1.

(a) (i) Enthalpy or heat change / released when 1 mol of

substance (1)
is burned in excess oxygen / completely (1)
all substances in standard states (at a specified temp)/
at a pressure of 1 atm. (1) 3

(ii) Suitable cycle (need not be labelled but if labelled,

these must be correct) (1)
working (1)
answer (1)
e.g . C + 1/2 O 2 CO ( H fo rm CO)

( H com b C arb o n m o n o x id e)
(  H com b C a rb o n )
CO 2 (1 )
= 394 (283) (1)
= 111 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Penalise 1 mark if units incorrect 3

(iii) (some) CO2 is always produced in the reaction (1) 1

(E n erg y ) C (+ 1/2 O 2 )
(1 )

CO
(iv) 1
Consequential on (a) (ii)
n.b. if no answer in(a) (ii), correct diagram can still score

(b) Methane (and oxygen) / reactants thermodynamically unstable

w.r.t. products (1)
Must be a comparison
Since reactants are at a higher energy level (than products) (1)
or reverse argument
Reactants / methane, oxygen kinetically stable (1)
Due to high activation energy (1) 4
If no reference to methane in the answer (max 3)
[12]

2. (a) (i) Gases have much higher entropies than solids as there are many
more
ways of arranging the entities / less ordered / more random(ness)
OR reverse argument (1)

St John's RC Comprehensive School 1

 ZnCO3 has more atoms/is more complex than ZnO (1) 2

(ii) Sοsystem = (+43.6) + (+213.6) – (+82.4)

=+174.8/175 J mol–1 K–1
method (1)
answer, sign and units (1)
Correct answer, sign and units with no working (2) 2

(b)
As printed Amended
– H – H
ο ο
S surroundings = T S surroundings = T
– (464.5 10 3 ) – (71.0 10 3 )
OR = 298 (1) OR = 298 (1)
–1 –1 –1 –1
= – 1560 / 1559 J mol K = – 238(.3) J mol K
answer, sign and units (1) answer, sign and units (1)

ONLY accept 3 or 4 SF 2
IF correct answer, sign and units with no working (1)

(c) (i)
ο
S total = +174.8 – 1558.7
–1 –1
= – 1384 / – 1380 J mol K
–1 – = – 63.5 / 64 / 63 / 63.2 / 63.4 J mol K
1

IF + 174.8 – 1560
= – 1385(.2)
–1 –1
= –1385 / 1390 J mol K
IF + 174.8 – 1559
–1 –1
= – 1384 J mol K

ONLY penalise incorrect units OR no units in (a)(ii), (b) and (c)(i)

once 1

(ii) Natural direction is right to left /reverse as Sοtotal /total entropy

change
is negative / less than zero. 1
MUST be consistent with (i)

(d) (i) Kp = p co2 ((g) eqm) 1

(ii) Increase temperature / reduce pressure (1)
Decreases Sοsurroundings (negative) and hence increases Sοtotal / Le

St John's RC Comprehensive School 2

 Chatelier’s
principle applied (i.e increasing temperature, reducing pressure) (1) 2
[11]

3. (a) Many more ways of arranging / more disordered gas molecules than solid
(particles) 1
(b) Sοsystem = +123.7 + 2(+192.3) + 2(+69.9) – (+99.7) – 2(+94.6)
= +359(.2) J K–1 mol–1
Method (1) 2
Sign, value, units (1)

– H – (51.1 10 3 )
(c) Sοsurroundings = T /= 298 (1)
= – 171.5 / 171 J K–1mol–1 (1) 2
(d) Sοtotal = Sοsystem + Sοsurroundings So the total entropy change has a
positive
value / is greater than zero.
OR
Sοtotal = + 187.7 / +188 J K–1mol–1 1

51.1 10 3
(e) 0 = 359.2 – T

Some recognisable correct method (1)

T = 142(.3) / 143 K (1) 2
[8]

