and 'beg
speh
inindiret
,verbs like 'suggest into an intinitive
saiTeport
d her,ed speech
e is changed
he to "Go there."
heordered
eld er
her to g0 there. brother,"Bring ue a glass war
d glas ut
dWaler. er brother
younger unn
The brother
said to the
younger brother to
bring
ordered the
EnghshGranyna ß 143
 Direct: The poor man said to the lady,
Indirect: The poor man requested the lady to give me
"Please
give him
Direct: He said to me, "Let us draw pictures." ssometomehthiningig tn g
to aa
Indirect: He proposed that we should draw pictures.
Hote
Verbs like advised, command, requested, etc. convey the
intention of the speaker. mond. p

When reported speech is exclamatory sentence indirect is changed m

sentences. The reporting verb is changed to 'exclaimed with joy / sor
/anger / fear'. The conjunction that' is used to introduce the reported
exclamations and interjections are left out. Their sense is conveved br
adverbs or adverbial clauses.
Direct :She said, "Oh! What alovely dress!"
Indirect She exclaimed with admiration that it was a lovely dress.
Direct He said, "Oh! Ihave met you after a long time."
Indirect : He exclaimed with surprisethat he had mether after along e
D Change the following into indirect speech:
1. He said, "Lots of happiness and cheer to the newly married couple.'
2. My mother said, "Best of luck for your final exams."
3. She said, "I think the movie will be interesting."
4. Vivek said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."
5. The priest said to Malini, "May God shower His blessings on you!" tea.
6. The players said, "Bravo! We have Scored more goals than the other

Conversion of Mixed Iype of Sentences

Direct speech in a
passage may consist of :
statement +command
3. 2 statement t question
statement +
When a passagerequest 4.
question tcommand
changesdre
We do not contains mixed typeol Sentences, the tollowingoriginal pusse
change
the orderaccording
" Each sentence is changed of ideastoorthe
therules tor that kind ot Sentenie.
of the
language %
" The hut
reporting
essential to verb is changed
Sentene

accordin8 to the rule for that

introduce every seSentence with words likehelshe said.
Englislh Grammar 8
 and note the different kinds of sentences have
sentences carefully
been
indlirect
tlowing
speech

He
said, A
"Are youtired today? Let us take the children to the zo0
i saholiday,
TomorronV , sO we will be relaxed."
sentences :
hasthree kinds of
ve/Le
(isan interrogative sentence)
zo0, " (is an imperative senteno)
childrento the
relaxed n (is an assertive sentence)
0ewil be
so
osaholanyexplained earlier and rewrite the passage in indirect speech:
therules
was tired that day. He suggested that we should take the
asked if I
the zOO as the next day was a holiday so we would be reiaved
childrento

direct speech which are enciosed between

teact
words of the speaker are used in
tatonmarks.
words of the speaker.
id Spech does not use the exact
speech.
uzion marks are not used in indirect
indirect speech many charnges are done such as
iedirect speech is changed into
Zs pronouns, adverbs, etc.

olowing into indirect speech :

*aid,"m leaving for Mumbai tomorrow."
ap has taken my camera," said David.
said, "Don't copy from the next boy."
es been working in garden," said he.
the father.
these letters when you go out," said his
up as
sOon as she arrives," he said. done well."
to the players, "Bravo! You have ENHISHMSAi AsiiMie
SuBIESI
&
COMMUNICAIVE
andthegroup B will
M directspeech teacher decideif
dass into speak the your
twspeech.
o groups. Group A will
will change
theirturn. Let
Then they
correct. EnglishGranna