CRI 010: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY - Summarize by: Instructor Ma Pauline Bautista,RCrim

➔ R.A. 11200

➔ R.A. 8551 - PNP REFORM AND ORGANIZATION ACT

OF 1998
➔ R.A. 9263 - Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004.
➔ R.A. 9708 - An act extending for five (5) years the
reglementary period for complying with the minimum
educational qualification for appointment to the Philippine
National Police (PNP) and adjusting the promotion system
thereof, amending for the purpose pertinent provisions of
republic act no. 6975 and republic act no.
➔ R.A. 11131 - An act regulating the practice of criminology
profession in the Philippines, and appropriating funds
therefore, repealing for the purpose Republic Act No. 6506,
otherwise known as "an act creating the board of examiners
for criminologists in the Philippines."

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 ➔ R.A. 11549 - An act lowering the minimum height crimes rather, were driven to commit it due to economic, social and
requirement for applicants of the Philippine National Police political factors. (Enrico Ferri)
(PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology (BJMP), and Bureau of
Corrections (BuCor), amending republic act no 6975. NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY - SAND
1. As an Applied Science - Anthropology, psychology, sociology
THE FOUR (4) PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY: and other natural sciences may be applied in the study of the causes
of crime while chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics, etc. may
1. SOCIOLOGY OF LAW- which is an attempt at scientific analysis be utilized in crime detection.
of the conditions under which criminal law 2. As Social Science in as much as crime is a creation of the society
influences society. and that it exists in a society, its study must be considered a part of
2. CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY - which is an attempt at scientific social science.
analysis of the study of causes or reasons for 3. Dynamic criminology changes as social conditions change. That
crime. means the progress of criminology is concordant with the
3. PENOLOGY - concerned with control of crime by repressing advancement of other sciences that have
criminal activities through the fear of been applied to it.
punishment. 4. Nationalistic the study of crime must always conform to the
4. CRIMINALISTICS – concerns with the collection, identification, existing criminal law of the land.
and recognition of physical evidence at the
crime scene. ACT NO. 3815 - REVISED PENAL CODE

3 CONTRIBUTION OF HOLY THREE

GENERAL TERRITORIAL PROSPECTIVE

1. Born Criminal - States those criminals are a lower form of life, The law is binding The law is binding Criminal law cannot
nearer to their apelike ancestors than non-criminal in traits and to all persons who to all crimes make an act
disposition. (Cesare Lombroso) live or sojourn in committed within punishable in a
2. Moral Anomalies - Criminal behavior could be traced not to the Philippines. the National manner in which it
Territory of the was not punishable
physical features but to criminal’s psychological
Philippines. when
equivalents.(Raffaele Garofalo) committed; it has no
3. Moral Responsibility - Criminals should not be held morally retroactive effect.
responsible for their crimes, because they did not choose to commit
EXCEPTIONS

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1. Head of the state 1. Should commit 1. When a new security and the law
or country an offense while on statute dealing with of nations, defined
2. Foreign diplomats a Philippine ship or the crime in Title One of
3. Ambassadors airship. establishes Book Two of this
who are duly conditions more Code.
accredited to a 2. Should forge or lenient or favorable
country counterfeit any coin to the accused, it
4. Foreign troops or currency note of can be given a Exemption to the Exception: if the accused is a habitual
permitted to inarch the Philippine retroactive effect. delinquent.
within a territory Islands or
obligations and KINDS OPPOSITE
securities
issued by the Terrestrial- Retroactive effect
Government of the jurisdiction
Philippine Islands; exercised over land
Fluvial – over
3. Should be liable maritime and
for acts connected interior waters
with the Aerial – over the
introduction into atmosphere
these islands of the
obligations and
securities mentioned
The explanation of crime involves diverse approaches, broadly
in the presiding
number; categorized into objective and subjective perspectives. The objective
approach attributes criminal behavior to external factors like social
4. While being and economic influences, while the subjective approach focuses on
public officers or internal factors within the individual, such as biological and mental
employees, should traits.
commit an offense
in the exercise of
Various specific approaches:
their functions; or
1. Biological Approach: Crime stems from internal factors
5. Should commit beyond an individual's control.
any of the crimes
against national