4. (a) (i) Methanol is the biggest/ most complex molecule / greatest MR /most
atoms/most electrons 1
(ii) Ssystem = 239.7 – 197.6 – 2(130.6)
= –219.1/ –219 J mol–lK–1
Method (1)
answer + units (1) 2
(iii) yes as 3 molecules  1 OR yes as (2) gases  a liquid 1
(iv) Ssurr = –H/T (stated or used) (1)
= –(–129/ 298) = +0.433 kJ mol–1 K–1 / +433 J mol–1 K–1/+ 432.9 (1)
–1 for wrong units/ no units / more than 4 SF
–1 for wrong sign/ no sign 2
(v) Stotal = –219.1 + 433 = +213.9 / +213.8 J mol–1 K–1/ +214 J mol–1 K–
1
/

St John's RC Comprehensive School 3

 +0.214 kJ mol –1K–1 (1)
Positive so possible (1) 2

St John's RC Comprehensive School 4

 (b) (i) Temperature
Faster at 400°C (1)
even though yield is lower (1)
Pressure
Higher pressure improves yield of methanol (1)
Higher pressure increases rate (1)
Maximum 3 3
(ii) Not in same phase as reactants. ALLOW state instead of phase1
(iii) Kp = p(CH3OH)/p(CO)×p(H2)2 1
(iv) Partial pressure of methanol = 200 – 55 – 20 = 125 atm (1)
Kp = (125)/55×202
= 5.68 × 10–3 / 5.7 × 10–3 atm–2 (1) 2

(c) (i) Number of molecules / fraction of molecules with energy  EA

/number
of molecules which have enough energy to react. 1
(ii) Vertical line / mark on axis to show value to the left of line EA 1
[17]

5. Penalise units only once in this question

(a) (2×192.3)–[191.6 + (130.6 × 3)] (1)
= –198.8/199 J mol–1 K –1 (1) 2

– – 92.2 1000 / – –92.2 /

(b) 298 298 –H / T (1)
= + 309(.4) J mol–1 K–1 / + 0.309(4) kJ mol–1K–1 (1) 2

(c) (i) –198.8 + 309 = + 110 J mol–1 K–1 (3 SF)

OR
– 198.8 + 309.4 = + 111 J mol–1 K–1 (3 SF)
[Do not penalise missing + sign if penalised already in (b)]
NOT 4SF. Penatise SF only once on paper 1
(ii) Yes, as Stotal is positive / total entropy change 1

St John's RC Comprehensive School 5

 (d) (i) Higher T makes Ssurroundings decrease (so Stotal is less positive) 1
(ii) Cost (of energy) to provide compression/ cost of equipment
to withstand high P/ maintenance costs.
NOT safety considerations alone 1
(iii) Different phase/state (to the reactants) 1
[9]

6. (a) (i)

Starts at zero and approaching x-axis (1)

Maximum greater and at lower energy(1) – T2 needs only to be just
higher than T1
T2 curve must go below T1 curve approaching the x-axis 2

(ii) As the temperature increases the energy of the particles increases

(1)
Use the diagram shading areas
OR more particles to the right hand side of EA line (1)
and so more (successful) collisions/particles have energy greater /
equal or greater than the activation energy (1)
NOT “equal” on its own
NOT mention of “frequency of collisions” on its own 3

(iii) A catalyst provides an alternative route with a lower activation

energy/
which requires less energy (1)
so more collisions / particles have energy greater than the activation
energy (1) 2

St John's RC Comprehensive School 6

 (b) (i) e.g.

Measure the volume of gas given off in a given time / count bubbles /
obscuring cross using limewater (1)
and then repeat over a range of temperatures (1)
No diagram max 3
If method shown cannot possibly work max 1 ie waterbath or
sensible range of temperatures BUT NOT different temperatures
Penalty
–1 for poor diagram

(ii) Positive
1 mol goes to 4 moles/particles (so more disorder) /increase in
number
of moles/particles (1)
products include a gas (and so more disorder) (1)
NOT 1 mole of compound/element goes to 4 moles of
compound/element
If “negative” 0 (out of 2) 2

(iii) Positive with some explanation e.g. ∆Ssurroundings = – ∆H/T OR

because reaction is exothermic (1)
∆H is therefore negative and so ∆Ssurroundings must be positive (1)
If negative given in (ii) allow TE here 2
[15]

