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 PERCENTAGE
 Part out of hundred
𝒙
 𝒙 % = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒙 𝒙
 Conversion × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒚 𝒚

 𝒙×𝒚%=𝒚 ×𝒙%
𝒙
 𝒙 is what % of y then 𝒚
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝒙
 𝑩 + 𝒙% 𝑩 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒙 % { = 𝑩 }
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑩 − 𝒙% 𝑩 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙 % { = 𝑩
𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒙
𝟏𝟎𝟎
}
𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
 Percentage increase/decrease = 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
SUCCESSIVE FORMULA
 If there is 𝒙 % & 𝐲 % increase or decrease then
𝒙𝒚
Total % increase or decrease = ±𝒙 ± 𝒚 ± 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %

for increase + ve sign

decrease − ve sign

If the result is in + ve then there is %

increase and if it is in – ve then there is % decrease

𝒙𝟐
 𝒙 % increase, 𝒙 % decrease then overall decrease = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
%
 𝒙 % decrease, 𝒚 % decrease then overall decrease will be
𝒙𝒚
–𝒙–𝒚 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎
%

BALANCE FORMULA
 If you increase 𝒙 % then to take it into balance, you have
𝒙
to decrease 𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝒙
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %

(AISO applicable in profit SP (see note)

𝒙
 If A is 𝒙 % more than B then B is less than A by 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒙
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %

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 If you decrease 𝒙 % then to take it into balance, you have to
𝒙
increase 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
(AISO applicable in Loss, CP (see note)
𝒙
 If A is 𝒙 % less than B then B is more than A by 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝒙
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
 Expenditure = Rate × quantity

 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 (+𝟏𝟎𝟎)

𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐦 (+𝟏𝟎𝟎)
× Previous consumption = New consumption

 Old rate × 100 ± 𝑥 % = New rate

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
POPULATION OR STRAIGHT REDUCTION IN SALARY
 If 𝒙, y, z are % increase (+)/decrease (−) then
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝒚 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝒛
Initial value × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= final value

EXAMINATION
Failed in both subject = 100% – Either of subject pass
𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬
 Passing percentage = 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐧 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬
× 100
 Difference in percentage = Difference or add of required marks
1 Fail,1 pass Add
` 2 Fail
2 pass Subtract

FRUITS
 Fresh fruits (100 – 𝑾𝟏 %) = Dry fruits (100 – 𝑾𝟐 %)

PROFIT OR LOSS
 If SP > CP then there is a profit and profit = SP − CP
 If SP < CP then there is a loss and loss = CP − SP
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + profit %
 SP = CP 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − loss %
 SP = CP 𝟏𝟎𝟎
profit
 Profit % = 𝐂𝐏
× 100

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 loss
 Loss % = CP
× 100

 After selling 𝒙 items, profit/loss is equal to selling price of y

items then
(1) Proprofit %=
𝐲
× 100
𝐱−𝐲
(2) 𝐲
loss % = 𝐱+𝐲
× 100

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

 After selling 𝒙 items, profit is equal to cost price of y items then
(1) profit % = 𝒚
𝒙
× 100

(2)
loss %
𝒚
= × 100
𝒙

 If CP of ‘𝒙' items is equal to SP of y items then,

Profit % = 100 Loss = 100
𝒙 −𝒚 𝒚 −𝒙
𝒚 𝒚

𝐒𝐏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
 When SP of two items are same then, CP = 𝐏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ±
𝐋

 If SP of two items are same, If one is sold at P% Profit and

𝟏𝟎𝟎 (P−L)−𝟐PL
second is sold at L% Loss then overall will be 𝟐𝟎𝟎 + P − L

If sing of result is in + ve Profit

− ve Loss
𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝐏𝟏 + 𝐏𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐
(1) 2 Profit = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 +𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 (−𝒍𝟏 − 𝒍𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐
(2) 2 Loss = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 −𝒍𝟏 − 𝒍𝟐

 When SP of two items are same, one is sold at 𝒙 % profit and

𝐱𝟐
another is sold at 𝒙 % loss then over all loss % = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
%

Apply Successive Formula

𝐒𝐏 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐎𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐋𝐄𝐒
& Total loss in the transaction = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
−𝟏
𝐱

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 If articles are bought a ‘a’ for ‘b’ ₹ and sold at ‘c’ for ‘d’ ₹ then
𝐚×𝐝 − 𝐛×𝐜
overall, loss or gain % = 𝐛×𝐜
× 100

₹ quantity

CP → b a
SP − CP
Loss/Gain % = CP
× 100
SP → d c
𝒂×𝒅 − 𝒃×𝒄
= × 100
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228 𝒃×𝒄

ERROR FORMULA
𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫
 Profit % = 𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 − 𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫
× 100

 If selling in loss of 𝒙 % on CP but uses ‘y’ gm instead of ‘z’ gm

then the overall
𝒛 + ve → Gain
Profit/Loss = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒚
− ve → Loss

DISCOUNT
Discount = MP − SP

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 𝐌𝐏 × 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭%
Discount % = × 100 Discount % = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐌𝐏

𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬
Discount % = × 100
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬

Discount % =
𝐌𝐏 −𝐒𝐏
× 100 Sp = mp − Discount
𝐌𝐏

𝐒𝐏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − Discount%)

𝐌𝐏 = 𝐒𝐏 = 𝐌𝐏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − Discount% 𝟏𝟎𝟎

SUCCESSIVE DISSCOUNT
 If there is 𝐃𝟏 % 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐃𝟐 % Discount% then overall or
𝐃𝟏 𝐃𝟐
equivalent discount % = 𝐃𝟏 + 𝐃𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎
%
𝟏𝟎𝟎 −𝐃𝟏 % 𝟏𝟎𝟎 −𝐃𝟐 %
 SP = MP × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
…
 𝐂𝐏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝐃%
=
𝐌𝐏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝐏%

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 When numerical value of CP and Profit % equal then,
( or GO through option )
CP/Profit % = 10 𝟐𝟓 + 𝑺𝑷 − 𝟓𝟎

Needle Case
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝐏 / 𝐋 (𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬)
No of new item = no of old item 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ± 𝐏/𝐋 (𝐧𝐞𝐰)

(when the rupee is same)

TIME & WORK

𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐊
EFFICIENEY = 𝐓𝐈𝐌𝐄

 A can complete any work in 𝐃𝟏 days

B can complete the same work in 𝐃𝟐 days
𝐃𝟏 × 𝐃𝟐
Then together will = 𝐃𝟏 + 𝐃𝟐
days
Man × Days = work
(machine)
 If the work is same and there is two groups then
𝐌 𝟏 × 𝐃𝟏 = 𝐌𝟐 × 𝐃𝟐
𝑴𝟏 𝑫 𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝑫 𝟐 𝑴𝟏 𝑫𝟏 𝑯 𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝑫𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝑬𝟐
𝑾𝟏
=
𝑾𝟐 OR 𝐖𝟏
= 𝐖𝟐
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

AVERAGE
𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂
Avg = 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂

𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 + −−− 𝒙𝒏
𝒙 =
𝒏
𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆
New / Correct avg = old avg ± 𝒏

Avg of new man = prev. avg + no of people × Avg increment

Weight of Weight of No of Avg

= − ×
previous boy new boy person increment

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Batting Avg
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒖𝒏 𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅
Batting avg =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔

run in last Increment Total no

Previous average = − ×
innings in avg of innings

Score in last Total no

+ Decrement ×
Previous avg = innings of innings
in avg

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

Bowling Avg
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒖𝒏
Bowling avg =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒔

No of wickets 𝒏𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒕𝒔 × 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒂𝒗𝒈 − 𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒈 (𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏)

=
Before last match 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒗𝒈

Avg Of Group
Avg 𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐
Number 𝐧𝟏 𝐧𝟐
𝑨𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
Avg of both groups (A) = 𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐

𝐧𝟏 𝑨𝟐 − 𝑨 𝑨 − 𝑨𝟐
𝐧𝟐
= 𝑨 − 𝑨𝟏
or 𝐀𝟏 − 𝑨

Avg of numbers :- (Difference is constant)

 If the number of numbers is odd then,
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 + 𝟏 𝒕𝒉
Avg = 𝟐
value

 The number of numbers is even then

𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉
𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 + +𝟏 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞
Avg = 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐

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 INTEREST
Mixed amount = principal amount + interest
A=P+I for both CI & SI

SIMPLE INTEREST
𝐏×𝒓×𝒕
SP = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐫𝐭
A = P 1 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎

 Under SI any amount become ‘n’ times of itself in ‘t’ years then,
𝐫𝐭
(n-1) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
=
𝒏𝟏 − 𝟏 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏
 If time constant, then for two groups 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
 If rate is same, then for two groups 𝐧𝟏 − 𝟏 𝐧𝟐 − 𝟏
=
 Rate or time = 𝒏 × 10 𝐭𝟏 𝐭𝟐

Where, n = number of times.