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2. Causal Approach: Studies the connection between actions 16. Organic Psychosis Approach: General paralysis of the insane
and their consequences, exploring potential causes of (Patients of this abnormality commit offenses with
criminal behavior. astonishing openness and silliness);
3. Deficient in Probity Approach: Criminals lacking moral
integrity commit property crimes. ➔ Traumatic psychosis (Patients of this abnormality
4. Descriptive Approach: Analyzes different aspects of crime, commit crimes of violence);
including criminal traits and behaviors. ➔ Encephalitis Lethargic (Patients of this abnormality
5. Organically Inferior Human Traits Approach: Criminals commit crimes of explosive and sexual nature);
are seen as physically inferior individuals. ➔ Senile Dementia (patients of this abnormality are of
6. Economic Approach: Examines external economic factors old age and commit varying crimes);
influencing criminal behavior. ➔ Epilepsy (Patients of such abnormality commit
7. Endemic Approach: Studies local conditions or specific crimes of sudden violence).
areas leading to criminal behavior. ➔ Schizophrenia (Patients of this abnormality suffer
8. Environmental Approach: Explains criminal behavior split-mindedness. Also known as Dementia Praecox
based on external factors outside the individual's personality.
9. Functional Psychosis Approach: Classifies offenders as Various approaches exist in the study of crime:
normal or abnormal, considering organic or functional
psychosis. 1. Biological Approach: Crime is seen as inherited or linked to
10. Heredity and Criminal Families Approach: Explores the physical traits.
influence of genetics and family background on criminal 2. Psychiatric Approach: Mental diseases and disorders are
tendencies. considered causes of criminal behavior.
11. Individualistic Approach: Focuses on the biological and 3. Psychological Approach: Crime arises from behavioral
mental traits of the offender to explain delinquent behavior. disorders due to reduced self-awareness.
12. Physiological Approach: Examines glandular malfunction 4. Sociological Approach: Social factors and unequal
as a cause of delinquency. opportunities lead to criminality.
13. Social Approach: Considers society's impact on an 5. Geographical Approach: Location influences aggression,
individual's criminal tendencies. with hot areas potentially leading to more crime.
14. Therapeutic Approach: Views criminals as victims of 6. Demographical Approach: Densely populated areas may
circumstances shaped by various factors within the have higher crime rates.
individual and society. 7. Epidemiological Approach: Crime can be transmitted
15. Twin Research Approach: Studies how environmental within a community.
influences lead to violent behavior.

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 8. Ecological Approach: Criminality is studied in relation to ◆ MISDEMEANOR - ordinance
social factors and environmental interactions.
9. Economic Approach: Crime is linked to wealth distribution,
as seen in cases of theft due to financial hardship.
10. Victimology: Focuses on the role of victims in crimes,
explaining incidents like robberies due to absence.

CLASSIFYING CRIMES
➔ Crime- it refers to an act or omission in violation of public
law forbidding or commanding it.
◆ FELONY - mala inse/malum inse
◆ OFFENSE - mala prohibita/malum prohibitum

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 What are the manners of the commission of the crime?

Manner of the Commission of Crime

a. Formal Crimes – consummate in one single act (no attempt)
Ex: Slander, false testimony
b. Crimes consummated by mere attempt or proposal/overt act
Ex: Flight to enemy’s country, corruption of minors. No attempted
version.
c. Felony by omission – no attempted felony possible because the
offender does not execute acts.
Felony is the omission of acts required by law to do.
d. Crimes requiring intervention of two persons to commit them are
consummated by mere
agreement.
e. Material crimes – have 3 stages of execution (not one single act)

7 CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES IN PHILS.

Defining the Concept on the Existence of Crime

➔ Crime Formula
C=T+S
R
➔ 3 Basic Elements of Crime

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Three stages of theory development: ➔ Crime Spot Map - It posts the location of murders, rapes,
1) Speculative - attempts to explain what is happening. robberies,carnapping and other major crimes of the locality.
2) Descriptive - gathers descriptive data to describe what is really ➔ Traffic Spot Map - It posts the motor vehicle and pedestrian
happening. accidents which occur in the area.
3) Constructive - revises old theories and develops new ones based
on continuing research. The critical point relating to theory
construction is its purpose to predict.

The main purpose of theory is to provide the means to develop

mathematical, analytical and descriptive models that predict
counterintuitive, non-obvious, unseen, or difficult-to-obtain
outcomes. The theory is clearly derived by some other means- it is
the imagination and creative insight of the innovator by which theory
is developed.

ACRONYM CTC
AN EXAMPLE OF CRIME MAPPING
Three types of crime analysis:
1. Tactical crime analysis - crime mapping is used to identify
immediate patterns for crimes such as residential and commercial
burglary, auto theft, and theft from vehicles.
2. Strategic crime analysis - crime mapping is utilized in long-term
applications to analyze the relationship between criminal activity and
indicators of disorder, such as a high volume of vacant property or
disorder calls for service.
3. Administrative crime analysis - crime mapping is a valuable tool
➔ Crime mapping is the process of using a geographic used by police, researchers, and media organizations to convey
information system to conduct spatial analysis of crime criminal activity information to the public.
problems and other police-related issues.