7. (a) Heat / enthalpy / energy change (for a reaction) / ∆H (1)

is independent of the pathway / route (between reactants and products)
OR depends only on its initial and final state (1)
Both marks can score from a diagram and equation 2

St John's RC Comprehensive School 7

 (b) (i) ∆H = {(4x + 435) + (2x + 498)} (1)
+ {(2x – 805) + (4x – 464)} (1)
IGNORE signs for first two marks, ie marks for total
enthalpies of bonds broken and made.
= – 730 (kJmol–1) (1)
3rd mark is consequential on their values for first two marks
+ 730 (kJmol–1) (max 2) 3

(ii) (Enthalpy of) combustion

DO NOT penalise “standard” 1

(iii) At 1 atm pressure OR 101 / 100 kPa OR 1 bar (1)

stated temperature (1)
ACCEPT 298 K / 25 C 2

(iv) Reaction has H2O(g) (rather than H2O(l)) (1)

So not standard conditions (1) – 2nd mark is conditional on the 1st
Average bond enthalpies used (so not specific) (1 max) 2

QWC (c) (Exothermic so) products are at lower energy than reactants (1)
Reactants are therefore thermodynamically unstable
(with respect to products) (1) Consequential on 1st mark
NOT ‘reaction’ or ‘system’ is thermodynamically unstable
Can argue from point of view of products.
Ea is high (for noticeable reaction at room temperature) (1)
NOT ‘Ea high’ on its own
So reactants are kinetically stable (with respect to products) (1)
Consequential on 3rd mark
If “reaction” instead of reactants is used (3 max) 4
[14]

St John's RC Comprehensive School 8

8. (a) (i) NO2 is a gas (whereas BaO is a solid) (1)
Ba(NO3)2 has a more complicated structure than BaO (1)
Allow 2nd mark if a correct statement is combined with a
“neutral” wrong statement 2
Accept Ba(NO3)2 “molecule” has more electrons / is
larger than BaO “molecule” (1)
Accept more atoms/ions/particles
Accept more complicated/complex compound
Reject Ba(NO3)2 has a larger molar mass than BaO
Reject more molecules/elements

(ii) ∆Sοsystem = 70.4 + (2 × 240.0) + (½ × 205.0) – 213.8 (1)

= +439.1 J mol–1 K–1 (1)
–1 per error 2
Accept +439 J mol–1 K–1
Accept J/ mol /K

H 5051000
ο
 
(b) ∆S surroundings = T (1) = 298
= – 1700 J mol–1 K–1 (3 s.f.) (1)
Penalise wrong units in (a)(ii) and (b) once only 2
Accept –1690 J mol–1 K–
Accept –1695 J mol–1 K–1
Answers in kJ mol–1 K–1
Reject –1694 J mol–1 K–1
Reject –1694.6 J mol–1 K–1
Reject –1694.63 J mol–1 K–1

(c) ∆Sοtotal = +439.1 – 1695 = – 1260 (J mol–1 K–1) (1)

Allow TE [follow through working from (a)(ii) and (b)]
Mark consistently with (a)(ii) and (b)
The reaction isn’t spontaneous / doesn’t “go” (at 298K) (1)
Must be consistent with sign in calculation 2
Accept –1256 J mol–1 K–1
Accept –1261 J mol–1 K–1
Accept –1255.5 J mol–1 K–1

St John's RC Comprehensive School 9

 (d) When just spontaneous, ∆Sοtotal = 0
505 OR 505000
or implied by calculation i.e a(ii) (1)
 ∆Sοsurroundings = –439.1 J mol–1 K–1
5051000
 T = 439.1 = 1150 (K) (1)
Accept 1150.1 K
Accept 877 °C
Accept 1151K with no working (1 max)
Reject 1151K for 2nd mark
Reject any negative value for T (in K): no 2nd mark
Reject 1150 °C
ignore 0K
Allow full marks for an answer without working 2
[10]

9. (a) (i) (5.0/1000 ) × 0.010 = 5.0 × 10–5 (mol) 1

(ii) ½ × 5.0 × 10–5 = 2.5 × 10–5 (mol) (1)

