Digital Image Processing

LECTURE 2: INTRODUCTION

Dr. Ajay Kumar Mahato

Assistant Professor
ECE Department
GLA University Mathura

1
Introduction
and Fundamentals
 Introduction

When can we Object be Imaged?

Introduction
Introduction
 Introduction
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚
Where
x, y : represents the spatial coordinates
f: represents the amplitude/intensity
Image

Analog Image Digital Image

(if x and y are continuous ) (if x and y are discrete)
f is also continuous f is quantized
 Analog signal Vs Digital Signal

❑ Analog Signal: An analog signal is a continuous signal that varies

smoothly over time.

❑ Digital Signal: Digital signals are not continuous; instead, they

are sampled at specific intervals
 Introduction
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚
Where
x, y : represents the spatial coordinates
f: represents the amplitude/intensity
Image

Analog Image Digital Image

(if x and y are continuous ) (if x and y are discrete)
f is also continuous f is quantized
Introduction
 What is an Image?

Projection of 3D scene in 2D plane is

called as an “Image”.
 What is an Image ?
▪ An image is a visual representation of scene.

▪ An image is an item that depicts visual perception such as a

photograph.

▪ An image is a 2-D representation of a 3-D scene.

▪ It plays an important role in various applications areas such as

research and technology.

▪ In the context of signal processing, an image is a collection of

distributed amplitude of color(s).
 Analog Image
▪ An analog image is characterized by a continuous variation in tone,
where each tone represents a continuous variation of the scene
being captured.
▪ This definition is commonly applied in the context of remote sensing,
where analog images are produced by photosensitive chemicals in
photographic film.
Examples:

Aerial Photography

X-ray Imaging

Painting CRT monitor

 Digital Image
▪ This representation involves dividing the image into small, discrete
units called pixels, which are the smallest individual elements in the
image.
▪ Each pixel is holding quantized values that typically denote color and
brightness at specific points.
▪ A digital image is essentially a representation of a real image that
is converted into a format that can be stored and processed by a
digital computer.
▪ Digital Image Formats:• RAW • BMP • GIF • JPG • PNG • TIFF • HDF
 Analog Image vs Digital Image
❑ Advantages of Digital image over Analog images
▪ It is easy to post-process the image. Small corrections can be
made in the captured image using software.

▪ It is easy to store the images in the digital memory

▪ It is possible to transmit the image over network. So, sharing

an image is quite easy.

▪ A digital image does not require any chemical process. So, it is

very environment friendly, as harmful film chemicals are not
required ot used.

▪ It is easy to operate a digital camera.

 Analog Image vs Digital Image

❑ Disadvantages of digital images:

▪ Initial cost,

▪ Problems associated with sensors such as high-power

consumption and potential failure

▪ Security issues associated with the storage and transmission

of digital images.
 Digital Image
▪ A digital image is a binary representation of visual information
▪ A digital image is a representation in a two-dimensional space as
a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels.

❑Digital Image Representation:

▪ An image can be defined as a 2D signal that varies over the spatial
coordinates x and y, and can be written mathematically as f(x,y)

𝑓 0, 0 𝑓 0, 1 𝑓(0, 2) .. .. 𝑓(0, 𝑌 − 1)
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓(1, 0) 𝑓(1,1) 𝑓(1, 2) .. .. 𝑓(1, 𝑌 − 1)
.. .. .. .. .. ..
𝑓(𝑋 − 1, 0) 𝑓(𝑋 − 1, 1) 𝑓(𝑋 − 2, 2) .. .. 𝑓(𝑋 − 1, 𝑌 − 1)
 Digital Image Representation
▪ f(x,y) is divided into X rows and Y columns

▪ At intersection of rows and columns, pixels (picture element) are

present.

▪ The value of the function f(x,y) at every point indexed by a row and
a column is called grey value or intensity of the image.

▪ Vertical Resolution: The number of rows in a digital image is

called vertical resolution

▪ Horizontal Resolution: The number of columns is called

horizontal resolution.

▪ Dimension of an image: The number of rows and columns

describes the dimension of the image.
 Image Representation
How to Computer Understand Images?
 Image Representation
Binary Image Representation
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Image Representation
Gray Image Representation
 Image Representation
❑ Binary images: In binary images, the pixels assume a value of 0
and 1. The binary image is created from a grey scale image using a
thresholding process.