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Types of Crime Mapping (SBDGC) PIONEERS IN VICTIMOLOGY
1. Single-symbol maps - individual, uniform symbols represent 1. Hans Von Hentig - victim contribution largely results from
features such as the locations of stores, roads, or states. characteristics or social positions beyond the control of the
2. Buffer is a specified area around a feature on a map. Buffers can individual.
be set at small distances, such as 50 feet, or larger distances, such as 2. Benjamin Mendelsohn - the father of Victimology.
500 miles, depending on the purpose and scale of the map. Buffers 3. Marvin E. Wolfgang - Wolfgang views that “connotations of
help in crime analysis by illustrating the relative distances between a victim as a weak and passive individual, seeking to
features on a map. withdraw from an assaultive situation, and an offender as a
3. Graduated mapping - crime analysts often use graduated brutal, strong and overly aggressive person seeking out his
maps—that is, maps in which different sizes or colors of features victim, are not always correct.”
represent particular values of variables.
4. Chart mapping - allows the crime analyst to display several values General Types of Victims
within a particular variable at the same time. (Based on the classification of Hans Von Hentig, a European lawyer)
5. Density mapping - analysts use point data to shade surfaces that 1. The Young – the weak by virtue of age and immaturity
are not limited to area 2. The Female – often less physically powerful and easily dominated
boundaries. by males.
3. The Old – the incapable of physical defense and the common
object of confidence scheme.
4. The Mentally Defective – those that are unable to think clearly.
5. The Immigrant – those that are unsure of the rules of conduct in
the surrounding society.
6. The Minorities – racial prejudice may lead to victimization or
unequal treatment by the agency of justice.

Other Types of Victims

1. The completely innocent victim
2. Victims with only minor guilt and those victimized due to ignorance.
3. The victim who is just as guilty as the offender, and the voluntary victim.
4. The victim is more guilty than the offender
5. The most guilty victim “who is guilty alone”
6. The imaginary victim

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What are the types of Victimization? Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena
➔ Sexual Misconduct. which include collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of
➔ Rape. facts that links an individual’s speculation with reality.
➔ Sexual Touching.
➔ Sexual Harassment. Characteristics of research
➔ Stalking. 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation
➔ Physical Assault/Battery. by the researcher. The collection of data relies on practical
➔ Dating/Relationship/Domestic Violence. experience without giving consideration to scientific knowledge or
➔ Theft. theory.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
Theories of Victimology Scientific study is done in an orderly manner so that the investigator
has confidence in the results. Systematic examination of the
procedures used in the research enables the investigator to draw a
Victim People may actually initiate the
precipitation confrontation that eventually leads to valid conclusion.
theory their injury or death. 3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
Two types: 4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
1. Active precipitation - occurs when gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and
victims act provocatively, use threats or case study.
fighting words, or even attack first.
2. Passive precipitation - occurs when 5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher
the victim exhibits some personal level of confidence must be established.
characteristic that unknowingly either 6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner
threatens or encourages the attacker. without bias using systematic methods and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated
or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
Lifestyle theory Crime is not a random occurrence but
rather a function of the victim’s lifestyle. results. Similarities and differences of replicated research can be
compared.
Deviant place The greater their exposure to dangerous
theory places, the more likely people will Characteristics of researcher
become victims of crime and violence. 1. Intellectual curiosity. A researcher undertakes deep thinking and
inquiry of the things, problems and situations around him. He is keen
to get information on these problems and situations often due to

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unusualness and newness. What are the eight (8) Steps in the Research Process?
2. Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research study ➔ Identifying the problem.
at the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and ➔ Reviewing literature.
economically. ➔ Setting research questions, objectives, and hypotheses.
3. Healthy criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to the ➔ Choosing the study design.
truthfulness of the results. ➔ Deciding on the sample design.
4. Intellectual honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest to collect ➔ Collecting data.
or gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest results. Honesty is ➔ Processing and analyzing data.
the best policy of the researcher. ➔ Writing the report.
5. Intellectual creativity. A productive and resourceful investigator
always creates new research. The Definition of Components of Research Process
6. He enjoys inventing unique, novel and original researches, and
considers research as his hobby. The basic components of the research process are (1) Problem/
Objectives, (2) Hypothesis, (3) Theoretical/Conceptual Framework,
(4) Assumptions, (5) Review of Related Literature and Studies, (6)
Research Design, (7) Data Collection, (8 Data Processing and
Statistical Treatment, (9) Analysis and Interpretation, and (10)
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations. Generally speaking.,
a research process slarts with a research problemn which the
investigator has identified as researchable and has implication to
government thrusts. Based on the major problem identified, he
formulates the specific problems/objectives of the study Using these
specific problems/objectives as basis, he tests the hypotheses, either

null ( ) or alternative ( ), to have a scientific conclusion of the

study either to reject or accept it. He constructs a theoretical or
conceptual framework as a basis for describing properly the
relationships of variables to be used in the study. He then states the
assumptions clearly to provide the foundation of the study. The next
step is to review the related literature and studies to determine the
similarities and diferences of the findings to past studies and to gain