TE from (i) 1

(iii) 2.5 × 10–5 × (1000/40.0) = 6.25 × 10–4 mol dm–3

6.25 × 10–4 / 5 = 1.25 × 10–4 (mol dm–3 s–1) (1)
Allow T.E. 2
Accept (ii) X5: 2 marks
Accept (ii) ÷5: 1st mark

(b) (i) First 1

(ii) First (0)

Comparing experiments 2& 3
[I–] doubles, so from (b)(i) rate should also double
yet rate is 6 times greater,
so extra trebling of rate must be caused by trebling of [S2O82–]
 Rate  [S2O82–]1 (1)
Or other valid argument 1

St John's RC Comprehensive School 10

 (iii) Rate = k [S2O82–] [I–] (1) 1
Accept T.E. from (i) + (ii)

(iv) k = rate / ([S2O82–] [I–]) = 2.74 × 10–5 / (0.01 × 0.02)

= 0.137 dm3 mol–1 s–1
numerical answer (1) units (1)
Mark independently 2
Accept T.E. from (iii)
[9]

10. (i) Enthalpy change when 1 mol of gaseous ions (1)

Accept energy or heat
Reject any implication of an endothermic process
e.g. energy required
Reject “….1 mol of gaseous atoms”
is dissolved such that further dilution causes no
further heat change (1)
Accept “added to water”/”reacts with water” instead
of “dissolved”
Reject just “hydrated”
Reject just “completely hydrated”
IGNORE “standard conditions”
Accept is dissolved to form an infinitely dilute solution
OR
Is dissolved in a large/excess/infinite amount of
water
Mark each aspect independently 2

St John's RC Comprehensive School 11

 (ii) EITHER
∆HSOLN = (–∆HLE + ∆HHYD) (1)
Expression quoted or correctly used in at least one of
the calculations below
Accept answer only with no working (1)
∆HSOLN MgSO4 = –(–2874) + (–1920)
= +954 (kJ mol–1) (1)
∆HSOLN = BaSO4 = –(–2374) + (–1360)
= +1014 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Accept answer only with no working (1)
Enthalpy of solution of MgSO4 less endothermic/more
exothermic/more negative than for BaSO4, so MgSO4
more soluble than BaSO4 (or reverse argument) (1)
Reject just “solubility/∆Hsoln depends on a balance
between lattice and hydration energies”
OR
(both) lattice energies and hydration enthalpies
decrease from MgSO4 to BaSO4 (or down group) (1)
Accept “The hydration energies decrease faster…..”
Reject (–)500 and (–)560 stated without further
explanation
(but) lattice energies change less (1)
∆HSOLN = (–∆HLE + ∆HHYD) (1) stated in words or symbols
Reject just “solubility/∆Hsolution depends on a balance
between lattice and hydration energies”
so ∆Hsoln less exothermic/more endothermic/more
positive for BaSO4 so less soluble
OR so ∆Hsoln more exothermic/more negative/less
endothermic for MgSO4 so MgSO4 more soluble (1) 4
[6]

11. (a) (i) [6 × 188.7 + 4 × 210.7] – [4 × 192.3 + 5 × 205] (1)

+180.8 J mol–1 K–1 (1)
Accept +181 J mol–1 K–1
Reject internal TE
–1 for missing + sign/missing or incorrect units but penalise only
once in part (a)
[IGNORE sig fig] 2

St John's RC Comprehensive School 12

 (ii) yes, as 9 molecules of gas are being changed to 10 molecules of
gas (therefore increase in disorder) 1
Accept TE from (i)
Not just 9 molecules going to 10 molecules

(iii) –905.6 × 1000 /1123 (1)

+ 806.4 J mol–1 K–1 / 0.8064 kJ mol–1 K–1 (1)
[IGNORE SF] 2
Accept + 806 J mol K–1

(iv) +987.2 J mol–1 K–1 1

Accept +987 J mol–1 K–1
allow TE from (i) & (iii)
No TE if J mol–1 K–1 added to kJ mol–1 K–1

