Entropy (1)

1. (a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
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(3)
(ii) The values for the standard enthalpy of combustion of graphite and
carbon monoxide are given below:
Hc /kJ mol–1

C (graphite) –394
CO(g) –283
Use these data to find the standard enthalpy change of formation of

carbon monoxide using a Hess’s law cycle.
1
C(graphite) + 2 O2(g)  CO(g)
(3)
(iii) Suggest why it is not possible to find the enthalpy of formation of

carbon monoxide directly.
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(1)
St John's RC Comprehensive School 1

(iv) Draw an enthalpy level diagram below for the formation of carbon
monoxide from graphite.
(1)
(b) Natural gas consists of methane, CH4. When methane burns completely in
oxygen the reaction occurs as shown in the equation
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Hc = –890 kJ mol–1
Methane does not burn unless lit.
Use this information to explain the difference between thermodynamic and

kinetic stability.
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(4)
(Total 12 marks)
2. Thermochemical data, at 298 K, for the equilibrium between zinc carbonate,

zinc oxide and carbon dioxide is shown below.
ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ∆Hο = +71.0 kJ mol–1
Sο[ZnO(s)] =+43.6 J mol–1 K–1
Sο[ZnCO3(s)] =+82.4 J mol–1 K–1

Sο[CO2(g)] =+213.6 J mol–1 K–1

(a) (i) Suggest reasons for the differences between the three standard
entropies.
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the entropy change for the system, ∆Sοsystem, for this
reaction. Include the sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(b) Calculate the entropy change for the surroundings, ∆Sοsurroundings, at 298 K,
showing your method clearly.
(2)

(c) (i) Calculate the total entropy change for this reaction, ∆Sοtotal, at 298 K.
(1)
(ii) What does the result of your calculation in (c)(i) indicate about the
natural direction of this reaction at 298 K?
Justify your answer.
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(1)
(d) (i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
(1)

(ii) State how you would alter ONE condition to increase the yield of
carbon dioxide from this equilibrium reaction.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
3. The reaction between solid barium hydroxide and solid ammonium chloride can
be represented by the equation below.
Ba(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl(s)  BaCl2(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHο = +51.1 kJ mol–1
The standard entropies, at 298 K, for the reactants and products are:
Sο[Ba(OH)2(s)]=+ 99.7 J mol–1K–1
Sο[NH4Cl(s)] =+ 94.6 J mol–1K–1
Sο[BaCl2(s)] =+ 123.7 J mol–1K–1
Sο[NH3(g)] =+ 192.3 J mol–1K–1
Sο[H2O(l)] =+ 69.9 J mol–1K–1
(a) Why is the standard entropy of ammonia more positive than the standard
entropy of barium chloride?
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(1)

(b) Use the values given to calculate the standard entropy change, ΔSοsystem,
for this reaction.
Include the sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(c) Calculate the standard entropy change of the surroundings, ΔSοsurroundings,

at 298 K for this reaction.
(2)
(d) Use your answers to (b) and (c) to show that this reaction is feasible at
298 K.
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(1)

(e) Calculate the minimum temperature, in kelvin, at which the reaction is
spontaneous.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
4. The equation below shows a possible reaction for producing methanol.
CO(g) + 2H2(g)  CH3OH(l) ΔHο = 129 kJ mol–1
(a) The entropy of one mole of each substance in the equation, measured at
298 K, is shown below.
Sο
Substance /J mol1 K1
CO(g) 197.6
H2(g) 130.6
CH3OH(l) 239.7
(i) Suggest why methanol has the highest entropy value of the three
substances.
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(1)

(ii) Calculate the entropy change of the system, ΔSοsystem, for this
reaction.
(2)
(iii) Is the sign of ΔSοsystem as expected? Give a reason for your answer.
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(1)
(iv) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings ΔSοsurroundings, at

298 K.
(2)
(v) Show, by calculation, whether it is possible for this reaction to occur

spontaneously at 298 K.
(2)

(b) When methanol is produced in industry, this reaction is carried out at 400
ºC and 200 atmospheres pressure, in the presence of a catalyst of
chromium oxide mixed with zinc oxide. Under these conditions methanol
vapour forms and the reaction reaches equilibrium. Assume that the
reaction is still exothermic under these conditions.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
(i) Suggest reasons for the choice of temperature and pressure.
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(3)
(ii) The catalyst used in this reaction is heterogeneous. Explain this

term.
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(1)
(iii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant in terms of pressure,