 If the interest on both are same then,
𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝟏 : 𝑷𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒕𝟏
: 𝒓 𝟐 𝒕𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝟏 : 𝑷𝟐 : 𝑷𝟑 = : :
𝒓𝟏 𝒕𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝒓𝟑 𝒕𝟑

Subajit Sir - 9439642228

 If mixed amounts are equal then,
𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝟏 : 𝑷𝟐 = :
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒓𝟏 𝒕𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒓𝟐 𝒕𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝟏 : 𝑷𝟐 : 𝑷𝟑 = : :
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒓𝟏 𝒕𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎 +𝒓𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒓𝟑 𝒕𝟑

COMPOUND INTEREST
 To find out CI, we can apply successively increment formula
A=P+ I

𝐫 𝐭
 A=P 1 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐫 𝐭
 CI = A − P SO CI = P 1+ −𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎

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 If rate are different,
1st yr → 𝐫𝟏 %
2nd yr → 𝐫𝟐 %
3rd yr → 𝐫𝟑 % then, after three years,

𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 𝐫𝟑
A=P 1 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
1 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎
1 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎

CI FOR TWO YEARS

𝐏 𝐫𝟐
CI = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝐫 +
𝟏𝟎𝟎

DIFFERENCE IN CI & SI FOR TWO YEARS

𝐫 𝟐 𝐫 × 𝐒𝐈
CI − SI = P =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎

FOR TWO YEARS When rate is same

𝐂𝐈 𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝐫 𝟏 𝟏

𝐒𝐈
= 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐧𝟏 𝐭𝟏
= 𝐧𝟏 𝐭𝟐
𝐧𝟏 𝐭𝟐 = 𝐧𝟐 𝐭𝟏

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

CI FOR THREE YEARS
𝐏 𝟑𝐫𝟐 𝐫𝟑
CI = 𝟑𝐫 + + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐫 𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 𝐫
CI - SI =𝐏 𝟏𝟎𝟎
×
𝟏𝟎𝟎
(for three years)

 Under CI any amount becomes ‘n’ times of itself in ‘t’ years then,
𝐀𝟏 𝟐
r= 𝐧 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝟏/ 𝐭
− 𝟏 × 100 P= 𝐀𝟐
(see note)

INSTALLMENT IN CI
 Amount to be paid = sum of present values of installment
𝐀 𝐫 𝐫 𝐫
P= 𝐫 𝐭𝐧 → 𝑬. 𝑺 ← P = 𝐫 𝟏 + 𝐫 𝟐 + 𝐫
(𝟏 + ) (𝟏 + ) (𝟏 + ) (𝟏 + )𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

For 3 installments

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INSTALLMENT IN SI
𝒙+𝐫 𝐧(𝐧 − 𝟏)
A=n×𝒙+ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
×
𝟐

PARTNERSHIP
𝐏𝟏 : 𝐏𝟐 = 𝐈𝟏 : 𝐈𝟐
𝐏𝟏 : 𝐏𝟐 : 𝐏𝟑 = 𝐈𝟏 : 𝐈𝟐 : 𝐈𝟑
𝐏𝟏 : 𝐏𝟐 = 𝐈𝟏 × 𝐭𝟏 : 𝐈𝟐 × 𝐭𝟐
𝐏𝟏 : 𝐏𝟐 : 𝐏𝟑 = 𝐈𝟏 × 𝐭𝟏 : 𝐈𝟐 × 𝐭𝟐 : 𝐈𝟑 × 𝐭𝟑

𝐏𝟏 : 𝐏𝟐 = No of cattle × No of hr per day

Subajit Sir - 9439642228

ALLIGATION
A B
𝒙
( 𝐁−𝒙 ) ( 𝒙 - A)
A: B = (B - 𝒙 ) : (𝒙 - A)
 A lt b lt milk (out)
Milk b lt water (put)

ATTER N TRIALS
𝑏 𝑛
Amount of initial liquid = a 1 − 𝑎

a → Amount of initial liquid or total mixture

b → Amount of liquid taken out
 Milk : Water = 100 : Profit %

TIME - SPEED - DISTANCE

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
Speed = 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞

km /hr = m /sec
𝟓
×
𝟏𝟖

m /sec = km /hr
𝟏𝟖
×
𝟓

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 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝
Distance = 𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝
× Difference of time

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AVERAGE SPEED
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
Avg speed = 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞

d𝟏 + d𝟐
1 Avg speed =
𝐭𝟏 + 𝐭𝟐

s𝟏 𝐭𝟏 + s𝟐 𝐭𝟐
2 Avg speed = 𝐭𝟏 + 𝐭𝟐
km /hr

𝐃𝟏 + 𝐃𝟐
3 Avg speed = 𝐃𝟏 𝐃
+ 𝟐
𝐬𝟏 𝐬𝟐

 If two distances are same and speeds are different then

𝟐 s𝟏 s𝟐
Avg speed = s𝟏 + s𝟐
 If three distances are same but speeds are different then
𝟑 s𝟏 s𝟐 s𝟑
Avg speed = s𝟏 s𝟐 + s𝟐 s𝟑 +s𝟏 s𝟑
 When two bodies are moving in opposite direction then
Relative speed = sum of their speeds
d (𝐆ap)
Time of meeting = s𝟏 + s𝟐

 When two bodies are moving in same direction

Relative speed = Difference of their speeds
d
Time of meeting =
s𝟐 − s𝟏

 When time of starting of two trains are same then

𝐭 × 𝐭
Time of meeting = 𝐭𝟏 + 𝐭𝟐
𝟏 𝟐

𝐬𝟏 + 𝐬𝟐
Distance = × Difference of Distances
𝐬𝟏 − 𝐬𝟐

PROBLEM ON TRAINS
 If the point is static and the length of train is L then
𝐋T
Time of crossing = S𝐓
Where, S𝐓 → Speed of train

 When the train crosses any length body, Distance = 𝐋T + 𝐋𝐁

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 𝐋T + 𝐋𝐁
Time of crossing =
S𝐓

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

( s𝟏 − s𝟐 ) × t𝟏 × t𝟐 𝟓
 𝐋T = t𝟏 − t𝟐
×
𝟏𝟖
m

𝐋𝐓
 Time of crossing = 𝐬𝐓 − 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐧

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬
 Distance = × d𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 time
𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬

s𝟏 s𝟐 t𝟏 t𝟐 (s𝟏 + s𝟐 ) ( t𝟏 + t𝟐 )
 d= ( s𝟏 t𝟐 − s𝟐 t𝟏 ) 𝟐 × 𝟔𝟎

 When two trains are moving

 In same direction
𝐥𝟏 + 𝐥𝟐
Time of crossing =
𝐬𝟏 − 𝐬𝟐
 In opposite direction
𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐
Time of crossing = 𝐬𝟏 + 𝐬𝟐

BASIC ALGEBRA
 Fundamental theorem, “Degree of polynomial=no of roots’’
 Linear equation: - 𝒂𝟏 + 𝐛𝟏 y + 𝐜𝟏 = 0
𝒂𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 y + 𝐜𝟐 = 0
Unique Solution Infinite Solution No Solution
𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐜𝟏 𝐚𝟏 𝐛𝟏 𝐜𝟏
= = =
𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐 𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜𝟐

Intersecting Coincident lines Parallel lines

lines
Independent Dependent Inconsistent
equation equation equation
Consistent Consistent (No solution)
equation equation
(An equation is said to be consistent if it possesses at least one
solution)
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QUADRATIC EQUATION
a 𝒙𝟐 + b𝒙 + c = 0
−𝐛 𝐜
 If a 𝜶 , 𝜷 are two roots, then 𝜶 + 𝜷 = & 𝜶 𝜷=
𝐚 𝐚
 If roots ( 𝜶 , 𝜷 ) are given then to find out equation,
𝒙𝟐 −(𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶 𝜷 = 0

−𝐛 ± 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜
 𝒙 (𝜶, 𝜷) =
𝟐𝐚

If 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜 > 𝟎 then two distinct real roots

If 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜 = 𝟎 then two equal real roots
If 𝐛𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜 < 𝟎 then No real roots
If 𝐱𝟐 ± 𝐤𝐱 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒙+ =∓ k
1
(Mind Sign)
𝒙

 y = + a 𝐱𝟐 ± b𝐱 ± c , (or a - greater than zero)

then, 𝟒𝐚𝐜 −𝐛𝟐
𝐲𝐦𝐢𝐧 = ± ( )
𝟒𝐚

𝐲𝐦𝐚𝐱 = ∞, (can not determined)

 y= a 𝐱𝟐 ± b𝐱 ± c ,(or a < 0)
then, 𝟒𝐚𝐜 + 𝐛𝟐
𝐲𝐦𝐚𝐱 = ( ± )
𝟒𝐚

𝐲𝐦𝐢𝐧 = ∞, (can not determined)

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
IDENTITIES APPLICATIONS
𝐚+ 𝐛 𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 + 𝟐𝐚𝐛 + 𝐛𝟐 𝐚 + 𝟏 𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 + 2a +1
𝐎𝐫 = 𝐚 − 𝐛 𝟐 + 𝟒𝐚𝐛 𝐚 − 𝟏 𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 − 2a +1
𝐚− 𝐛 𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 −2ab + 𝐛𝟐 𝐚𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝐚 + 𝟏 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐚
Or = 𝐚 + 𝐛 𝟐 − 4ab Or = 𝐚 − 𝟏 𝟐 + 2a
𝐚+𝟏 𝟐+ 𝐚−𝟏 𝟐
𝐚 +𝐛 𝟐
+ 𝐚−𝐛 𝟐
= 2(𝐚𝟐 +𝐛𝟐 ) Or = 𝟐
𝐚+𝐛 𝟐 + 𝐚−𝐛 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= (𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 ) 𝐚+ = 𝐚𝟐 + +2
𝟐 𝐚 𝐚𝟐
𝐚+𝐛 𝟐+ 𝐚−𝐛 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
=2 𝐚− = 𝐚𝟐 + −2
𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐 𝐚 𝐚𝟐

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 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝐚 +𝐛 𝟐
− 𝐚−𝐛 𝟐
= 4ab 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐
= 𝐚+𝐚 −2
𝐚+𝐛 𝟐− 𝐚−𝐛 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= ab or = 𝐚 − 𝐚 +2
𝟒
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝐚+𝐛 𝟐+ 𝐚−𝐛 𝟐 𝐚+ + 𝐚−𝐚
=4 Or = 𝐚
𝐚𝐛 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝐚 −𝐛 𝟐
− 𝐚+𝐛 𝟐
= − 4ab 𝐚 + − 𝐚 − =4
𝐚 𝐚
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐚𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐 = (a+b) (a−b) 𝐚 + + 𝐚 −𝐚 = 2(𝐚𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐)
𝐚
𝟏 𝟏
𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 = 𝐚 + 𝐛 𝟐
−2ab If a + 𝐚 = P then 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐚𝟐 = 𝐩𝟐 − 2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Or = 𝐚 − 𝐛 𝟐
+ 2ab 𝐚𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐
= (𝐚 + )(𝐚 − )
𝐚 𝐚
𝐚 + 𝐛 𝟐 + 𝐚−𝐛 𝟐
Or = 𝟐
𝐚 + 𝐛 + 𝐜 = 𝐚 + 𝐛𝟐 + 𝐜𝟐 + 2 (ab +bc +ac)
𝟐 𝟐

𝐚 − 𝐛 𝟐 + 𝐛 − 𝐜 𝟐 + 𝐜 − 𝐚 𝟐 = 2𝐚𝟐 + 2𝐛𝟐 + 2𝐜𝟐 −2ab −2bc−2ac

= 2(𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 + 𝐜𝟐 −ab −bc −ac)
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
CUBIC FORM APPLICATIONS
𝐚 + 𝐛 𝟑 = 𝐚𝟑 + 3𝐚𝟐 𝐛 + 3𝐚𝐛𝟐 + 𝐛𝟑 𝐚+𝟏 = 𝐚𝟑 + 1 + 3𝐚𝟐 + 3a
𝟑