❑ Gray scale images: In Grey scale images, they have many

shades of grey between black and white.
Image Representation
Colour Image Representation
 Image Representation

▪ Digital Image data can also have a third dimension called layers.
▪ Layers are the images of the same scene but containing different
information.
▪ In multi-spectral images, layers are the images of different
spectral ranges called bands or channel.
▪ For instance, a colour picture, taken by a digital camera is
composed of three bands containing red, green and blue spectral
information individually.
Image Representation
Colour Image Representation
 Image Representation
❑True colour images: In true colour images, the pixel has a colour
that is obtained by mixing the primary colours (Red, Green and
Blue). Hence it is also called as three-band images.

❑Pseudo colour images: In remote sensing applications, multi-

band images or multi-spectral images are generally used. These
images, which are captured by satellite, contain many bands. A
typical remote sensing image may have a 3- 11 bands in an image.
This information is beyond the human perceptual range. So, colour
is artificially added to these bands and to increase operational
convenience. These are called artificial colour or pseudo colour
images.
Pseudo Images
Pseudo Image
 Digital Image Processing

Digital Image Processing means processing

of images which are digital in nature by using
a digital computer
 Digital Image Processing

❑ Manipulation of digital images by means of a digital computer for

representation in suitable form is known as Digital Image
Processing.
❑ Digital image processing focusses on two major tasks:
▪ Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation.
▪ Processing of Images data for storage, transmission and
representation for autonomous machine perception.
 Digital Image Processing
The image processing can be broken up into low-level,
mid-level and high-level processes as follows:
LOW LEVEL PROCESS MID LEVEL PROCESS HIGH LEVEL PROCESS

INPUT: Image INPUT: Image INPUT: Attributes

OUTPUT: Image OUTPUT: Attributes OUTPUT: Understanding

Examples: Object
Examples: Noise removal, Examples: Autonomous
Recognition, Image
Image Sharpening Navigation
Segmentation
 Introduction
What we can do with Digital Images?
Fundamentals Steps in
Digital Image Processing
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing

Wavelet and Compression

Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Image Acquisition: This step aims to obtain the digital image of the object

Wavelet and Compression

Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Image Acquisition: This step aims to obtain the digital image of the object
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Image Enhancement: This step aims to improve the quality of the image
so that the analysis of the image is reliable.
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Image Enhancement: This step aims to improve the quality of the
image so that the analysis of the image is reliable.
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing

Image Filtering: This step aims to remove the noise or sharpen the
edges present in an digital Image.
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Image Restoration: It is an area that also deals with improving the
appearance of an image.
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Image Restoration:
▪ It is an area that also deals with improving the appearance of an
image.
▪ Restoration attempts to recover an image that has been degraded by
using a priori knowledge of degradation phenomenon.
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Colour Image Processing: Colours is also as the basis for extracting
features of interest in an image
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Colour Image Processing: Colours is also as the basis for extracting
features of interest in an image
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Wavelets: Wavelets are the foundation for representing images in various
degrees of resolution.
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Compression: It deals with technique to reduce the storage required to
save an image or the bandwidth required to transmit it.
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Compression: It deals with technique to reduce the storage required to
save an image or the bandwidth required to transmit it.
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Morphological Processing: It deals with tools for extracting image
components that are useful in representation and description of shape.
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Morphological Processing: It deals with tools for extracting image
components that are useful in representation and description of
shape.
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Segmentation: Segmentation partitions an image into its constituent
parts of or objects.
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Image Segmentation: Segmentation partitions an image into its
constituent parts of or objects.
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Feature Extraction: consists of feature detection (finding the region or
boundary) and feature description (assigns quantitative attributes to the detected
features).
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Feature Extraction: consists of feature detection (finding the region or
boundary) and feature description (assigns quantitative attributes to the detected
features).
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Image Pattern Classification: process that assigns label to an object
based on its feature description.
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
Knowledge Base: Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an
image processing system in the form of knowledge database.
Wavelet and Compression
Colour Image Morphological
Other image and
Processing Processing
transforms Watermarking

Image
Segmentation
Restoration

Image Filtering
Feature
and Knowledge Base Extraction
Enhancement

Image Image Pattern

Acquisition Classification

Problem Domain
Thank You