Kp, for this reaction.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)

(1)

(iv) In the equilibrium mixture at 200 atmospheres pressure, the partial
pressure of carbon monoxide is 55 atmospheres and the partial
pressure of hydrogen is 20 atmospheres.
Calculate the partial pressure of methanol in the mixture and hence

the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp. Include a unit in your
answer.
(2)
(c) The diagram below shows the distribution of energy in a sample of gas
molecules in a reaction when no catalyst is present. The activation energy
for the reaction is EA.
(i) What does the shaded area on the graph represent?
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(1)
(ii) Draw a line on the graph, labelled EC, to show the activation energy
of the catalysed reaction.
(1)
(Total 17 marks)

5. The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen can be used to produce ammonia.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔHο = – 92.2 kJ mol–1
Standard entropies are given below
Sο [N2(g)] = +191.6 J mol–1 K–1
Sο [H2(g)] = +130.6 J mol–1 K–1
Sο [NH3(g)] = +192.3 J mol–1 K–1
(a) Calculate the entropy change of the system, ΔSοsystem, for this reaction.
Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(b) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings, ΔSοsurroundings, at 298 K.

(2)

(c) (i) Calculate the total entropy change, ΔSοtotal, at 298 K. Include a sign
and units in your answer.
(1)
(ii) Is this reaction feasible at 298 K? Justify your answer.
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(1)
(d) In industry the reaction is carried out at about 700 K using an iron catalyst
and high pressures.
(i) The yield of ammonia produced at equilibrium is less at 700 K than at

298 K, if the pressure remains constant. In terms of entropy, explain
why this happens.
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(1)
(ii) Higher pressures increase the yield of ammonia at equilibrium.

Suggest a reason why pressures greater than 300 atmospheres are
not routinely used.
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(1)

(iii) Iron is a heterogeneous catalyst. Explain what is meant by
heterogeneous.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
6. (a) The distribution of the energy of particles in a gas at temperature T1 is

shown below.
(i) On the diagram above, draw the distribution of energy of particles at

a lower temperature, T2.
(2)

(ii) Use the diagram to explain why the rate of a reaction increases with
an increase in temperature.
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(3)
(iii) Explain fully why a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.
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(2)

(b) The fermentation of glucose is an exothermic reaction and is catalysed by
enzymes in yeast.
C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2Η5ΟΗ(aq) + 2CO2(g)
The reaction is slow at room temperature.
(i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, an experiment you could do to

follow the progress of this reaction at different temperatures.
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(4)

(ii) Would you expect ∆Ssystem to be positive or negative for this reaction?
Justify your answer with TWO pieces of evidence.
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(2)
(iii) Deduce the sign of ∆Ssurroundings. Show your reasoning.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
7. (a) State Hess’s Law.
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(2)

(b) Methane burns in oxygen.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, using the bond
enthalpies given below.
Bond enthalpy
/ kJ mol–1
C–H +435
O=O +498
C=O +805
H–O +464
(3)
(ii) State the name of this enthalpy change.
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(1)
(iii) The value of this enthalpy change, under standard conditions, is –

890 kJ mol–1. State the meaning of standard conditions.
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(2)
(iv) Suggest, with a reason, why the enthalpy change calculated in (i) is
different from the standard value quoted in (iii).
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(2)

(c) Although the reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic, it does not occur
unless the mixture is ignited.
Use these facts to explain the difference between thermodynamic and kinetic stability.
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(4)
(Total 14 marks)
Š °8. When barium nitrate is heated it decomposes as follows:
Ba(NO3)2(s) → BaO(s) + 2NO2(g) + ½O2(g) ΔH = +505.0 kJ mol–1
(a) Use the following data when answering this part of the question.
Standard entropy,
Substance
Sο / J mol–1 K–1
Ba(NO3)2(s) + 213.8
BaO(s) + 70.4

NO2(g) + 240.0
O2(g) + 205.0
(i) Explain why:
• Sο [NO2(g)] is greater than Sο [BaO(s)]
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• Sο [Ba(NO3)2(s)] is greater than Sο [BaO(s)].
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the entropy change of the system, ΔSοsystem, for this
reaction. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(b) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings, ΔSοsurroundings, for the
reaction at 298 K. Include a sign and units in your answer.
(2)
(c) Calculate ΔSοtotal, and explain the significance of the sign for this value.
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(2)