Or = 𝐚𝟑 + 𝐛𝟑 +3ab 𝐚 + 𝐛 = 𝐚𝟑 + 1 +3a 𝐚 + 𝟏
𝐚 − 𝐛 𝟑 = 𝐚𝟑 − 3𝐚𝟐 𝐛 + 3𝐚𝐛𝟐 − 𝐛𝟑 𝐚 − 𝟏 𝟑 = 𝐚𝟑 − 3𝐚𝟐 + 3a − 1
= 𝐚𝟑 − 𝐛𝟑 − 3ab (𝐚 − 𝐛) = 𝐚𝟑 −𝟏 − 3a(𝐚 − 𝟏)
= 𝐚𝟑 − 𝐛𝟑 + 3ab (𝐛 − 𝐚) = 𝐚𝟑 −𝟏 + 3a(𝟏 −a)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
𝐚𝟑 + 𝐛𝟑 = 𝐚 + 𝐛 𝟑
−3ab 𝐚 + 𝐛 𝐚+
𝐚
= 𝐚𝟑 + 𝐚𝟑 + 3 𝐚 + 𝐚
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐚 + 𝐛 𝐚 − 𝐚𝐛 + 𝐛 𝟐 𝟐
𝐚− = 𝐚𝟑 − −3 𝐚−
𝐚 𝐚𝟑 𝐚
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐚+𝐛 ( 𝐚+𝐛 −3ab) = 𝐚𝟑 − 𝐚𝟑 +3 𝐚
−𝐚
𝐚𝟑 +𝐛𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝐚𝟐 −𝐚𝐛+𝐛𝟐
= 𝐚+𝐛 𝐚𝟑 +
𝐚𝟑
= 𝐚+
𝐚
−3 𝐚+𝐚
𝐚𝟐 −𝐚𝐛+𝐛𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= = 𝐚+ 𝐚𝟐 + −𝟏
𝐚𝟑+𝐛𝟑 𝐚+𝐛 𝐚 𝐚𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(𝐚𝟑 − 𝐛𝟑 ) = 𝐚 − 𝐛 𝟑
+ 3ab 𝐚 − 𝐛 = 𝐚+
𝐚
𝐚+
𝐚
−𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
= 𝐚−𝐛 𝟑
− 3ab 𝐛 − 𝐚 𝐚𝟑 − 𝟑 = 𝐚 −
𝐚 𝐚
+3 𝐚−𝐚
𝟏 𝟏
= (𝐚 − 𝐛){ 𝐚 − 𝐛 𝟐
+3ab} = 𝐚−𝐚 𝐚𝟐 + +𝟏
𝐚𝟐
= (𝐚 − 𝐛) (𝐚𝟐 + 𝐚𝐛 + 𝐛𝟐 )

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 𝐚𝟑 −𝐛𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝐚𝟐 +𝐚𝐛+𝐛𝟐
= 𝐚−𝐛 𝐚𝟑 − 𝐚𝟑 = 𝐚 − { 𝐚−𝐚 + 𝟑}
𝐚
𝐚𝟑 +1 = 𝐚+𝟏 𝟑
−3a 𝐚 + 𝟏
𝐚𝟐 +𝐚𝐛+𝐛𝟐 𝟏
= = 𝐚+𝟏 𝐚𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝐚
𝐚𝟑 −𝐛𝟑 𝐚−𝐛
𝐚𝟑 −1 = 𝐚 − 𝟏 𝟑 +3a 𝐚 − 𝟏
= 𝐚 − 𝟏 𝟑 −3a 𝟏 − 𝐚
= 𝐚 − 𝟏 𝐚𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝐚
 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 3𝒙𝒚𝒛 = (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝒛 − 𝒛𝒙)
(𝒙+𝒚+𝒛)
Or =
𝟐
{ 𝒙−𝐲 𝟐
+ 𝐲−𝐳 𝟐
+ 𝐳−𝒙 𝟐
}
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
APPLICATION
 If 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 0 then 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 = 3𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑
or 𝒙𝒚𝒛
= 3
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
Or 𝒚𝒛
+
𝒙𝒛
+
𝒙𝒚
=3
 If (𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝒛) = 0 then 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒛𝟑 + 3𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 0
 If (𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝒛) = 0 then 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒛𝟑 −3𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 0
SOME MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF SQUARE AND CUBIC FORM

 (𝒙 + 1) = (𝒙𝟏/𝟑 + 1) (𝒙𝟐/𝟑 + 1 − 𝒙𝟏/𝟑 )

 (𝒙 − 1) = (𝒙𝟏/𝟑 − 1) (𝒙𝟐/𝟑 + 1 + 𝒙𝟏/𝟑 )
 𝟏
If a + 𝒂 = 𝟏 then 𝒂𝟑 + 1 = 0 or 𝒂𝟑 = −1
 If a +
𝟏
𝒂
= −1 then 1− 𝒂𝟑 = 0 or 𝒂𝟑 −1 = 0 or 𝒂𝟑 =1
 If
𝐚
𝐛
𝐛
+ 𝐚 = 1 then 𝒂𝟑 +𝒃𝟑 = 0
 If
𝐚
𝐛
𝐛
+ 𝐚 = −1 then 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 = 0
 If a +
𝟏
𝒂
𝟏
= 𝟑 then 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒂𝟑 = 0 or 𝒂𝟔 +1 = 0 or 𝒂𝟔 = −1
 𝟏
If 𝒙 + 𝒙 = 2 then 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒙𝒏 = 2
𝟏

 If 𝒂𝟒 +𝒃𝟒 = 𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 then 𝒂𝟔 +𝒃𝟔 = 0

 𝟐𝒂𝒃
If 𝒙 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 then 𝒙−𝒂
𝒙+𝒂 𝒙+𝒃
+ 𝒙−𝒃 = 2
 If 𝒙 =
𝟒𝒂𝒃
𝒂+𝒃
then
𝒙+𝟐𝒂
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒂
+
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒃
𝒙 −𝟐𝒃
=2
 If 𝒙 =
𝟔𝒂𝒃
𝒂+𝒃
then
𝒙+𝟑𝒂
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒂
𝒙+𝟑𝒃
+ 𝒙 −𝟑𝒃 = 2

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 If
𝒂 + 𝒙 + 𝒂−𝒙
𝒂 + 𝒙 − 𝒂−𝒙
= b then 𝒙 = 𝐛𝟐 + 𝟏
𝟐𝒂𝒃

 𝒙𝟐 +
𝟏
𝒙𝟐
≥ 𝟐 (𝐀𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬)
 𝒙 𝟑 𝟐
+ 𝒚𝟑 𝟐
=( 𝒙𝟔 + 𝒚𝟔 ) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 𝟐
−2𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 or = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 𝟐
+ 2𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑
 𝒙𝟐 𝟑
+ 𝒚𝟐 𝟑
=( 𝒙𝟔 + 𝒚𝟔 ) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟑
− 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
 𝒙𝟑 𝟐
− 𝒚𝟑 𝟐
=( 𝒙𝟔 − 𝒚𝟔 ) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑
 𝒙𝟐 𝟑
− 𝒚𝟐 𝟑
=( 𝒙𝟔 − 𝒚𝟔 ) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝟑
+ 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 + 𝐚b = (a +b + 𝐚𝐛) (a + b − 𝐚𝐛)
 𝒂𝟒 +𝒃𝟒 + 𝐚𝟐 𝐛𝟐 = (𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 +ab) (𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 −ab)
 𝟏
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 1) = (𝒙+ 𝒙 + 1) (𝒙 + 𝒙 −1)
𝟏 𝟏

 𝟏
(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟒 + 1) = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + 1) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 −1)
𝟏 𝟏

 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 ) = (𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟓 ) + (𝒙+ 𝒙 )
𝟏 𝟏
[𝟐 × 3 =5+1]
 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟒 )(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 ) =(𝒙𝟕 + 𝒙𝟕 ) + (𝒙+ 𝒙 )
𝟏 𝟏

 𝒙𝟓 +
𝟏
𝒙𝟓
= (𝒙𝟐 +
𝟏
𝒙𝟐
𝟏
)(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 ) − (𝒙+ 𝒙 )
𝟏
[5 = 𝟐 × 3 −1]
 𝒙𝟕 +
𝟏
𝒙𝟕
= (𝒙𝟑 +
𝒙𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
)(𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟒 ) − (𝒙+ 𝒙 )
𝟏

 𝒙𝟗 +
𝟏
𝒙𝟗
= (𝒙𝟒 +
𝒙𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
)(𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟓 ) − (𝒙+ 𝒙 )
𝟏

SERIES
ARITHMATIC PROGRESSION (A.P)
Series → (𝐚 , 𝐚 +d, a+𝟐𝐝, a+𝟑𝐝…………….)
 If three numbers are in AP then you have to take
a−d,a,a+d
 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term, 𝒕𝒏 (or) 𝒍 = a +(n−1) d Common difference
𝒍−𝒂 d = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟏
n = 𝒅
+1
= 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒂𝟐
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
= 𝒂𝟒 − 𝒂𝟑
 Sum of n terms,
𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 − 𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟐
[2a +(n−1) d]
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 =
𝟐
(a +𝒍)

(𝒍 + 𝐚) ( 𝒍−𝐚 + 𝐝)
𝐒𝐧 =
𝟐𝐝

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 𝒂𝟏 = 𝑺𝟏
𝒂𝟐 = 𝑺𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏
𝒂𝟑 = 𝑺𝟑 − 𝑺𝟐
: : :
𝒂𝟏𝟎 = 𝑺𝟏𝟎 − 𝑺𝟗
: : :
𝒂𝒏 = 𝑺𝒏 − 𝑺𝒏−𝟏

ARITHMATIC MEAN
 If a, b & c are in A.P then (b− a) = (c −b)
So , Called arithmatic mean
𝒂+𝒄
𝒃 = 𝟐

COMMON TERM
 If there are two series
𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒂𝟑 --------------------(difference = 𝒅𝟏 )
𝒃𝟏 , 𝒃𝟐 , 𝒃𝟑 --------------------(difference = 𝒅𝟐 )
If a = first common term of two series
d = LCM of 𝒅𝟏 & 𝒅𝟐
then 𝒕𝒏 = a +(n−1) d
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