(v) All products/reaction goes to completion because ∆Stot > 200 J

mol–1 K–1/∆Stot is very large
[Needs to be consistent with (iv)] 1

(vi) catalysed pathway should have lower Ea than uncatalysed pathway

and the peak of the curve should be above the energy level of the
reactants (1)
Energy of products should be lower than energy of reactants (1)2

2
pNO 2
Kp 
(b) (i) pNO 2 pO 2 1
p 2 NO 2
2
Accept p NO pO 2
Reject [ ]

St John's RC Comprehensive School 13

 4.95
(ii) mole fraction NO2 = 5 or 0.99 (1)
0.025
mole fraction NO = 5 or 0.005
OR
0.025
mole fraction O2 = 5 or 0.005 (1)
(0.99) 2 (1.5) 2
3 3
Kp = (0.005) (1.15) = 5227200 / 5.2 × 106 (1)
atm–1 (1) unit mark independent but consistent with
expression used in calculation.
IGNORE SF 4
Correct answer for Kp alone = 3 max

(iii) Equilibrium lies to RHS/products side as Kp is large

OR reaction won’t go to completion as Kp < 1010
Must be consistent with (ii) 1
Allow TE from b(ii)

(iv) Kp remains unchanged as pressure does not affect it / only

temperature affects Kp (1)
partial pressure of NO2 increases as eqm moves to side of
fewest (gas) molecules/RHS (1)
or
Partial pressure of NO2 increases as pp = mole fraction × total
pressure 2
Accept justification in terms of entropy
[17]

12. (a) N/N2 goes from 0 to –3 = reduction (1)

H/H2 goes from 0 to (+)1 = oxidation (1) 2
If “the oxidation number of N goes down hence
reduced and the oxidation number of H goes up and
hence oxidised” (max 1)
If all O.N. correct but fails to state which is oxidation
and which is reduction scores 1.
If all O.N. correct but both reactions misclassified,
scores zero.
Any answer not referring to nitrogen or hydrogen
scores zero.

St John's RC Comprehensive School 14

St John's RC Comprehensive School 15
 (b) (i) Calculation of bonds broken 463 × 3 + 944/ (= 2252) (1)
Calculation of bonds made 388×6/ (= 2328) (1)
∆H = –76 (kJ mol–1) (1)
mark consequential on numerical values calculated above 3
Correct answer with some working scores 3 marks
Correct answer alone scores 2 marks

(ii) Average / mean bond enthalpy used for N–H bond / ammonia1
Reject just “average bond enthalpies used”

(iii) Thermodynamic:
energy level of products lower than that of reactants
OR
energy released in bond formation > energy used to break bonds (1)
Accept ∆H negative / reaction exothermic
kinetic:
high activation energy (1)
because strong N≡N (1)
[confusion between thermodynamic and kinetic loses first 2 marks]. 3
Accept because N≡N is 944/ total bond breaking
energy is high/2252(kJ mol–1)

St John's RC Comprehensive School 16

 (c) (i) QWC
One way
temperature increase therefore molecules have greater (average
kinetic) energy (1)
Accept moving faster
more molecules/collisions have E ≥ Eact (1)
Therefore a greater proportion of/ more of the collisions are
successful (1)
Ignore greater frequency of collision
Accept E > Eact particles for molecules
greater frequency of successful collisions/ more
successful conditions per unit time
Reject just “more successful collisions”
Another way
addition of (iron) catalyst (1)
Accept platinum catalyst
Reject incorrect catalyst
provides alternative route of lower activation energy (1)
EITHER:
A greater proportion of /more of the molecules/collisions have E ≥
Ecat/
a greater proportion of collisions are successful
Reject just “more successful collisions”
OR provides (active) sites (where reactant molecules can
bond / be adsorbed) (1)
Ignore any answers referring to pressure or concentration.
Do not penalise just “more collisions are successful” more
than once 6

(ii) QWC
Decrease temperature (1)
because (forward) reaction exothermic (1)
increase pressure (1)
because more moles (of gas) on left (1) 4
Accept low temperature ∆H is negative
Answer based on endothermic reaction scores 0
Accept high pressure
Accept molecules for moles
[19]