(d) Calculate the minimum temperature at which the decomposition of barium
nitrate should occur.
You can assume that ΔH and ΔSsystem are not affected by a change in
temperature.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
9. The reaction between peroxodisulphate and iodide ions occurs as follows:
S 2 O 82  (aq)  2I  (aq)   2SO 24  (aq)  I 2 (aq)
Initial rates for this reaction can be determined by a method known as an ‘iodine
clock’.
A mixture of potassium iodide, sodium thiosulphate and starch is made up, and
a clock started when a solution of potassium peroxodisulphate is added. When
enough iodine has been formed to react with all the sodium thiosulphate, the
excess iodine suddenly forms a blue-black complex with the starch. At this point
the clock is stopped, and the time taken.
(a) In one particular experiment, the volumes of the reactants used were as
follows:
Volume of Volume of
Volume of Volume of Time
Na2S2O3(a starch Volume of
K2S2O8(aq) KI(aq) / taken
q) solution / water / cm3
/ cm3 cm3 /s
/ cm3 cm3
10.0 10.0 5.0 1.0 14.0 5
(i) The concentration of the sodium thiosulphate used was 0.010 mol

2
dm–3. Calculate the number of moles of thiosulphate ions, S 2 O 3 , in
the mixture.
(1)
(ii) Iodine reacts with thiosulphate ions as shown below:
I 2 (aq)  2S 2 O 32  (aq)   2I  (aq)  S 4 O 62  (aq)
Calculate the number of moles of iodine which had reacted when the
clock was stopped.
(1)
(iii) Calculate the rate of formation of iodine in mol dm–3 s–1.
(2)
(b) Further experiments were carried out and the results are shown below.
Experime 2 Rate / mol dm–3

[ S 2 O 8 (aq)] / mol dm–3 [I–(aq)] / mol dm–3
nt s–1
1 0.0100 0.0200 2.74 × 10–5
2 0.0100 0.0400 5.47 × 10–5
3 0.0300 0.0800 3.28 × 10–4
(i) What is the order of reaction with respect to iodide ions, I–?
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(1)

(ii) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to peroxodisulphate ions,
S 2 O 82  .
Show how you arrived at your answer.
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(1)
(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to write an overall rate equation for
the reaction.
(1)
(iv) Use the data from experiment 1 to calculate the rate constant for
this reaction.
Give the units for the rate constant.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
10. (i) Define the term enthalpy of hydration, ΔHhyd, of an ion.
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(2)
(ii) The table below gives some information about the sulphates of the Group
2 elements magnesium and barium.
sulphate lattice energy hydration solubility

enthalpy of
/ kJ mol–1 cation / mol dm–3
/ kJ mol–1
MgSO4 –2874 –1920 1.83
BaSO4 –2374 –1360 9.43 × 10–6
Use the lattice energy and hydration enthalpy values to explain the
difference in the solubility of the two salts.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)

11. Ammonia can be oxidised to form nitrogen(II) oxide and water according to the
equation
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆Hο = –905.6 kJ mol–1.
In industry, the reaction is carried out at 1123 K with a platinum/rhodium

catalyst.
The standard entropy of one mole of each substance in the equation, measured
at 298 K, is shown in the table below.
Substance Sο/ J mol–1 K–1

NH3 (g) +192.3
O2 (g) +205.0
NO (g) +210.7
H2O (g) +188.7
(a) (i) Use the values given to calculate the standard entropy change of the
system, ∆Sοsystem, for this reaction. Include the sign and units in your
final answer.
(2)
(ii) Is the sign for your value for ∆Sοsystem what you expected? Justify
your answer.
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(1)

(iii) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings, ∆Ssurroundings, at
1123 K for this reaction. Include the sign and units in your final
answer.
(2)
(iv) Calculate the total entropy change, ∆Stotal, for this reaction at 1123 K.
Include the sign and units in your final answer. You may assume that
∆Ssystem is unchanged at high temperatures.
(1)
(v) What does your answer to (iv) tell you about the extent of the
reaction at 1123 K?
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(1)