APPLICATION
 𝒙, 𝑨𝟏, 𝑨𝟐, 𝑨𝟑,---------------------------------𝑨𝒏, y are in A.P, then
𝒏(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 +--------------------------------- + 𝑨𝒏 =
𝟐

A
 In A.P, if sum of n consecutive numbers is known then mid
𝐬𝐮𝐦
number = 𝐧 (n should be always odd number)

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P) :-

Series →(a, ar,𝒂𝒓𝟐 ,𝒂𝒓𝟑 −−−−−−− )
 If three numbers are in GP then you have to take ( 𝒓 , a, ar)
𝒂

 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term, 𝒕𝒏 = 𝒂𝒓𝒏−𝟏

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 Sum of n terms, 𝒔𝒏 =
𝒂(𝟏− 𝒓𝒏 )
, │ r │<1
(𝟏−𝒓)
𝒂(𝒓𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒔𝒏 =
𝒓−𝟏
, │ r │>1
𝒂
𝒔∞ =
𝟏−𝒓
, │ r │<1

 𝒂
r = 𝒂𝟐 =
𝒂𝟑
=
𝒂𝒏 +𝟏
, Called common ratio.
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝒏

GEOMETRIC MEAN
𝒃 𝒄
If a, b, c are in G.P then =
𝒂 𝒃
 𝐛𝟐 = ac Or b = 𝐚𝐜 , Called geometric mean
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
APPLICATION
𝒙 𝟏𝟎
 𝒙 +𝒙𝒙 + 𝒙𝒙𝒙 +--------------------Up to n terms = 𝟗 𝟗 (𝟏𝟎𝐧 − 𝟏) − 𝐧
 Total apple =(Remaining apple × 𝟐𝐧 ) + (𝟐𝐧 −1 )
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Series → , , , , -------------------
𝟑 𝟔 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝟐𝒂𝒃
 If a, H, b are in H.P then H = , Called Harmonic mean
𝒂+𝒃

 A.M × H.M = 𝐆. 𝐌 𝟐

SOME USEFUL APPLICATIONS OF AP & GP

 A 𝟏 + 2 +3+4+--------------+n =
𝐧(𝐧 +𝟏)
𝟐
B Sum of all consecutive numbers from ‘a’ to ‘b’ =
(𝐚 +𝐛)(𝐛 −𝐚 +𝟏)
𝟐
C
(𝐚 +𝐛)(𝐛 −𝐚 +𝟐)
Sum of all even/odd numbers from ‘a’ to ‘b’ =
𝟒
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 , 𝒂 → 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 /𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝐛 → 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧/𝐨𝐝𝐝 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝒙 ×𝐧 (𝐧+𝟏)
D Sum of first n multiples of 𝒙=
𝟐
 Sum of first even natural numbers =
𝒏
𝟐
𝒏
( +1)
𝟐
(must start with 2 & n is the last term)
 Sum of fist ‘n’ even natural numbers = n (n +1)

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 Average of ‘n’ even natural numbers = (n + 1)
𝟐
 Sum of fist odd numbers =
𝒏+𝟏
𝟐
(must start with 1 & n is the last term)
 Sum of fist ‘n’ odd natural numbers = 𝐧𝟐
 Average of ‘n’ odd natural numbers = n
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 +−−−−−−−+ 𝒏𝟐 =
𝟔

𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝒏 + 𝟐)
𝟏𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 +−−−−−−−+ 𝒏𝟐 (𝒐𝒅𝒅) =
𝟔
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)
𝟐 + 𝟒 + 𝟔 + 𝟖 +−−−−−−−−−+ 𝒏 (𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏) =
𝟔

𝒏(𝒏+𝟏) 𝟐
𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 +−−−−−−−+ 𝒏𝟑 =
𝟐

Sum of first n terms of following series

𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒏+𝟐)
1, 3, 6, 10, 15,21, ---------------is 𝟔

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(1− 𝟐 )(1− 𝟑 )(1− 𝟒 )----------------- (1− 𝒏 ) = 𝒏 A

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
(1+ 𝟐 )(1+ 𝟑 )(1+ 𝟒 )----------------- (1+ ) = ( 𝟐
) B
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
(1− 𝟐𝟐 )(1− 𝟑𝟐 )(1− 𝟒𝟐 )----------------- (1− 𝒏𝟐 ) = ( 𝟐𝒏
)
A×B
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
+ + +−−−−+ = , <1 𝒎𝒂𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟏×𝟐 𝟐×𝟑 𝟑×𝟒 (𝒏− 𝟏) 𝒏 𝒏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏
𝟏×𝟐
+ 𝟐×𝟑 + 𝟑×𝟒 +−−−− = , < 1 (MIO)
𝒏 𝐧+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
+ + +−−−−+ = ( )
𝟏×𝟑 𝟑×𝟓 𝟓×𝟕 (𝟐𝒏−𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏×𝟐
+ 𝟐×𝟑 +−−−−+ =𝒅 −
𝒏 𝐧+𝟏 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏−𝟏
(1− 𝒏 )+(1− 𝒏 )+(1− 𝒏 ) −−−−n terms = 𝟐

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 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 + + + ------------------- +
𝒙+ 𝒚 𝒚+ 𝒛 𝒛+ 𝒑 𝑨+ 𝑩
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
ANSWER
 1 If difference is 1 then (last term - first term) i.e( 𝑩 − 𝒙)

(𝒙 -y) or (y - z) or (z-p) …….etc

𝟏
2 If difference is 2 then, (last term -first term)
𝟐
So, 𝟏
If difference is d, then 𝒅
(last term -first term)

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏, 𝒊𝒇 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 ' × ' 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 , 𝒅 ( − )
𝑭. 𝑻 𝑳.𝑻
𝟏
𝑰𝒇 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 ' + ' 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 (𝑳. 𝑻 − 𝑭. 𝑻)
𝒅

EXTRA
In cubic equation, a𝒙3 + b𝒙2 + c𝒙 + d = 0, if roots are αβγ then,
−𝒃 𝒄 −𝒅
𝛂+𝛃+𝛄= 𝛂𝛃 + 𝛃𝛄 + 𝛂𝛄 = & 𝛂𝛃𝛄 =
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂

𝐚𝒙 − 𝒃𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝐚𝐲 + 𝒃𝒙 𝟐
= (𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )

RATIO AND PROPORTION

 If a: b:: c : d then bc = ad
 If a: b:: b : c then 𝐛𝟐 = ac (or) b = 𝐚𝐜
 Mean proportion letween a & b is 𝐚𝐛
 Duplicate ratio of a: b is 𝐚𝟐 : 𝐛𝟐
 Sub-duplicate ratio of a: b is ( 𝐚 : 𝐛 )
 Triplate ratio of a: b is 𝐚𝟑 : 𝐛𝟑
 Sub - triplate ratio of a: b is 3
a:
3
b
 If 𝐱 𝛂 𝐲 then 𝐱 = ky (k = constant)
 If 𝐱 𝛂
𝟏
𝐲
then 𝐱 =
𝐤
𝐲
(k = constant)

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 Inverse ratio of a: b is b: a
 If 𝐱 : y = a: b and y: z = m: n
then 𝐱 : y: z = ma: mb: nb
 If p: q: r = a: b: c and r: s = m: n then
P: q: r: s = ma: mb: mc: nc
 The compound ratios of (a: b), (c: d), (e: f) is (ace: bdf)
 Componendo : If
𝐚
𝐛
=
𝐜
𝐝
then
𝐚+𝐛
𝐛
=
𝐜+𝐝
𝐝
 Dividendo : If
𝐚
𝐛
=
𝐜
𝐝
then
𝐚−𝐛
𝐛
=
𝐜−𝐝
𝐝
 Componendo & Dividendo : If
𝐚
𝐛
=
𝐜
𝐝
then 𝐚+𝐛
=
𝐜 +𝐝
𝐚−𝐛 𝐜−𝐝
 If
𝐱+𝐲
𝐱−𝐲
𝐚
= 𝐛 then 𝐱
= 𝐚−𝐛
𝐚+𝐛
𝐲

𝑎 c + am
 If
𝐚
𝐛
=
𝐝
𝐜
then 𝑏
=
d + bm

𝐚 𝐚𝟐
 If
𝐚
=
𝐛
then = 𝐛𝟐
𝐜
𝐛 𝐜

 If
𝐚
𝐛
=
𝐜
𝐝
𝐞
= = 𝐤 then
𝐟
𝐚 + 𝐜 +𝐞
=k
𝐛 + 𝐝+ 𝐟

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

(×𝟏𝟎)
1. Km Hecto meter Deca meter(dam) meter deci meter
(𝟏𝟎 ÷)
Centi meter mili meter

100 𝐦𝟐 = 1 are (a) 𝟏 𝒍𝒕 = 1000 𝐜𝐦𝟑

2.
10,000𝐦𝟐 = 1 hectare(ha) 1000 𝒍t = 1 𝐦𝟑

NUMBER SYSTEM
 Let ‘N’ be a composite number & a, b, c, d ------- be the prime
factors and p, q, r, s ------- be the powers or indices i.e N can be
expressed as N = 𝐚𝐩 × 𝐛𝐪 × 𝐜𝐫 × 𝐝𝐬 ------ , then
1. Total prime factors = p + q + r + 𝐬 -------
2. Total no of factors or divisors = (p +1) (q + 1) (r + 1) (s + 1) --
(𝐚𝐩+𝟏 −𝟏)(𝐛𝐪+𝟏 −𝟏)(𝐜𝐫+𝟏 −𝟏)(𝐝𝐬+𝟏 −𝟏)
3. Sum of all factors or divisors = (𝒂−𝟏) (𝒃−𝟏)(𝒄−𝟏)(𝒅−𝟏)

