L03: Perceptrons
Implementation of the classic Perceptron by Frank Rosenblatt for binary classification (here: 0/1 class labels) in NumPy
Imports
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
Preparing a toy dataset
##########################
### DATASET
##########################
data = np.genfromtxt('perceptron_toydata.txt', delimiter='\t')
X, y = data[:, :2], data[:, 2]
y = y.astype(np.int)
print('Class label counts:', np.bincount(y))
print('X.shape:', X.shape)
print('y.shape:', y.shape)
# Shuffling & train/test split
shuffle_idx = np.arange(y.shape[0])
shuffle_rng = np.random.RandomState(123)
shuffle_rng.shuffle(shuffle_idx)
X, y = X[shuffle_idx], y[shuffle_idx]
X_train, X_test = X[shuffle_idx[:70]], X[shuffle_idx[70:]]
y_train, y_test = y[shuffle_idx[:70]], y[shuffle_idx[70:]]
# Normalize (mean zero, unit variance)
mu, sigma = X_train.mean(axis=0), X_train.std(axis=0)
X_train = (X_train - mu) / sigma
X_test = (X_test - mu) / sigma
Class label counts: [50 50]
X.shape: (100, 2)
y.shape: (100,)
X_train.std(axis=0)
array([1., 1.])
plt.scatter(X_train[y_train==0, 0], X_train[y_train==0, 1], label='class 0', marker='o')
plt.scatter(X_train[y_train==1, 0], X_train[y_train==1, 1], label='class 1', marker='s')
plt.title('Training set')
plt.xlabel('feature 1')
plt.ylabel('feature 2')
plt.xlim([-3, 3])
plt.ylim([-3, 3])
plt.legend()
plt.show()
plt.scatter(X_test[y_test==0, 0], X_test[y_test==0, 1], label='class 0', marker='o')
plt.scatter(X_test[y_test==1, 0], X_test[y_test==1, 1], label='class 1', marker='s')
plt.title('Test set')
plt.xlabel('feature 1')
plt.ylabel('feature 2')
plt.xlim([-3, 3])
plt.ylim([-3, 3])
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Defining the Perceptron model
class Perceptron():
def __init__(self, num_features):
self.num_features = num_features
self.weights = np.zeros((num_features, 1), dtype=np.float)
self.bias = np.zeros(1, dtype=np.float)
def forward(self, x):
linear = np.dot(x, self.weights) + self.bias # comp. net input
predictions = np.where(linear > 0., 1, 0)
return predictions
def backward(self, x, y):
predictions = self.forward(x)
errors = y - predictions
return errors
def train(self, x, y, epochs):
for e in range(epochs):
for i in range(y.shape[0]):
errors = self.backward(x[i].reshape(1, self.num_features), y[i]).reshape(-1)
self.weights += (errors * x[i]).reshape(self.num_features, 1)
self.bias += errors
def evaluate(self, x, y):
predictions = self.forward(x).reshape(-1)
accuracy = np.sum(predictions == y) / y.shape[0]
return accuracy
Training the Perceptron
ppn = Perceptron(num_features=2)
ppn.train(X_train, y_train, epochs=5)
print('Model parameters:\n\n')
print(' Weights: %s\n' % ppn.weights)
print(' Bias: %s\n' % ppn.bias)
Model parameters:
Weights: [[1.27340847]
[1.34642288]]
Bias: [-1.]
Evaluating the model
train_acc = ppn.evaluate(X_train, y_train)
print('Train set accuracy: %.2f%%' % (train_acc*100))
Train set accuracy: 100.00%
test_acc = ppn.evaluate(X_test, y_test)
print('Test set accuracy: %.2f%%' % (test_acc*100))
Test set accuracy: 93.33%
##########################
### 2D Decision Boundary
##########################
w, b = ppn.weights, ppn.bias
x0_min = -2
x1_min = ( (-(w[0] * x0_min) - b[0])
/ w[1] )
x0_max = 2
x1_max = ( (-(w[0] * x0_max) - b[0])
/ w[1] )
# x0*w0 + x1*w1 + b = 0
# x1 = (-x0*w0 - b) / w1
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, sharex=True, figsize=(7, 3))
ax[0].plot([x0_min, x0_max], [x1_min, x1_max])
ax[0].scatter(X_train[y_train==0, 0], X_train[y_train==0, 1], label='class 0', marker='o')
ax[0].scatter(X_train[y_train==1, 0], X_train[y_train==1, 1], label='class 1', marker='s')
ax[1].plot([x0_min, x0_max], [x1_min, x1_max])
ax[1].scatter(X_test[y_test==0, 0], X_test[y_test==0, 1], label='class 0', marker='o')
ax[1].scatter(X_test[y_test==1, 0], X_test[y_test==1, 1], label='class 1', marker='s')
ax[1].legend(loc='upper left')
plt.show()
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