Lecture J

. Ex .

.
2
Example
:

1.
D Lee X be the denoted
empty
set , by
The function of % 0-X
expressed
be
empty
can :
as :

Note that the doesn't The Banach

empty
set
possess
(BFPP)
Fixed Doine
Property is
the
as
empty function
contraction with no fixed point .

It's trivial
example
a .

& Let X =
<(v , Sinc Xco ,
13]
closed
If : X is
clearly not .

Let f X X be of the Lipschitz

: +> a contraction

Content g 1.
<

For #C 10 , 13
define X = (x, Sinc * /XH] .

Choose Exo , so that diam Xc01)

,
then diam (f(Xco , 1))S2 .

Hence -(X10 81) ,

cannot contain both a local

minimum and a local maximum

.

But this connected , which

clearly
set is

that it's contained in at most

easily implies
parts
2 monotone .

Therefore ,
there exists 8 .
30 st ,
fIXcosi)

XIS , 1) :
 By compactness f(XtE 1]) X [S2 13for , ,
<
,
some

S20 and hence S min981 S2]

,
setting = ,

gives fix) XIS

<
, 13 .

③ Legn-Nand XCR" There exist zE"

y
s 5 .

I
,

so that
y *X but the
nondegenerate segment
.
z)cX
(y ,

and
Assumay
= 10
, ... , 0) z = (1 ,
. .

-, 0

# : Then -(x =
(ftant (x1 ,
0. . . ., 0) (XEIR")

is a contraction , since the absolute value

and
of rectors tail are both
Lipschitz funting
of constant 1.

f(x) CX As
By
contraction

assumptions
no
our .

can
have more than / fixed point, and the

origin
is
clearly a fixed point , we obtain that

fx has no
fixed point
.

.
3 D check iff is a contraction ,

was there exists a real number ocK < 1

d(f(x) dex for
fry) <K
e an
S
y)
.

,
, ,
.

+ R
y
X,

dax
y) -Yi)2
11X
y
=

Xi
=
,
-

for X (Xo , X1 ) and

y <yo )
. . .

X
= , =
, , . . .. ,

, ., ,
+x 11 )
Top (1 .
=
. .
.
= . .
.

, ,
 difrx
Fry) j
so , ,

Firyis Exi
-

yis
=
-

=
211X y112 -

difex Edex
Therefore fry) y) I
= ,
·

Thus , f is a contraction with

K =
I ,
Since ock() .

& fix =
11 . .... ) = Xo , X , X2
,
. - -

=>
I = Xe
,
Xo
Z
= X, , E =
Xz , . . .

I I
=> Xo =
1 ,
X1 =
z ,
Xz =

F
,
...

I
in
general ,
Xi = -

2i
Thus , the
sequence
X =
11 . fit ,
...
) is a

fixed point of f

& Therefore f satisfies the properties of

,
a

and has fixed

mapping unique
contraction a

Banach's fixed Theorem

point confirming
,
point
in this context.
Lecture 8
. Ex
.

1 was .
The
self-map f(x) =

Agox) + z is a contraction
mapping
114'BCA)
under the 11 :

11 , norm if the condition < 1 holds.

141x)- yays1114'lla IX-y1 for all x ,

yeR .

11g(x) -

gry)11, = Y(j)
-

y(y) = yoj yj)

-

=
114'llo 11X-y 111 .

11f(x) 1Agcy
-ry) 11 llAgcx) + 11
-
=
z- + z)
,

=
I/A(g(x) -

g(y) /I ,

11f(x) - fay)/I
=> ,
< NIAI : 119(X- goy 111 .

11 # 11 , =,
max aij
since
11Alf
-

/Zaj &BLA
=
=

llfix)
=> fry/l 11 Al 11Y'llo 11 X-YII
-

=
..
, ,

Thus , 11f(x-fryi An Aly'llsly n

=
,

(5) 11y'll > 12

=>
B(A) 11y'll 1

=> 114'115 BLA) <

under
By BFPT contraction
the ,
since of is a

the There exists fixed

unique point
11 11
.