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insights into the aspects of the problem that are critical and
controversial. Then he uses the most appropriate research design in Crime Rate – is the number of crime incidents in a given period of
his study. From the research design, he can decide the definite time for every 100,000 inhabitants of an area.
instrument for collecting data and these data are processed either
manually or by machine, whichever is more convenient, economical ANOTHER INFORMATION
and accurate, using the correct statistical tools in order that a
reasonable precise analysis and interpretation of results can be "Index crime" and "non-index crime" are terms often used in the
attained.After the analysis and interpretation of results, he finally context of crime statistics and reporting. These terms are particularly
summarizes the whole study, draws conclusions based on the associated with the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program in the
findings and hypotheses tested, and makes recommendations for United States, which is administered by the Federal Bureau of
further, research. Such recommendations should fit together with the Investigation (FBI). These categories help organize and classify
conclusion. The flow of the research process is presented below; different types of crimes for statistical analysis. Here's an explanation
however in this module we will discuss the first component, "The of each:
Problem'
Index Crime:

Crime statistics - provides a mathematical measure of the level or Index crimes are serious offenses that are commonly used to gauge
amount of crime that is prevalent in societies. It usually refers to the overall crime rate in a given area. The UCR program traditionally
figures compiled by the Police and similar law enforcement agencies. includes the following seven major crimes as index crimes:
● Murder and non-negligent manslaughter
Crime – includes felonies which are violations of the Revised Penal ● Forcible rape
Code and offenses which are violations of special laws. ● Robbery
● Aggravated assault
Crime Volume – the number of crime incidents committed in a ● Burglary
given area over a period of time which includes the index and ● Larceny-theft
non-index crimes. ● Motor vehicle theft

CV = Index Crimes + Non-Index Crimes These crimes are considered to be more serious and are more likely
to be reported to law enforcement. The index crime rate is often used
Population – the number of inhabitants in a given area. The figure to as a key indicator of overall crime trends.
be used is the medium assumption as per the records from the
National Statistics Office (NSO).

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Non-Index Crime:

Non-index crimes, on the other hand, are considered less serious or

are not included in the traditional index crimes.

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This category may include a wide range of offenses, such as simple
assault, fraud, embezzlement, vandalism, drug offenses (possession), Index Crimes - are crimes which are serious in nature and which
and other crimes that are not part of the seven major index crimes. occur with sufficient frequency and regularity such that they can
serve as an index to the crime situation.
Non-index crimes are often considered less severe but can still
impact the safety and well-being of individuals and communities. Non-index crimes - are violations of special laws such as illegal
logging or local ordinances.
Examples:
Crime Rate – is the number of crime incidents in a given period of
Index Crime Examples: time for every 100,000 inhabitants of an area.

● Murder: Intentional killing of another person. Population – the number of inhabitants in a given area. The figure to
● Robbery: Theft involving force or threat of force. be used is the medium assumption as per the records from the
● Burglary: Unlawful entry into a building with the intent to National Statistics Office (NSO).
commit a crime, usually theft.
● Larceny-theft: Non-violent theft of personal property.
● Motor vehicle theft: Theft of a motor vehicle.

Non-Index Crime Examples:

● Simple Assault: A minor, non-aggravated physical attack.

● Vandalism: Deliberate destruction or defacement of property.
● Fraud: Deceptive practices for financial gain.

TAKE NOTE: LOOK FOR OTHER

● Drug Possession: Unlawful possession of controlled
substances.
● Disorderly Conduct: Behavior that disrupts public peace and
order. RESOURCES
It's important to note that the classification of crimes can vary by
jurisdiction and reporting standards. Additionally, the distinction
“Don’t Quit” — An Inspiring Poem By Edgar A. Guest
between index and non-index crimes is not always universally used,
and some crime reporting systems may use different terminology or
categorizations.

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 When things go wrong, as they sometimes will,
When the road you’re trudging seems all uphill,
When the funds are low but the debts are high,
And you want to smile but you have to sigh,
When care is pressing you down a bit,
Rest if you must, but don’t you quit.

Life is strange with its twists and turns,

As every one of us sometimes learns,
And many failures turn about
When we might have won had we stuck it out.
Don’t give up though the pace seems slow –
You may succeed with another blow.

Success is failure turned inside out –

The silver tint of the clouds of doubt,
You can never tell how close you are,
It may be near when it seems so far;
So stick to the fight when you’re hardest hit –
It’s when things seem worst that you must not quit.

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