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4. The no of ways of expressing composite number as a
𝟏
product of two factors = 𝟐
× Total no of factors
5. The product of all factors of composite number N = 𝐍𝐧/𝟐
(where n is the total no of factors of N)
6. Total no of odd factors = (p+ 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) (s + 1) ----------------
(where p, q, r, s ------ are powers on odd numbers)
7. No of even factors = Total no of factors − Total no of odd factors
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
UNIT DIGIT CONCEPT
 0, 1, 5, 6, − No Change
 𝟒𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 = 6 (unit digit), 𝟗𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧 = 1 (u.d)
𝟒𝐨𝐝𝐝 = 4 (unit digit), 𝟗𝐨𝐝𝐝 = 9 (u.d)
 𝟐𝟒𝐧 = 𝟖𝟒𝐧 = 6 (u.d)
𝟑𝟒𝐧 = 𝟕𝟒𝐧 = 1 (u.d)
 Divide the power on then (number) by ‘4’ and find out the
remainder and if remainder is
1 Number will be itself as unit disit (or) multiply
That number(digit only)with 1.
2 Multiply that number (only digit) two times
3 Multiply that number (only digit) three times
0(4) Multiply that number (only digit) four times
 Between 1− 100 = 25 Prime numbers
100 − 200 = 21 Prime numbers
200 − 300 = 16 Prime numbers
300 − 400 = 16 Prime numbers
400 − 500 = 17 Prime numbers
REMAINDER THEOREM
 Dividend = Divisor × quotient + Remainder
𝐧
 𝒂−𝟏
𝒂
, If n is even then remainder = 1
If n is odd then remainder = (a −1) {Numerator}
Or
𝒂𝒏
(𝒂 + 𝟏)
, If n is even then remainder = 1
If n is odd then remainder = a {Numerator}

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 𝒂+𝟏 𝐧
 𝒂
, Remainder is always 1, wheather n is even or odd
 𝒙 + 𝐲𝐧 (n is positive integer 𝒙, y are co-prime number)
𝐧

Having no even factor

If n is odd then (𝒙 + y) will divide it
 𝒙𝐧 − 𝐲𝐧 (n is positive integer 𝒙, y are co-prime number)
If n is odd then 𝒙 − y will divide it
If n is even then both (𝒙 + y) & (𝒙 − y) will divide it

 If a polynomial f(𝒙) is divided by (𝒙 + a) then remainder is f(−a)

 If a polynomial f (𝒙) is divided by (𝒙 − a) then f(a) will be
remainder
 If a polynomial f (𝒙) is divided by (𝒂𝒙 + b) then the remainder is
−𝒃
F(𝒂 )
 𝑹𝟑 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 − Divisor 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐫 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟑

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 Number = 𝐋𝐂𝐌 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐬 − 𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬
 If there is ‘𝒙y𝒙y𝒙y’ type number then it is divisible
by 7,13 and 7 × 13(both)
 If there is ‘𝒙y0𝒙y’, ‘𝒙y𝒛𝒙y𝒛’ or ‘𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙' type number then it is
divisible by 7,11, & 13 and also by 1001 (7×11×13)
HCF & LCM
 a=H×𝒙 a, b → composite numbers
b=H×y 𝒙, y → prime numbers
 H.C.F = H
L.C.M = H × 𝒙 × y
= H.C.F × (𝒙 × 𝒚)
 𝒂 × 𝒃 = LCM × HCF Product of two numbers is equal to
product of their HCF & LCM
 𝒂 + 𝒃 = H(𝒙 + y)
 𝒙 + 𝐲 =
𝒂 +𝒃
𝑯

 𝒙 ×𝐲 =
𝒂 ×𝒃
𝑯𝟐

 𝒙 ×𝐲 =
𝑳𝑪𝑴
𝑯𝑪𝑭

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 𝒂 +𝒃
𝑳𝑪𝑴
=
𝑯(𝒙 + 𝐲)
𝑯(𝒙 × 𝐲)
=
(𝒙 + 𝐲)
𝒙𝐲

 LCM Of Fractions = 𝐇𝐂𝐅 𝐎𝐟 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫

𝐋𝐂𝐌 𝐎𝐟 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫

 HCF Of Fractions = 𝐋𝐂𝐌 𝐎𝐟 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫

𝐇𝐂𝐅 𝐎𝐟 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫

 Number = (LCM Of Divisors−Difference of Divisors & Remainder)

INDICES AND SURDS

 𝒙𝐲 𝐦
= 𝒙𝐦 × 𝐲𝐦 (And Viceversa)
𝐦 𝒙𝐦
 𝒚
𝒙
=
𝐲𝐦
(And Viceversa)
 𝒙𝐦
× 𝒙𝐧 = 𝒙 𝐦+𝐧
(And Viceversa)
𝒙𝐦
 𝒙𝐧
= 𝒙𝐦−𝐧 (And Viceversa)
𝐦
 𝑛
𝑥 =
𝑛
𝒙𝐦 (And Viceversa)
 𝒙𝐦 𝐧 𝐩
= 𝒙𝐦×𝐧×𝐩 Bracket Must be there
𝐩
 𝒙𝐦𝐧
= 𝒙𝐦 𝐧×𝐧×𝐧−−−− 𝐩 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 = 𝒙𝐦×𝐦×𝐦−−−𝐧
𝐩 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬
(No Bracket)
 So 𝒙𝐦
𝐧 𝐩
≠ 𝒙𝐦
𝐧𝐩

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 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏 (𝒙 ≠ 0)
 If 𝒙𝐦 = y then 𝒙 = 𝐲𝟏/𝐦 (And Viceversa)
 If 𝒙𝟏/𝐦 = y then 𝒙 = 𝐲𝐦 (And Viceversa)
 If 𝐚𝒙 = 𝐛𝐲 then it is possible when 𝒙 = 𝐲 = 0
 If 𝐚𝒙 = 𝐛𝐲 then a = 𝐛𝐲/𝒙 Or b = 𝐚𝒙/𝐲
 If 𝐚𝒙 = 𝐚𝐲 then 𝒙 = 𝐲
 𝐚𝐧 =
𝐚−𝐧
𝟏 𝟏
Or 𝐚−𝐧 = 𝐚𝐧 (And Viceversa)
 If 𝐍𝟏 𝐩
= 𝐍𝟐 𝐪
= 𝐍𝟏 𝐍𝟐 −𝐳 𝟏
then 𝒑 +
𝟏
𝒒
+
𝟏
𝒛
=0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
OR If 𝐍𝟏 −𝐩
= 𝐍𝟐 −𝐪
= 𝐍𝟏 𝐍𝟐 𝐳
then + +
𝒛
=0
𝒑 𝒒

 If 𝒙 𝐲 = 0 then 𝒙 = 0 Or y = 0
 If 𝒙𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 =0 and 𝒙, 𝐲 are real numbers then 𝒙 = 0 Or 𝐲 = 0
 If 𝒙 + 𝐲 =k then maximum value of 𝒙𝐲 is when 𝒙 = 𝐲
SURDS

 𝒂+ 𝒂 + 𝒂 + 𝒂 --------------∞ =
𝟒𝐚 +𝟏 +𝟏
𝟐
= 𝒙(𝐬𝐚𝐲)
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 𝒂− 𝒂 − 𝒂 − 𝒂 --------------∞ =
𝟒𝐚 +𝟏 −𝟏
𝟐
= 𝐲 (𝐬𝐚𝐲)

(Relation between them is 1 I.e (𝒙 − y) =1)

 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 …………….∞ = a
𝟐𝒏−𝟏
 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 …………. n times = 𝑎 𝟐𝒏

 𝒂+ 𝒃
𝒂− 𝒃
+
𝒂− 𝒃
𝒂+ 𝒃
=
𝟐(𝒂+𝒃)
(𝒂−𝒃)

 𝒂+ 𝒃
𝒂− 𝒃
−
𝒂− 𝒃
𝒂+ 𝒃
𝟒 𝒂𝒃
= (𝒂−𝒃)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐(𝒂+𝒃) 𝟐
 𝐚+ 𝐛
𝐚− 𝐛
+
𝐚− 𝐛
𝐚+ 𝐛
=
𝒂−𝒃
−2

 If 𝒙 =
𝟑
𝟐
then 𝟏 + 𝒙 =
𝟑 +𝟏 and 𝟏 − 𝒙 =
𝟑 −𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
𝐚 + 𝒃 =
𝟏
𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝟐 − 𝟑 =
 (𝒂 − 𝒃) E.S 𝟐− 𝟑 Or 𝟐+ 𝟑

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

MENSURATION
TRIANGLE
h
 For any ∆ , Area =
𝟏
𝟐
× base × height
b
 When two sides and corresponding one angle is given then,
𝟏
Area = 𝟐
× a × 𝐛 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
b 𝜃
a
SCALENE TRIANGLE
Area = 𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐚)(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜) b c

Where, 𝐒 = called semi perimeter

(𝐚+𝐛+𝐜) a
𝟐

So, Perimeter = (𝐚 + b + c) = 2S

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RIGHT ANGLED
h
𝟏 p
Area = 𝟐 × p × b

Perimeter = 𝐩 + b + h b

ISOCELES
𝐛 𝟏
Area = 𝟒𝐚𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 Height = 𝟒𝐚𝟐 −𝐛𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 a a
h
Perimeter = 𝟐𝐚 + b
b
ISCELES RIGHT ANGLED
𝟏 𝟐
Area = 𝟐
𝐚

𝐩𝟐
2a
Perimeter = (𝟐 + 𝟐 )a 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = (𝟑 − 𝟐 𝟐 )
𝟒 a
(where p =Perimeter) a
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EQUILATERAL
𝟑
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝐚𝟐
𝟒 a a
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 3a h
𝟏
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = ×a×h
𝟐
𝟑 a
𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 =
𝟐
a

𝐡𝟐
 If height is given then, 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 𝟑

 For equilateral ∆ , if three perpendiculars are drawn from any

point inside the ∆ then
𝐩𝟏
𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 = 𝐩𝟏 + 𝐩𝟐 + 𝐩𝟑
𝐩𝟐
 For two equilateral ∆s, 𝐩𝟑
Where,
𝐀𝟏 𝐚𝟏 2 𝐡𝟏 2
𝐩𝟏 2 h → 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
= = = P → 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫
𝐀𝟐 𝐚𝟐 𝐡𝟐 𝐩𝟐
a → 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐨𝐟 ∆
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 A B
1. QUADRILATERAL 𝐅
𝟏
Area = 𝟐 × BD ×(CF + AE)
D E
𝟏 C
Area = 𝟐 × 𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟏
𝐝𝟐
Or
𝟏
= × 𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝟐 𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 = 180 𝐝𝟏 𝜽𝟐
𝟐 𝜽𝟏

2. PARALLELOGRAM 𝐡𝟏 𝐡𝟐 b
Area = 𝐚 × 𝐡𝟏 = 𝐛 × 𝐡𝟐 a

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2(a + b)
a
𝜽
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = ab 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 b
a
3. RECTANGLE
Area = 𝐚 × 𝐛 𝐛 𝐃𝟏 𝐃𝟐 𝐛