(vi) An energy profile was proposed to illustrate the effect of the catalyst
on this reaction. The proposal has two errors. Draw a corrected
version on the axes below.
P ro p o sal
U n cataly sed
p ath w ay
4 N H 3 (g ) + 4 N O (g ) +
E n erg y 5 O 2 (g ) 6 H 2 O (g )
C ataly sed
p ath w ay
P ro g ress o f reactio n
C o rrected v ersio n
4 N H 3 (g ) +
E n erg y 5 O 2 (g )
P ro g ress o f reactio n
(2)
(b) The oxidation of nitrogen(II) oxide leads to the following equilibrium
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
The number of moles of each gas in a reaction mixture at equilibrium, at a

pressure of 1.5atm, was found to be
Number of
Substance moles
at equilibrium
NO (g) 0.025
O2 (g) 0.025
NO2 (g) 4.95

(i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the mole fraction of each gas and hence the value of the
equilibrium constant, Kp, for this mixture. Include units, if required, in
your answer.
(4)
(iii) What does your answer to (ii) tell you about the position of the
equilibrium?
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(1)

(iv) If the total pressure of the reaction mixture was increased, describe
what would happen to the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, and
the partial pressure of NO2(g). In each case justify your answer.
Equilibrium constant, Kp.
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Partial pressure of NO2(g).
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(2)
(Total 17 marks)
12. This question is about ammonia, NH3, which is produced as shown in the
following equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(a) Use oxidation numbers to explain why this is a redox reaction.
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(2)

(b) (i) Use the average (mean) bond enthalpy data to calculate a value for
the enthalpy change for this reaction. You are reminded to show all
your working.
Average bond enthalpy

Bond
/ kJ mol–1
N≡N 944
H—H 436
N—H 388
(3)
(ii) The actual standard enthalpy change for this reaction is –92 kJ mol–1.
Explain why the value you calculated in (b)(i) is not the same as this.
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(1)

(iii) At room temperature, a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is
thermodynamically unstable with respect to ammonia, but is
kinetically stable.
Use the data in (b)(i) and (ii) to help you explain why this mixture is
thermodynamically unstable
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kinetically stable
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(3)

(c) The manufacturer of ammonia would like to achieve a high rate of reaction
and a high equilibrium yield of product.
(i) State and explain, in terms of collision theory, TWO ways to increase
the rate of the reaction. An increase in pressure does not alter the
rate in this process.
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(6)

(ii) State and explain TWO ways to increase the equilibrium yield of
ammonia.
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(4)
(Total 19 marks)

13. This question is about the reaction between barium hydroxide and ammonium
chloride:
Ba(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl(s) → BaCl2.2H2O(s) + 2NH3(g) ΔH = +21.2 kJ

mol–1
(a) Standard entropies of the reactants and products are shown below:
Standard entropy, Sο
Substance
/ J mol–1 K–1
Ba(OH)2(s) + 99.7
NH4Cl(s) + 94.6
BaCl2.2H2O(s) +202.9
NH3(g) +192.3
Calculate the standard entropy change for the system, ΔSοsystem, for this
reaction.
(2)
(b) Calculate the entropy change for the surroundings, ΔSοsurroundings, at 298 K.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures and include a sign and units in
your answer.
(2)

(c) (i) Use your answers to (a) and (b) to explain why this reaction is
spontaneous at 298 K.
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(1)
(ii) When these two solids are mixed together in a beaker, no reaction is
observed.
What explanation can be given for this, in view of the fact that the
process is spontaneous?
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(1)
(iii) Apart from heating the mixture, suggest what might be done to
encourage the reaction to take place. Explain why your suggestion is
likely to work.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)

14. (i) Use the data below to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of
solution, ΔHsolution, for silver fluoride.
Value
/kJ mol–1
lattice energy of AgF (s) –958
enthalpy of hydration of Ag+ –464
(g)
enthalpy of hydration of F– –506
(g)
(2)
(ii) Use your answer to part (c)(i) to suggest whether you would expect silver
fluoride, AgF, to be soluble or insoluble in water at room temperature.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)

15. Phosphorus(V) chloride dissociates as follows:
PCl5(s) PCl3(l) + Cl2(g) ∆Hο = + 123.8 kJ mol–1
Standard entropy, Sο
Substance
/ J mol–1 K–1
PCl5(s) + 166.5
PCl3(l) + 217.1
Cl2(g) + 165.0
(a) (i) Explain why the entropy of solid phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5, is
smaller than the entropy of liquid phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3?
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(1)
(ii) Calculate ∆Sοsystem for the forward reaction. Include a sign in your
answer.
(1)
(iii) Is the sign of ∆Sοsystem as you would expect? Fully justify your
answer.
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(2)