St John's RC Comprehensive School 17

13. (a) ∆Sοsystem = [202.9 + 2 × 192.3] – [99.7 + 2 × 94.6]
= 587.5 – 288.9 = +299 J mol–1 K–1
Value (1) sign & units (1)
Allow TE for internal error only if a failure to double one or both of the
two energies:
i.e. +106/+106.3 J mol–1 K–1
+393/+393.2 J mol–1 K–1
+201/+200.9 J mol–1 K–1 (1 max) 2
Accept +298.6 J mol–1 K–1 (2)
Accept correct answer with no working (2)
No credit for answer based on an inverse
subtraction, i.e. –299/–298.6 J mol–1 K–1

(b) ∆Sοsurroundings = – ∆H/T or –21200/298 (1)

= –71.1 J mol–1 K–1 (1)
Only penalise units once in (a) & (b)
Allow one minor slip in units, e.g. J mol– K–1 2
Accept correct answer with no working (2)
Accept –0.0711 kJ mol–1 K–1
Reject all other values

(c) (i) ∆Sοtotal = (+)227.5 (J mol–1 K–1) / answer to (a) plus answer to (b),
provided that value is positive.
Since value is positive, (reaction is spontaneous)
Must do the arithmetic
Both needed for the mark 1
Accept rounded value e.g.
(+)228 J mol–1 K–1
Accept ∆Sοsystem is large and +ve
Accept ∆Sοsurroundings is small and –ve
so ∆Sοtotal must be positive (and reaction is
spontaneous)
Reject any negative number

(ii) Activation energy must be high / reaction must be kinetically

hindered/reaction doesn’t have to be fast 1
Accept poor contact between solids
Accept few/no collisions between particles
Reject ∆H is positive, so heat is needed to start the
reaction

St John's RC Comprehensive School 18

St John's RC Comprehensive School 19
 (iii) Dissolve solid(s) in water/solvent (before “mixing”) (1)
Accept grind into a (fine) powder
Reject use of a catalyst
Particles/ions/”molecules” (not atoms) become mobile,
so increasing chance of collisions, (hence interactions) (1)
mark independently 2
Accept which increases surface area so improves
chance of collisions
[8]

14. (i) ∆HSOLN = –∆HLATT + ∆HHYD

OR
= –(–958) + (–464) + (–506) (1)
= –12 (kJ mol–1) (1)
Accept –12 kJ
CORRECT ANSWER ALONE SCORES 2 2
+12 scores (0)

(ii) AgF soluble / AgF slightly soluble (1)

If +12 (kJ mol–1) in (i), AgF insoluble (1)
as ∆HSOLN exothermic / negative (1)
Accept because endothermic / positive (1)
MARK INDEPENDENTLY
Mark CQ on sign and magnitude of answer in (i) 2
[4]

15. (a) (i) Liquids are more disordered than solids/ solids are more
ordered than liquids/ solids are less disordered than liquids /
liquids are less ordered than solids 1
Accept more ways of arranging energy in a liquid
because of translation/rotation energy
Reject just “more ways of arranging energy”

St John's RC Comprehensive School 20

 (ii) (165 + 217.1 – 166.5 =) + 215.6 OR +216 (J mol–1 K–1)
“+” sign essential 1
Accept +(0).2156 kJ mol–1 K–1
OR +0.216 kJ mol–1 K–1
Reject 215 J mol–1 K–1
Reject 0.215 kJ mol–1 K–1

(iii) Yes because

The products include a gas (1)
Accept solid goes to liquid and gas for first mark
One mole/molecule goes to two moles/molecules (1) 2
1 reactant goes to 2 products does not get 2nd mark

 H
ο
(b) ∆S surroundings = T
OR
 123800
298 (1)
= – 415 J mol–1 K–1 (1) 2
Accept – 0.415 kJ mol–1 K–1
Accept –415.4 J mol–1 K–1
Accept final answer with no working (2)
Allow “j” for “J”
Reject full calculator display eg –415.4362416
Reject more than 2 dp e.g. –415.436

