Problem Set 23
Online Math Club
December 12, 2024
Introduction
This problem set contains problems on Geometry Configurations and Combinatorial
Thinking.
Instructions:
• You can discuss the problems with one another and come up with solutions together
as well. This is especially encouraged for harder problems. We would request you
to solve the easier ones independently.
• You are also encouraged to ask for hints on the server on problems you’re struggling
with.
• The solutions/sources of the problems will be posted with the next Pset.
• Problems are roughly ordered by difficulty.
• Enjoy the problems!
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Online Math Club Problem Set 23
§1 Problems
Problem 1.1. Let ABC be an acute, scalene triangle, and let M , N , and P be the
midpoints of BC, CA, and AB, respectively. Let the perpendicular bisectors of AB and
AC intersect ray AM in points D and E respectively, and let lines BD and CE intersect
in point F , inside of triangle ABC. Prove that points A, N , F , and P all lie on one
circle.
Problem 1.2. In △ABC, a point D lies on line BC. The circumcircle of ABD meets
AC at F (other than A), and the circumcircle of ADC meets AB at E (other than A).
Prove that as D varies, the circumcircle of AEF always passes through a fixed point
other than A, and that this point lies on the median from A to BC.
Problem 1.3. Let ABC be a scalene triangle with orthocenter H and circumcenter O.
Let P be the midpoint of AH and let T be on line BC with ∠T AO = 90◦ . Let X be the
foot of the altitude from O onto line P T . Prove that the midpoint of P X lies on the
nine-point circle of △ABC.
(The nine-point circle of △ABC is the unique circle passing through the following
nine points: the midpoint of the sides, the feet of the altitudes, and the midpoints of
AH, BH, and CH.)
Problem 1.4. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcenter O and orthocenter H. Let ω1
and ω2 denote the circumcircles of triangles BOC and BHC, respectively. Suppose the
circle with diameter AO intersects ω1 again at M , and line AM intersects ω1 again at
X. Similarly, suppose the circle with diameter AH intersects ω2 again at N , and line
AN intersects ω2 again at Y . Prove that lines M N and XY are parallel.
Problem 1.5. Let △ABC be an acute triangle with circumcenter O such that AB < AC,
let Q be the intersection of the external bisector of ∠A with BC, and let P be a
point in the interior of △ABC such that △BP A is similar to △AP C. Show that
∠QP A + ∠OQB = 90◦ .
Problem 1.6. Let k be a positive integer. A sequence of integers a1 , a2 , · · · is called
k-pop if the following holds: for every n ∈ N, an is equal to the number of distinct
elements in the set {a1 , · · · , an+k }. Determine, as a function of k, how many k-pop
sequences there are.
Problem 1.7. Let m and n be positive integers. A 2m × 2n grid of squares is colored in
the usual chessboard fashion. Determine the number of ways to place mn counters on
the white squares, at most one counter per square, so that no two counters are diagonally
adjacent.
Problem 1.8. Let a1 , a2 , . . . be a sequence of integers with infinitely many positive and
negative terms. Suppose that for every positive integer n the numbers a1 , a2 , . . . , an leave
n different remainders upon division by n.
Prove that every integer occurs exactly once in the sequence a1 , a2 , . . ..
Problem 1.9. Let S = {1, 2, . . . , n}, where n ≥ 1. Each of the 2n subsets of S is to be
colored red or blue. (The subset itself is assigned a color and not its individual elements.)
For any set T ⊆ S, we then write f (T ) for the number of subsets of T that are blue.
Determine the number of colorings that satisfy the following condition: for any subsets
T1 and T2 of S,
f (T1 )f (T2 ) = f (T1 ∪ T2 )f (T1 ∩ T2 ).
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Online Math Club Problem Set 23
§2 For the Enthusiastic!
Problem 2.1. Malay considers triangle ABC, let D be the foot of the perpendicular
from A to line BC. He took point K, which lies inside triangle ABC, such that
∠KAB = ∠KCA and ∠KAC = ∠KBA. The line through K perpendicular to line DK
meets the circle with diameter BC at points X, Y . Could you help him to prove that
AX · DY = DX · AY
Problem 2.2. Let n > 1 be a given integer. An n × n × n cube is composed of n3 unit
cubes. Each unit cube is painted with one colour. For each n × n × 1 box consisting of
n2 unit cubes (in any of the three possible orientations), we consider the set of colours
present in that box (each colour is listed only once). This way, we get 3n sets of colours,
split into three groups according to the orientation.
It happens that for every set in any group, the same set appears in both of the other
groups. Determine, in terms of n, the maximal possible number of colours that are
present.
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Online Math Club Problem Set 23
§3 Solutions/Sources to PSet 22
Problem 3.1. Let K = EF ∩ BC, As (D, K, B, C) = −1 we get KB.KC = KE.KF =
KD.KM
Problem 3.2. Let T = IP ∩ BC. Take note that (T, D; B, C) = −1, as ∠T P D = 90 by
right Angles and bisectors we get P D is angle bisector of ∠BP C.
Problem 3.3. Sharygin 2017
Problem 3.4. Self-Polar Orthogonality lemma in EGMO
Problem 3.5. Use brocard’s theorem on BCEF .
Problem 3.6. ISL 2004/G8
Problem 3.7. IGO 2024 P1
Problem 3.8. Concurrency point is exeter point
Problem 3.9. USATST 2003/2
Problem 3.10. Find isogonal conjugate of P and show collinear with AQ.
§3.1 For the Enthusiastic!
Problem 3.11. ISL 2005/G6
Problem 3.12. Aops link