(b) Calculate ∆Sοsurroundings for the forward reaction at 298 K. Include a sign
and units in your answer.
(2)
(c) (i) Use your answers to calculate ∆Sοtotal for the forward reaction at 298
K. Include a sign in your answer.
(1)
(ii) Comment on the position of equilibrium at 298 K.
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(1)

(d) In an experiment to investigate this equilibrium, 41.7 g of phosphorus(V)
chloride (molar mass 208.5 g mol–1) was heated in a closed vessel at 150
°C until equilibrium was established. The final pressure was found to be
4.32 atm and 0.15 moles of phosphorus(V) chloride remained. At this
temperature all of the reactants and products are gaseous.
(i) Give the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, and its units at
this temperature.
(2)
(ii) Complete the table
Substance Moles at start Moles at Partial pressure at

equilibrium equilibrium, peq
/atm
PCl5(g) 0.15
PCl3(g) 0
Cl2(g) 0
Total number of moles at
equilibrium
(3)
(iii) Calculate Kp.
(1)

(iv) How would you expect the value of Kp to change, if at all, if the
following changes were made? Justify each of your answers.
A Only 20.85 g of phosphorus(V) chloride had been used.
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B The temperature had been increased to 250 °C.
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(2)
(Total 16 marks)
16. This question refers to the following reaction at 298 K:
N2O4(g)  2NO2(g) H = + 57.2 kJ mol–1
S
/J mol–1 K–1
N2O4(g) 304.2
NO2(g) 240.0
(a) Calculate Ssystem, in J mol–1 K–1, for this reaction.
A –175.8
B +175.8
C –64.2
D +64.2
(1)

(b) Calculate Ssurroundings, in J mol–1 K–1, for this reaction at 298 K.
A –192
B +192
C –0.192
D +0.192
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
17. This question is about the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid which
takes place rapidly at room temperature.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) H = –467 kJ mol–1
(a) Rewrite the equation omitting spectator ions.

(1)

(b) Suggest the sign of the following entropy changes for this reaction. Justify
each of your answers.
(i) Ssystem
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(2)
(ii) Ssurroundings
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(2)
(iii) Stotal
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(1)

(c) A student carried out this experiment at five different temperatures in order
to calculate the activation energy of the reaction. The student’s laboratory
record is shown below.
Method
Clean a strip of magnesium weighing 0.100 g with sand paper. Measure the temperature of
3 –3 3
20 cm of 1.00 mol dm hydrochloric acid in a 100 cm beaker. Add the magnesium ribbon,
stir continuously, and time how long it takes for the magnesium to disappear. Repeat the
experiment at four other temperatures.
Assumption: the initial rate of reaction is proportional to 1/time.
Results
Temperature Temperature 1/T time 1/time ln 1/time
/°C /K –1 /s –1
/K /s
24 297 –3 45 0.0222 –3.81
3.37 × 10
33 306 –3 25 0.0400 –3.22
3.27 × 10
45 318 –3 11 0.0909 -2.40
3.14 × 10
56 329 –3 6 0.1667 -1.79
3.04 × 10
10 283 –3 122 0.0082 -4.80
3.53 × 10
The Arrhenius equation is ln k = –Ea/R × (1/T) + constant
ln 1/time is proportional to ln k and so a graph of ln 1/time will have the

same gradient as that of the Arrhenius plot of ln k against 1/Temperature
The student plotted the graph of ln 1/time against 1/Temperature and from
this the activation energy, EA, was calculated as + 51.3 kJ mol–1.
(i) Suggest the reason for cleaning the magnesium ribbon with sand
paper.
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(1)

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used up when all
the magnesium reacts in one experiment. Hence comment on
whether the change in concentration during the reaction will have a
significant effect on the validity of the assumption that the initial rate
of reaction is proportional to 1/time. How would you overcome this
potential error?
[Take the relative atomic mass of magnesium as 24 in this and

subsequent calculations.]
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(5)

(iii) Use the value of H and other information given in the question to
calculate the temperature change in an experiment assuming no
energy is lost to the surroundings. Hence comment on whether this
change in temperature will have a significant effect. How would you
overcome this potential error?
[H = –467 kJ mol–1.
heat produced = mass × specific heat capacity × change in

temperature.
Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J K–1 g–
1
]
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(4)