(c) (i) ∆Stotal = –415 + 216 = –199

or –199.8 or –200) (J mol–1 K–1)
IGNORE 4th significant figure 1
Accept –0.199 kJ mol–1 K–1
ALLOW TE from(a)(ii) and (b)

(ii) reactants predominate / equilibrium lies well to the left

OR
Equilibrium completely to the left 1
ALLOW TE from (c)(i)

St John's RC Comprehensive School 21

 p PCl3 p CL2
Kp 
p PCl5
(d) (i) (1)
IGNORE state symbols or lack of them unless (s) or (l)
Units atm (1) 2
Accept capital “P”
Accept use of ( )
If expression the wrong way up allow second mark if
units given as atm–1
Reject use of [ ]

(ii)
Substance Moles at Moles at Peq /atm
start equilibrium
0.15
0.20
PCl5(g) 0.25 × 4.32
(1)
= 2.592
PCl3(g) 0.05 0.05
0.25 × 4.32
= 0.864
Cl2(g) 0.05 0.864
Total number of moles 0.25
at equilibrium

All three(1) All three(1)

Allow consequential marking across columns 3
If moles at eqm are given as 0.025 for PCl3(g) and
for Cl2(g) then 4th column should be 3.24, 0.54 and
0.54
and gets 2 (out of 3)

0.864 0.864
Kp 
(iii) ( (2.592) )
= 0.288 (atm) 1
ALLOW TE from di and from dii
Common wrong values above gives 0.090
ALLOW 0.29
Reject 0.3
reject 0.28

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 (iv) A No change because Kp depends only on temperature /
number of moles would change in same proportion (1)
B Increase because reaction is endothermic (1)
OR
entropy arguments 2
If both changes correct but no explanations then 1
(out of 2)
[16]

16. (a) B 1

(b) A 1
[2]

17. (a) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq)  Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Accept state symbols omitted 1

(b) (i) Positive because a gas is given off (1)

which is more disordered and so has more entropy (1) 2

(ii) Positive because the reaction is exothermic (1)

and = –H/T (1) 2

(iii) Positive because the reaction occurs / total entropy change

is the sum of the two positive values above. 1

(c) (i) Surface coated with magnesium oxide (which would react to
form water rather than hydrogen). 1

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 (ii) QWC
Initial number of moles of HCl = 20 × 1 /1000 = 0.02
Number of moles of Mg = 0.1 / 24 = 0.00417 (1)
number of moles of HCl which reacts is 0.00834 (1)
Therefore number of moles of HCl left = 0.01166 (1)
Ignore sig figs
so the concentration nearly halves which would significantly
reduce the rate and so make the assumption that the initial
rate is proportional to 1/time invalid / inaccurate. (1)
Increase the volume of acid to (at least) 50 cm3 (1)
Or measure the time to produce less than the full amount of gas
Or use a smaller piece of magnesium. (1) 5

(iii) Energy given out = 467 000 × 0.1/24 J = 1 946 J

20 × 4.18 × T = 1 946 (1)
T = 23.3(o) (1)
Accept units of degrees celsius or Kelvin
This temperature change would significantly increase
the rate of the reaction (1)
Carry out the reaction in a water bath of constant
temperature/use a larger volume of more dilute acid (1) 4

(iv) At 329 time 4s 1/time = 0.25 s–1 ln(rate) = –1.39 (1)

At 283 time 124s 1/time = 0.00806 s–1 ln(rate) = –4.82 (1)
[graph to be drawn]
Plot line with new gradient = – 3.43 / 0.00049
= – 7 000 (1)
Accept –6800 to –7200
Activation energy = + 7 000 × 8.31
= + 58.2 kJ mol–1 (1) 4

(v) QWC
Rate of reaction reduced because less surface area in contact
with the acid. (1) 1

(vi) Any two

• Repeat the experiment at each of the temperatures
• obtain an initial rate eg by measuring the volume of gas
given off before the reaction is complete.
• Other sensible suggestions. 2

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 (vii) The rate should be lower, since ethanoic acid is a weaker acid
(compared to hydrochloric acid) and so there will be a lower
concentration of hydrogen ions present. 1
[24]

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