Linear Algebra
Lesson 1: Introduction to System of Linear Equations (SLEs)
and Matrices
Nguyen Chanh Tu (DUT)
(Bài ging trích xut t môi trng tng tác Maple12)
1. Some definitions
1.1. Exam 1: Systems of Linear Equations
Exam 1: Chickens and dogs
In the yard were chickens and dogs. Together they had 36 heads and 100 legs. How many
chickens and how many dogs were in the yard?
Sol
1.2. Exam 2: Intersection points of planes
Exam 2: Two planes
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(1.2.1.1)
Find out one intersection points.
How many intersection points ?
Picture
> with(plots):implicitplot3d([2*x[1]+x[2]-x[3] = 5,x[1]-2*x
>
[2]+x[3] = -2],x[1]=-10..10,x[2]=-10..10,x[3]=-10..10);
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Exam 3: Three planes
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(1.2.2.1)
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How many intersection point of 3 planes?
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1.3. Some questions
1. Geometrically, how many intersection points of 2 planes in the space?
2. In general, how many intersection points of planes in the space, for ?
1.4. General form of a SLE
where are any positive integers;
the number , where is one of are called the coefficients of SLE; are
called free coefficients of the SLE.
are called the variables of SLE.
What is:
A solution of a SLE
is an ordered set consisting of values, (considered as an element of ),
satisfying all equations of the system.
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Solving a SLE
is to find the set of solutions.
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Two equivalent SLEs
if they have the same set of solutions.
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An Equivalent Operation on SLE
is an operation that reduces a given SLE to another equivalent SLE.
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Elementary Equivalent Operations on SLE
1) Interchange two equations (
2) Multiply an equation by a nonzero constant (scalar) ( )
3) Add a constant multiple of equation to equation
(
Exam: Use above 3 elementary operations to solve the system of dogs and chickens
1.5. Matrices
Definition:
An -matrix is an array of rows and columns
is the entry in th row and th column. Usually write or simply
Matrix of a system of linear equations
Given the SLE:
Cofficient matrix (Ma trn h s)
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Augmented matrix (Ma trn m rng)
where
Elementary Operations on matrices
Definition: Row/column Elementary Operations
1) Interchange two rows/columns. Denote
2) Multiply a row/column by a nonzero constant (scalar). Denote
3) Add an constant multiple of one row/column to another. Denote
Definition: Two matrices and are called row equivalent matrices if one can be obtained
from the other by a sequence of row elementary operations
Exam 1 again:
Let consider the augmented matrix of the system of dogs and chickens:
(1.5.4.1)
Reduce above matrix into a "nicer" matrix by elementary row operations in order to get the
solution of the SLE of dogs-chickens easily.
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Exam 3. Practice (at home): Solve the SLE by operating on the augmented
matrix
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(1.5.5.1)
1. Write down the augmented matrix
2. Reduce above matrix by elementary row operations to a "nice/simple" matrix such that
you can write down solutions easily
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2. Echelon Form and Gauss-Jordan Elimination
2.1. Echelon Form and Reduced Echelon Form
Def1
An -matrix is in echelon form (dng bc thang) if
1) All rows that consist entirely of zeros are grouped together at the bottom of the matrix
2) In every nonzero row, the first nonzero entry (counting from left to right) is 1
3) If the row contains nonzero entries, then the first nonzero entry is in a column to
the right of the first nonzero entry in the row.
Def2
4) A matrix in echelon form is called reduced echelon form (dng bc thang thu gn) if the
first nonzero entry of any row is the only nonzero entry in its column.
Activity 1. Each student write down 3 matrices with size 3 x 4, which are
relatively: non echelon form; echelon form but not reduced; reduced echelon
form.
For example 1:
For example 2:
Activity 2. How many types of 3 x 3 matrices which are in reduced echelon
form?
2.2. Properties
Theorem
Every matrix can be transformed to an unique matrix in reduced echelon form by row
elementary operations.
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Q: Is it still true if echelon form used instead reduced echelon?
2.3. Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Stratery of solving a SLE.
Exam: Use G-J elimination as above to solve the following SLE:
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Sol
3. Homework
Sec1.1.
I. 1-6, 15, 16-23;
II. 7-10 al.2, 11-14 al.2, 24-29 al.3, 30-36 al.3;
III. Team work: 37-42 al.6.
Sec1.2.
I. 1-10, 41-42, 44, 45, 28;
II. 11-20 al.5, 22-35 al.6, 36-40 al.2;
III. Teamwork: 49-54 al.6.