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2(a + b)
a
a
𝐃𝟏 = 𝐃𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐
𝟐a a
4. SQUARE a

Area = 𝐚𝟐 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 4a
a
=𝐚
𝐃𝟏 = 𝐃𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐚 (𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥)𝟐
Area = 𝟐

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a
5. TRAPEZIUM
c d
𝟏 h
Area = 𝟐
h(𝐚 + 𝐛)

𝐚+𝐛 b
Area = 𝒍
𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒍)
𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝐥)
Where, 𝒍 = (𝐛 −a) & s =
𝐜 +𝐝+𝒍
𝟐

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 When EF is the median of the trapezium, then
(𝐀𝐁 +𝐂𝐃) A B
Median =
𝟐
E F
Area = median × 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭(total)
C
6. RHOMBUS D
𝟏 (𝐝𝟏 ⊥ 𝐝𝟐 )
Area = 𝟐
× 𝐝𝟏 × 𝐝𝟐 a a

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 4a

𝟏
Area = 𝐚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 (Not 𝐚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ) a a
𝟐

𝐝𝟏 2 𝐝𝟐 2
𝐚𝟐 = + 𝛉
𝟐 𝟐

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KITE a a
𝟏
Area = × 𝐝𝟏 × 𝐝𝟐 (𝐝𝟏 ⊥ 𝐝𝟐 )
𝟐

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2(a + b) 𝐝𝟏 𝐝𝟐

CIRCLE b b
𝛑
d = 2r Area = 𝛑 𝐫𝟐 = 𝟒 𝐝𝟐
o
d r
Circumferrence = 2𝛑r = 𝛑d Total distance = n × 2𝛑r

RING
r
Area = 𝛑(𝐑𝟐 − 𝐫𝟐 )
R
Area = 𝛑(R +r) (R − r )

𝟕
Width = (R − r) = 𝟒𝟒
× difference of circumferrence

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SECTOR o
𝛉 𝛉
Area = × 𝛑 𝐫𝟐 r r
𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝛉
Circumferrence = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 2 𝛑 r = 𝒍
𝒍
𝒍 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = ( 𝒍 + 2r)
𝛉𝐜 =
𝐫
𝒍×𝐫 𝟏
Area = 𝟐 (~ 𝟐 𝐫𝟐 𝛉)

SEGMENT
𝛑𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 Segment ACB = 𝐫𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟎
− 𝟐
(Minor segment)

𝛑𝛉 𝛉
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2r + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟐

SEMICIRCLE r
r
𝟑𝟔
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = (𝛑r + 2r) = r = (𝛑r +d)
𝟕

𝛑𝐫𝟐
Area =
𝟐

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SPECIAL CASES
1. Area =
𝟏
𝛑𝐫𝟐
𝟐

2. Area = 𝛑𝐫𝟐

3. Included area (∗ ) = 𝐫𝟐 ( 𝟑 −
𝛑
𝟐
)

4.
Circumferrence = 6r + 𝟐𝛑r
Radius
∗ are
5. Circumferrence = 12r + 𝟐𝛑r same

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HEXAGON a
a
a
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
Area = 6 × 𝟒
𝐚𝟐 =
𝟐
𝐚𝟐
a
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 6a a
a
SPECIAL CASES
𝟑
Area of shaded portion = 4 × 𝐚𝟐 = 𝟑 𝐚𝟐
1. 𝟒

2. Area of shaded portion = 3 ×

𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝐚𝟐 = 𝐚𝟐
𝟒 𝟒

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HEXAGON FROM AN EQUILATERAL
𝐚𝟐
( 𝟑 × Area of ∆)
𝟑 𝟐
Area = 𝐚𝟐 =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟑

a side of the triangle

OCTAGON a
a
a a
Area = 2( 𝟐 +1) 𝐚𝟐
a a

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 8a a a
a

SPECIAL CASES 𝒙
a
Regular octagon from a square a a

Area = 2( 𝟐 −1) 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 a a 𝒙
Where, 𝒙 = side of square
a a
a = side of octagon a

a = 𝒙( 𝟐 −1) 𝒙
AREA OF PATH INSIDE THE RECTANGULAR PATH
1. INNER 𝒍
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 2w( 𝒍 + 𝐛 −2w)
w
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2( 𝒍 + 𝐛)(Outer)
𝐛
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2( 𝒍 + 𝐛 − 4w) (Inner)
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2. OUTER
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = ( 𝒍 + 𝐛 +2w) 2w
𝐛 𝑳
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2( 𝒍 + 𝐛) (Inner)
w
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2( 𝒍 + 𝐛 + 4w) (Outer)

3. MIDDLE 𝒍
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = ( 𝒍 + 𝐛 −w) w

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 = 2( 𝒍 + 𝐛)− 4w w
𝐛
Or = 2( 𝒍 + 𝐛 − 2w)

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TECHNIQUES
 If the length and breadth of a rectangle are increased by a% and
b% respectively then area will be increased by
𝐚𝐛
(a + b + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
) % (applying successive for mula)
 If all the increasing sides of any two-dimensional figures are
𝐚𝟐
changes by a% then its area will be changed by (2a + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
) %, in
place of circle radius (or diameter) is increased in place of sides.
 If all the measuring sides of any two-dimensional figures are
changes (increased or decreased) by a% then the perimeter also
changes by a% in case of circle such changes takes place
because of the change in radius or diameter.
 Area of a square inscribed in a circle of radius r is ‘ 2𝐫𝟐 ‘
 The Area of the largest triangle inscribed in a semi-circle of
radius r is ‘𝐫𝟐 ’
 If the area of square is ‘a’ sq unit then the area of the circle
𝟒𝐚
formed by the same perimeter is given by sq unit.
𝛑
F +V= E+2 Where, (F→ Faces, E→ Edges, V→ Vertices)

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = Base Area × height

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CUBOID
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝒍b × h = 𝒍bh

𝐋𝐒𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐬 = 2(𝒍h+bh) = 2h(𝒍 +b) 𝒉

𝐛
𝒍
𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 2 𝒍𝒃 + 𝟐𝒍h + 2bh
= 2(𝒍𝒃 + 𝒍h + bh )

𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬 = 𝑙2 +𝑏2 + ℎ2

𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 = 𝒍b × bh × 𝒍h = 𝑙2 𝑏2 ℎ2 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

CUBE 𝒂
3
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝑎 𝒂
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂 𝒂
𝐋𝐒𝐀 = 4𝑎2 𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 6𝑎2 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐬 = 𝟑 𝐚

Side of bigger cube 3

𝐍𝐨 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 =
Side of smaller cube

FOR TWO CUBES

V1 2 S1 3 v1 S1 3/2
V2
= S2
=
OR
v2 S2

Where, (V1 ,V2 ) Volume, and (S1 ,S2 ) = Surface Area

SPHERE

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝝅𝒓𝟑
𝟒 𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟑

HEMISPHERE
𝟐
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝝅𝒓𝟑
𝟑

𝐂𝐒𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐋𝐒𝐀 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 𝟑𝝅𝒓𝟐

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SPHERICAL SHELL
𝟒
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝝅(𝑹𝟑 − 𝒓𝟑 )
𝟑

𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 𝟒𝝅 (𝑹𝟐 +𝒓𝟐 ) 𝐑 𝐫

HEMI SPHERICAL SHELL (HOLLOW)

𝟐
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝝅(𝑹𝟑 − 𝒓𝟑 )
𝟑

𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 𝟑𝝅 𝑹𝟐 +𝝅𝒓𝟐

CUBE SPHERE
Side ‘n’ times increased Radius ‘n’ times increased
Volume 𝒏 times increased
𝟑
Volume 𝒏𝟑 times increased
Surface Area 𝒏𝟐 times increased Surface Area 𝒏𝟐 times increased

CYLINDER: - (Right Circular)

𝐫
𝟐
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝝅𝒓 𝐡
𝐡
𝐋𝐒𝐀/𝐂𝐒𝐀 = 2𝝅𝒓𝐡

𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 2𝝅𝒓𝐡 + 2𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 2𝝅𝒓(𝒉 + r)

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

CYLINDRICAL SHELL
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = 𝝅𝐡(𝑹𝟐 −𝒓𝟐 )

𝐂𝐒𝐀 = 2𝝅𝐡(𝐑 + r )
(Hollow)
𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 2𝝅(𝑹 + 𝒓)(𝒉 + 𝑹 − r) OR 𝟐𝝅𝐡 (𝐑 + 𝐫) + 𝟐𝝅( R2 − r2 )

FOLDING OF PAPER SHEET TO CYLINDER

A. Along length
𝒍 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫 b b
𝒍
b = 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭, 𝐑 = 𝟐𝛑
𝒍 𝒍 = 2πr
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 𝒍𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝐛
Volume = 𝛑𝐑𝟐 𝐡 = 𝛑 × 𝟒𝛑𝟐
×b=
𝟒𝛑

B. Along breadth
𝒍 = 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
𝐛
b = 𝟐𝛑𝐫 → 𝐫 = 𝟐𝛑
𝐛𝟐 𝒍𝐛𝟐
Volume = 𝛑𝐫𝟐 𝐡 = 𝛑 × 𝟒𝛑𝟐
× 𝒍 =
𝟒𝛑

RATIO
𝐕𝐀𝒍 𝒍
=
𝐕𝐀𝐛 𝐛

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

CONE (RIGHT CIRCULAR):
α
𝟏 𝟏
Volume = 𝟐
𝛑𝐫 𝐡 (~ 𝟑 × 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 ×⊥ 𝐫 height)
𝟑

CSA = 𝛑𝐫𝐋 𝟏
𝟐
× 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 × 𝐒𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭

𝐓𝐒𝐀 = 𝛑𝐫(𝒍 +r)

SEMIVERTICAL ANGLE ( ) 𝒍
h
𝐡 = 𝒍 𝐜𝐨𝐬
r= 𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 r
𝐡𝟐 + 𝐫𝟐 = 𝒍𝟐 𝒍 → Slant height
h → ⊥r height
→ Semi vertical angle
Volume of cylinder = 3 × Volume of cone

CYLINDER → CONE
𝟐 → Maximum volume of a cone that can be
Wastage → 𝟑 part 𝟑𝟐
inscribed in a sphere is πr3
𝟖𝟏 r
𝟏
Remain → 𝟑 part