,
norm
,
a

X ,
Sit, X =
f(x) =
Agrx + = .

if
Thus , 114' BCAX1 ,
it follows that fix
=
Agrx + 2 is a contraction
mapping ,
leading
to
 the conclusion that there's solution to
migre
a

The
system of momineer
equations
: X=
Ag(x) + z

.
2 lIfIl
supifix) for xz0
=
.

TCf((X) = H(X , fib(X(()

Since His bounded , TCf) will also be bounded .

Specifically, ift is a bounded function

,

↓ TificX)1 =
1H(X , * hix1)/- M for some

independent
of f

be two bounded function

Let f ,
gEB .

1 Tificx) Tegicx)1 /H(X fchax11) HiX gchixi))

=
,
-
,
-

By
the of #IX, )
being
contraction
property ,
a

there exists a real number ocK <

/ .
Sit

1 H <X +
f (h(x) 1) -

H <X ,
gch(x)))) < k(fchax)) gchex
-

,
))
Thus ,
ITHficx-Tagsaxs / < KIfchax1) -

gahaxis /

Since Ifchx)) -

gchax)/-lIf-g11 for all X20 .

Thus ITEf(x)
Trgix)-
>
-

KII * -gll .

Hence 1THf) -

Tigill <
KIIf-g11 for an
figEB .

Banach Fixed Point Theorem

By the since is a
,

contraction the metric B , there

complete space
on

exists
unique-fixed point -ff B sit, f Trs)
a = ·

Thus ,
fix = #ex , f(hx11) for an X50 .
Lecture 8 .
Ex .

5. Picard
a, beR acb

E (a by
(X0 ,
yo)
,

2 > 0

H :
[ a , by > -
R

continuous 4) & is a
contraction
Vy zeta ,
b) /Haxy) Hax zi) **
ly-z1
-

,
,

self
map
a
* ,
Result 1)
Apply FTC : 2) Cs is
complete ; 3) is

= S .
S t
. .

Elf differentiable real on Io EXo := -

J
,

&] with f(x) f(x) Hex f(x) AxeTo

Xo +
yo
: = ,
·
.

(a)
Apply FTC to
simplify problem :

yo f(x)
f(x))] fH( f(t)di
=

f(x)
yo
= + ,

f(x) = H (x ,

for x + Is
every
ib) IHlo-B ,
=
B
> o

let 8 be such that

I
(1) 8 <z

12) Is < [a , by

13) [Yo -

Bs , Yo +
Bs]
-[a by ,

EfECLIs) /fix- yol BS

=
Define Cs : = :
,

x =
[s]
 Claim : Cs is
complete
Proof :
Cs =
[feC(Is) :
If -Yollo-BS3
=

BE Yo , BS]
(c) .

Define E :
Cs > -
RIs
& (f)(x :
yet SYHit fre) de
=
,

is
wans
self-map
a

was Eff)-Cs
Glf) is
continuous
Cs :
EfEC11s) :
/fax) -

y
.
/d BS , ExtIs]
12f((X) -

y
.
) =
1 SHI fets def ,

IX-X /H .
.E
Ex
& S11HIld

SB .

Elf) = C
WMS & is a contraction ↑

112(f) -

E1g/1/0
=

Sup S , free -
*

&Act gct) ,
del sup) Act fut)-H gray a
=
,

XEIg Xo

- Sup(/Xo-X] sup1Hct fat) ,

-

Act ,
giv)/
X Is Xt[Xo X] ,

x/fot)-gotl
"

g
sup apply" - 1y-z) <

te[Xo X] ,
-
SxIlf-glla
z
.

4
:
8 .

#If Sit .
ECt =
f
f(x
=

y . +
SH fitidy , , x]