(iv) The most difficult thing to measure accurately is the time it takes for
the magnesium to disappear and the time measured can be up to 2
seconds out.
Assuming this error, calculate the shortest time at 56 °C and the
longest time at 10 °C for this reaction.
Complete the table for these times. Plot the two points on the grid
below and join them with a straight line. From the gradient, which
equals –EA/R, of this line calculate another value for the activation
energy.
Temperatur Temperatur 1/T 1/time

time ln
e e
/ °C /K /K–1 /s /s–1 1/time
3.04 ×
56 329
10–3
3.53 ×
10 283
10–3
1 / T (K – 1 )
0 .0 0 3 0 0 .0 0 3 1 0 .0 0 3 2 0 .0 0 3 3 0 .0 0 3 4 0 .0 0 3 5 0 .0 0 3 6
– 1 .0
– 1 .5
– 2 .0
– 2 .5
ln 1 / t
– 3 .0
– 3 .5
– 4 .0
– 4 .5
– 5 .0

(v) If the reaction mixture is not stirred, the magnesium tends to float on
the surface of the acid.
Suggest how this would affect the measurements of the rate of the
reaction.
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(1)
(vi) Suggest two other improvements the student could do to this

experiment to improve the accuracy or validity of the results.
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(2)
(vii) If ethanoic acid of the same concentration and at the same

temperature is used instead of hydrochloric acid, explain how the
rate would differ.
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(1)
(Total 24 marks)

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1. (a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.

Hc /kJ mol–1

Use these data to find the standard enthalpy change of formation of

(iii) Suggest why it is not possible to find the enthalpy of formation of

St John's RC Comprehensive School 1

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Hc = –890 kJ mol–1

Methane does not burn unless lit.

Use this information to explain the difference between thermodynamic and

2. Thermochemical data, at 298 K, for the equilibrium between zinc carbonate,

ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ∆Hο = +71.0 kJ mol–1

Sο[ZnO(s)] =+43.6 J mol–1 K–1

Sο[ZnCO3(s)] =+82.4 J mol–1 K–1

St John's RC Comprehensive School 3

St John's RC Comprehensive School 4

St John's RC Comprehensive School 5

Justify your answer.

St John's RC Comprehensive School 6

Justify your answer.

Ba(OH)2(s) + 2NH4Cl(s)  BaCl2(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHο = +51.1 kJ mol–1

Sο[Ba(OH)2(s)]=+ 99.7 J mol–1K–1

Sο[NH4Cl(s)] =+ 94.6 J mol–1K–1

Sο[BaCl2(s)] =+ 123.7 J mol–1K–1

Sο[NH3(g)] =+ 192.3 J mol–1K–1

Sο[H2O(l)] =+ 69.9 J mol–1K–1

St John's RC Comprehensive School 7

(c) Calculate the standard entropy change of the surroundings, ΔSοsurroundings,

St John's RC Comprehensive School 8

4. The equation below shows a possible reaction for producing methanol.

CO(g) + 2H2(g)  CH3OH(l) ΔHο = 129 kJ mol–1

St John's RC Comprehensive School 9

(iv) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings ΔSοsurroundings, at

(v) Show, by calculation, whether it is possible for this reaction to occur

St John's RC Comprehensive School 10

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)

(i) Suggest reasons for the choice of temperature and pressure.

(ii) The catalyst used in this reaction is heterogeneous. Explain this

(iii) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant in terms of pressure,

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)

St John's RC Comprehensive School 11

St John's RC Comprehensive School 12

Calculate the partial pressure of methanol in the mixture and hence

(i) What does the shaded area on the graph represent?

St John's RC Comprehensive School 13

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔHο = – 92.2 kJ mol–1

Standard entropies are given below

Sο [N2(g)] = +191.6 J mol–1 K–1

Sο [H2(g)] = +130.6 J mol–1 K–1

Sο [NH3(g)] = +192.3 J mol–1 K–1

(b) Calculate the entropy change of the surroundings, ΔSοsurroundings, at 298 K.

St John's RC Comprehensive School 14

(ii) Is this reaction feasible at 298 K? Justify your answer.

(i) The yield of ammonia produced at equilibrium is less at 700 K than at

(ii) Higher pressures increase the yield of ammonia at equilibrium.

St John's RC Comprehensive School 15

St John's RC Comprehensive School 16

6. (a) The distribution of the energy of particles in a gas at temperature T1 is

(i) On the diagram above, draw the distribution of energy of particles at

St John's RC Comprehensive School 17

(iii) Explain fully why a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.