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ROTATION OF RIGHT ANGLED TO FORM CONE
(A) ABOUT ROTATING h
p = height h p
b = radius p 𝛉 b
h = slant height
b
𝟏 2
Volume → 𝟑 πb p

(B) ABOUT BASE ROTATING h

p
𝟏 h b
Volume → 𝟑 πp2 b
p
b
P radius
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228 b height
h slant height

(C) ABOUT HYPOTENUSE ROTATING p h-𝒙 h

p

𝟏 p×b 2
Volume = 𝟑
π h
×h
𝒙

𝟏 p2 ×b2 b b
Volume → 𝟑 π
h
p×b
Radius = h

PRISM: - (
Volume = Base Area × height

LSA = height × (perimeter of base)

LSA = h × (a +b + c ) 3

LSA = h × (a +b + c + d + e + f ) 6

TSA = LSA + 2 × Area of base

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PYRAMID: - ( A
AB → Perpendicular height(h)
𝐴1 𝒙 = 𝐴1 y = 𝐴1 z = 𝐴1 m = slant height (𝒍 ) P Q
d
𝟏
Volume = 𝟑 × Base Area × ⊥ 𝐫 height h C
a
B
𝟏
LSA= 𝟐 × 𝒍 × (a + b + c + d )
S R
b
𝟏 𝐴1
LSA= 𝟐 × 𝒍 × Slant height × Perimeter of base

P M Q
TSA= LSA + Area of base
a d c 𝐴1
𝐴1 𝒙 b z
 If base is square then
S y R
a 𝒍
a 2
h a h2 + = 𝒍2
2
a 𝐴1
a
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

REGULAR TETRAHEDRON CONE)

 It’s a pyramid whose surface is equilateral
A
OP = 𝒙 a
a
AO = h 𝒍 a 𝒙
a 𝒍
p a
𝒙 a𝒍
𝒙 a
O 𝒙= 2 3
𝒙
p

𝐚
𝒍=
3
a 𝒙=
Height of equilateral ∆ 2
𝟐 𝟑

⊥ 𝐫 height(h)= 𝒍𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐

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 2
h=a 3

𝟏
Volume = 𝟑 × Base Area × ⊥ 𝐫 height

𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
=𝟑× 𝐚𝟐 × a
𝟒 𝟑

𝐚𝟑 𝟐
= Volume = 𝟔 𝟐
=( 𝐚𝟑 )
𝟏𝟐

LSA = 3 × Area of equilateral ∆

𝟑 𝟑
LSA = 𝐚𝟐
= 𝟒

TSA = 4 × Area of equilateral ∆

𝟑
=4× 𝐚𝟐
𝟒

TSA = 𝟑 𝐚𝟐

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

FRUSTOM (
𝛑𝐡
Volume = 𝟑
( 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐫𝟐 + 𝐑r)

CSA = 𝛑𝒍 ( 𝐑 +r)

TSA = 𝐂𝐒𝐀 + 𝛑 ( 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐫𝟐 ) r

𝐋𝟐 = 𝐡𝟐 + (𝐑 − 𝐫)2
h h 𝒍

EXTRA r (R − r)

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞
Largest side = 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚

𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐞𝐝

h= 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚

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TECHNIQUES: -
 If length, breadth and height of a cuboid are increased by𝒙%, y%
and z% respectively then the its volume increased by
𝒙𝒚+𝒚𝒛+𝒙𝒛 𝒙𝒚𝒛
𝐱 +𝐲+𝐳+ % 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐒𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
 If side of a cube is increased by 𝒙 % then its volume increased
𝒙 𝟑
by 𝟏+
𝟏𝟎𝟎
− 𝟏 × 𝟏00 % [𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐒𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚]
 If height of cylinder is changed by 𝒙 % and radius remains the
same then the volume changes by 𝒙%
 If radius of cylinder is changed by 𝐱 % and height remains
𝒙𝟐
unchanged then the volume changed by, (2𝐱 )%
𝟏𝟎𝟎
[𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐒𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚]
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

ANGLE
 Sum of interior angle of any polygon of ‘n’ sides = (n−2)180
Or 180 × n − 360°
Or (2n −4) 90°
Or (2n −4) × Right angles
(𝐧−𝟐) 𝟏𝟖𝟎
 One interior angle of regular polygon = 𝐧

 Sum of exterior angle of any polygon = 360°

360°
 One exterior angle of regular polygon = 𝐧
 n=
360°
𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞

 No of Diagonals of polygon =
𝐧(𝐧−𝟑)
𝟐

 1. Sum of interior angles of any polygon = (n− 2) 180°

(𝐧−𝟐)
2. One interior angle = × 180°
𝐧
3. Sum exterior angle of any polygon = 360°
360°
4. One exterior angle of any polygon = 𝐧
𝐧(𝐧−𝟑)
5. No of Diagonals of polygon = 𝟐

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 TRIGONOMETRY
 1 degree = 60 mins (60' )
r r
1 min = 60 secs (60" ) 𝛉

1 degree = 3600 secs (3600" )

𝒍 𝒍
𝛉𝒄 =
𝒓
𝝅𝒓
𝟏 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = = 𝛑𝒄
𝒓

𝛑𝒄 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟏𝟖𝟎 °
𝒄 𝟏𝟖𝟎 ° 𝟏𝒄 = = 𝟓𝟕° 𝟏𝟔' 𝟐𝟐"
𝟏 = 𝝅 𝝅
𝝅 𝒄
𝟏° = 𝟏𝟖𝟎

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

h 𝐩𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐 = 𝐡𝟐
p
 𝛉
b
𝐩 𝐡 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 = 𝐡 , 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 =
𝐩
𝐩 𝐩
𝐛 𝐡 𝐛
𝐜𝐨𝐧 𝛉 = , 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 = 𝐡
𝐡 𝐛
𝐡 𝐛
𝐩 𝐡
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉
𝐛 𝐩

 A 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 =
1
cosecθ
OR cosec 𝛉 =
1
sinθ

SO 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 = 1

B Cos𝛉 = Secθ
1
OR sec 𝛉 =
1
SO 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝛉 × 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 = 1
cosθ

1 1 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛉 × 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉 = 1
C 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = cotθ OR cot 𝛉 =
tanθ
SO

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 sinθ cosθ
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝛉 =
 cosθ sinθ

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛉 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 × 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉

VALUE OF T-RATIOS

𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

𝛉 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎°

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 0 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 1
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 1 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 0
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛉 0 𝟏 1 𝟑 ∞
𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 ∞ 2 𝟐 𝟐 1
𝟑
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 1 𝟐 𝟐 2 ∞
𝟑
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝛉 ∞ 𝟑 1 𝟏 0
𝟑

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

 From (0 − 𝟗𝟎°), 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 Increasing nature

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 decreasing nature

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛉 Increasing nature

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 Before 𝟒𝟓°, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 < 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

At 𝟒𝟓°, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

From 𝟒𝟓°to 𝟗𝟎°, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 > 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

SIGN CONVENTION
9𝟎°
Angle
2Q
1Q
Clockwise → − 𝒗𝒆
9𝟎° − 𝛉 Anticlockwise → + 𝒗𝒆
9𝟎° + 𝛉
𝟎° < 𝛉 < 9𝟎°
18𝟎° − 𝛉

18𝟎° 18𝟎° + 𝛉 𝟎°/36𝟎°

36𝟎° − 𝛉

27𝟎° − 𝛉 27𝟎° + 𝛉
4Q
3Q
27𝟎°
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

ADD SUGAR TO COFFEE

1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
(All + 𝒗𝒆) (𝐬𝐢𝐧/ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝒗𝒆) ( 𝒕𝒂𝒏/𝐜𝐨t+ 𝒗𝒆) (𝐜𝐨𝐬/𝐬𝐞𝐜 + 𝒗𝒆)
 Remaining are − 𝒗𝒆 in 2nd, 3rd & 4th Quadrant.

Quadrant 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝐜𝐨t 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜

1Q (0− 90) + + + + + +

2Q (90− 180) + − − − − +

3Q(180− 270) − − + + − −

4Q(270− 360) − + − − + −

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CONVERSION RULE (
 𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝛉) = −𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜(−𝛉) = −𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜(−𝛉) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝒕𝒂𝒏(−𝛉) =− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛉 𝐜𝐨t (−𝛉) = − 𝐜𝐨t𝛉

 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟗𝟎 + 𝛉) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨t𝛉 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟗𝟎 + 𝛉) =− 𝐜𝐨t𝛉

𝐜𝐨t (𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛉 𝐜𝐨t (𝟗𝟎 + 𝛉) =− 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝛉

𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟗𝟎 + 𝛉) =− 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟗𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟗𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

(since all are lie in 1Q so all are+ 𝒗𝒆)

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝛉) =− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝛉) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝛉) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝛉) = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉

𝐜𝐨t (𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝛉) =− 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 𝐜𝐨t (𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉

𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝛉) =− 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝛉) =− 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝛉) =− 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 + 𝛉) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝛉) =− 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝛉) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 + 𝛉) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉

𝐜𝐨t (𝟐𝟕𝟎 + 𝛉) = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝐜𝐨t (𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉

𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝛉) =− 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 + 𝛉) = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝛉) = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

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 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝛉) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝟔𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝟔𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉

𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝛉) = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟑𝟔𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉

𝐜𝐨t(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝛉) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 𝐜𝐨t(𝟑𝟔𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉

𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝛉) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟑𝟔𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝛉) = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟑𝟔𝟎 + 𝛉) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

IDENTITIES
 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝛉 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛉 = 1 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏 𝛉 = ( 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛉 𝒏

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝛉 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛉
= (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉)(1−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛉)
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛉 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 θ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ = (2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 θ − 1
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛉 = 1 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝛉 OR (1− 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ)
= (1+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛉)(1−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛉)
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝛉
 1+ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 = 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 −1 = (𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 − 1)

𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉 = (𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 1) (𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 − 1)

𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉 = 1
(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 )(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉) = 1
𝟏
(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 )= (𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉)
𝟏
(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 )= (𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉)

 1+ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 = 1+2𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 = 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉
= 2𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 −1
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 − 1
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𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 1) (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 − 1)
𝐜𝐨t𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝛉 = 1
(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉)(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉) = 𝟏
𝟏
(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉) = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉−𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉)
𝟏
(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉) = (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉+𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉)
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

RELATION AMONG T-RATIOS

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟏 𝟏

𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝛉 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟏

𝟏+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝛉 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟏
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝛉 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝛉 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝛉 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝛉 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝛉 − 𝟏

APPLICATIONS
 If 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 =2 then 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐧 𝛉 = 2
(It is possible when 𝛉 = 9𝟎°)
 If 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 =2 then 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐧𝛉 = 2
(It is possible when 𝛉 = 𝟎°)
 If 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 =2 then 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐧 𝛉 = 2
(It is possible when 𝛉 = 𝟒𝟓°)
 If 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 = 𝟑 then 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟑 𝛉 = 0
So 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔 𝛉 + 𝟏 =0 OR 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔 𝛉 = − 𝟏
 If 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 = 𝟑 then 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝛉 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟑 𝛉 = 0
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 So 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔 𝛉 = − 𝟏 OR 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔 𝛉 + 𝟏 = 0
 If 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 = 𝟑 then 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟑 𝛉 = 0
So 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟔 𝛉 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 OR 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟔 𝛉 = −𝟏
 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝛉 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟒𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟒 𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝛉
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟒𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟒 𝛉
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟒 𝛉 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒𝛉 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟒 𝛉 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝛉

 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝛉 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛉

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔 𝛉 = 𝟏 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉

 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝟐

=2
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

 𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
= 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉

𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
+
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
= 𝟐𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
−
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
= 𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉

𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
+
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
= 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉

𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
−
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
= 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉

COMPLEMENTARY RULE
𝛉𝟏 + 𝛉𝟐 = 9𝟎°(complementary angles)
 If +y = 9𝟎° then,
𝐬𝐢𝐧 = 𝐜𝐨s y
𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐜𝐨t y
sec = 𝐜𝐨sec y and vice-versa
 If +y = 9𝟎° then,
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 y = 1
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 y = 1
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 y = 1
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐲 = 𝟏 and vice-versa

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 If +y = 9𝟎° then,
𝐬𝐢𝐧 × 𝐬𝐞𝐜 y = 1
𝐜𝐨s × 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 y = 1
𝐭𝐚𝐧 × 𝐭𝐚𝐧 y = 1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 × 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐲 = 𝟏 and vice-versa
ELEMINATION OF
 If a 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 + b 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = 𝐜, 1st check the
relation among 𝒂𝟐 , 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝟐 ,If 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐
then a = perpendicular, b = base and c = hypotenuse
(as multiplied to 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉) (as multiplied to
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉)Sometimes if
it is not possible
then divide 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
& 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 to set 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 &
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 respectively)

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 If = a 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 and y = a 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 then 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒂
 If = a 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐛 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
y = a 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 − 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
Or
= a 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 + 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
y = a 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 − 𝐛 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
Then 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 Squaring and adding both the sides

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

 If 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 +𝐲 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 = 𝐩 𝐚𝐧𝐝

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉 +𝐲 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 = 𝐪 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧,

𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒑𝟐 − 𝒒𝟐

 If a 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 +b 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 = 𝐩 𝐚𝐧𝐝

a 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝛉 +b 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉 = 𝐪 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧,

𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒑𝟐 − 𝒒𝟐

 If 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝

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 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧,
𝒎𝟐 − 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒎𝒏
Type equation here.
 If 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = 𝐦 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛉 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = 𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧,
𝒎𝟐 − 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟒 𝒎𝒏

COMPOUND ANGLE (A > B)

Type equation here.

Sin(A+B) = Sin A Cos B + Cos A sinB

Sin(A−B) = Sin A Cos B − Cos A sinB
cos(A+B) = Cos A Cos B − Sin A sinB
cos(A−B) = Cos A Cos B + Sin A sinB
2 Sin A Cos B = Sin(A+B) + Sin(A−B)
2 Cos A Sin B = Sin(A+B) − Sin(A−B)
− 2 Cos A Sin B = Sin(A−B) − Sin (A +B)
2 Sin A Sin B = Cos(A−B) − Cos(A+B)
− 2 Sin A Sin B = Cos(A+B) − Cos (A −B)
2 Cos A Cos B = Cos(A+B) + Cos(A−B)
sin (A+B) Sin (A−B) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 A − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 B
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 B − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 A
Cos (A+B) cos (A−B) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 A − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 B
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 B − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 A
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐀+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐁
tan(A+B) =
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐁
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐀−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐁
tan(A−B) =
𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐀 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐁
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐀 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐁−𝟏
cot(A+B) =
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐁+𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐀
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐁 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐀+𝟏
cot(A−B) =
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐁− 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐀

MULTIPLE ANGLE
Sin2A = 2sin A cos A
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐀
=
𝟏+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐀
Cos 2A = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐀 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐀
= 𝟏 − 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐀 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝛉
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 =
= 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐀 − 1 𝟐
𝟏− 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐀
= 𝟏+
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐀
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐀 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐀
tan 2A = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐀 =
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐀
𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝐀−𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐀
Cot 2A =
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐀
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 Sin 3A = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝐀
Cos 3A = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝐀 −3 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐀
𝟑𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐀−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝐀
tan 3A =
𝟏−𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝐀
 Sin𝛉 sin 2𝛉 sin 4𝛉 =
𝟏
𝟒
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝛉
𝟏
cos𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒𝛉 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝛉
tan𝛉 tan2𝛉 tan 4𝛉 = tan 3𝛉
 Sin C +Sin D = 2sin
𝐶+𝐷
2
cos
𝐶−𝐷
2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
Sin C − Sin D = 2cos sin
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
Cos C + Cos D = 2cos cos
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
Cos C − Cos D = 2sin sin
2 2

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE

FOR ANY ANGLE FOR ACUTE ANGLE
− 1 ≤ sin𝛉 ≤ 1 0 ≤ sin𝛉 ≤ 1
0 ≤ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 ≤ 1 0 ≤ cos𝛉 ≤ 1
− 1 ≤ cos𝛉 ≤ 1 0 ≤ tan𝛉 < ∞
0 ≤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 ≤ 1 0 ≤ cot𝛉 < ∞
−∞ < tan𝛉 < ∞ 1 ≤ sec𝛉 ≤ ∞
− ∞ < cot𝛉 < ∞ 1 ≤ cosec𝛉 ≤ ∞
− 1 ≤ cosec𝛉 < ∞
Or − ∞ < cosec𝛉 ≤ − 1 cos𝛉

− ∞ < sec𝛉 ≤ − 1 90° 180°

0 360°
Or 1 ≤ sec𝛉 < − ∞ 45° 270 sin𝛉

FOR ACUTE ANGLE

 𝟏
𝟐
(𝒎𝒂𝒙){𝜽 = 45°}
sin𝛉 cos𝛉
𝟎 (𝒎𝒊𝒏){𝜽 = 0° 90°}
FOR ANY ANGLE

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 𝟏
𝟐
(𝒎𝒂𝒙){𝜽 = 45°}
 sin𝛉 cos𝛉 −
𝟏
(𝒎𝒊𝒏)
𝟐

𝟏
(𝒎𝒂𝒙)
 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉
𝟒
𝟎 (𝒎𝒊𝒏)

 What ever the power of sin and cos except 2, the maximum
value will be 1 and the minimum value cannot be determined due
to decreasing order, and 0 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 90°
 In any expression 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐧 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐧 𝛉, n ≥ 2 and 0 ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 90° then its
maximum value will be 1
 In any expression if there is either of tan𝛉, cot𝛉, sec𝛉 and cosec𝛉
present, we cannot find out their maximum value

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝛉 Max value = 1

 𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝛉 Min value = 𝟒
1(Max)
 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝛉
𝟏
𝟐
(min)

1(Max)
 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔 𝛉
𝟏
𝟒
(min)
 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔 𝛉 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟏𝟒 𝛉 →𝐦ax value = 1
Max value = 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐
 a sin𝛉 ± b cos𝛉

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228 Min value =− 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛𝟐

 𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐛 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉
Maximum value is the greater value between a & b and
Or minimun value is the smaller value between a and b
a 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 + 𝐛 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉
Where a ≠ b

 a 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 − b 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 max value = ( +ve value)

Or
a 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 − b 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 min value = ( −ve value)

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 a 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉 +b 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 → max value cannot be determined
a 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉 +b 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝛉 →min value = 𝟐 𝒂𝒃
a 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝛉 +b 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝛉 or = (a+b)
(where, a ≠ b )
Minimum value = 𝟐 𝒂𝒃 (where ab is a perfect sq)
= 𝟐(𝐚 +b) (where ab is not a perfect sq)
 𝟐 𝟐
a 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 +b 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉
MINIMUM VALUE
 (a + 𝐛) +2 𝒂𝒃 (If ab is a perfect square)
 2(a + 𝐛) (If ab is not a perfect square)
 M sin𝛉 ± n sin𝛉, max value =
𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐
 M cos𝛉 ± n 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉, max value = 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒏𝟐
Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

HEIGHT & DISTANCE

A
SINE RULE
C b
BC: AC: AB = sin A: sin B: sin C
a: b: c = sin A: sin B: sin C B C
a
A
COSINE RULE
𝐛𝟐 +𝐜𝟐 −𝐚𝟐
Cos A = 𝟐𝐛𝐜 C b
𝐜𝟐 +𝐚𝟐 −𝐛𝟐
Cos B = 𝟐𝐚𝐜
𝐚𝟐 +𝐛𝟐 −𝐜𝟐
Cos C = B C
𝟐𝐚𝐛 a
FOR RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE
FROM FIGURE 1
60
30° = 1 unit

60° = 𝟑 unit
30
90° = 2 unit
(fig-1) - 1
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FROM FIGURE 2
45
45° = 1 unit

90° = 𝟐 unit
45

(fig-1) - 2

SPECIAL CASES

A OR
h
h

90−𝛉 𝛉
𝛉 90-𝛉
y
y

FROM ABOVE TWO FIGURES

𝐡𝟐 = y OR h = 𝒙𝒚

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

B β

Also

From above two figures, 𝐝

h = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛂−𝐜𝐨𝐭𝛃

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 C FROM THE FIGURE
𝒙
(𝒙 + 𝐲) = d (sec𝛉 +tan𝛉)

 FROM THE FIGURE

b = 3a

c = 2a

(Also mind 30° & 60° )

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

 FROM THE FIGURE

Given :- 𝛉, ∅ & 𝐫 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧

𝛉
h = r 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧∅

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 FROM THE FIGURE

h - 100

Water level, 100m

30° h
60°
d 100 m
Ground level

(h + 100)

Now, h

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎 𝐡 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎
=
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟎 𝐡 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Subrajit Sir - 9439642228

 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒𝟓 + 𝛉) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉∗
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒𝟓 − 𝛉) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉∗
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒𝟓 + 𝛉) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉∗
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛉
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( 𝟒𝟓 − 𝛉) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛉∗

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