Basics oF BuiLbing STRUCTURE MECHANICS

PROJECT No 2
ANALYSIS OF
PLANE FRAME BY THE DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Biatystok, 2023
BUT - PB DGSM BBSM

Table of contents
1 Solution for statically loaded frame
11 Pin-connected system of the frame
1. 2 The degree of kinematic indeterminacy of structure..
13 The primary system of the displacement method.
1.4 Analysis of a pin-connected system.................
15 Canonical equations and values of coefficients..
1.6 Calculation of unknowns displacements Z;
1.7 Diagrams of internal forces in the structure....
Vi erification

The Displacement Method 2/1 7‘

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Use the Displacement Method for analysis of indeterminate struc-

ture and loading shown in a figure. Construct the final bending moment,
shear and axial force diagrams.

The flexural stiffness EJ is written next to the members of the structure.

—
—
N
=

— —
— —

—
. - member -
numbers 2q

| 21 L1

The Displacement Method 3/1 7‘

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1 Solution for statically loaded frame

1.1 Pin-connected system of the frame

A pin-connected system (hinged system/scheme, kinematic chain) is obtained

from the original structure by introducing hinges at all rigid joints and supports
while considering all members of the hinged scheme to be absolutely rigid.

1.2 The degree of kinematic indeterminacy of structure

The kinematic indeterminacy of a structure n, is the number of unknown

displacements: angles of rotation of the rigid joints ¥ ¢and independent linear
displacements of joints (translations) > A. We can use the formula to calculate
the degree of kinematic indeterminacy:

n= e+ XA
&
determined in
a hinged system

> ®=2 (jointsinodes: B and H)

YA=2w-p
W - number of nodes (including support nodes)
p - number of members in hinged system (including support members/links)

Y A=29-(8+9)=1

n,=2+1=3

The Displacement Method 4/1 7‘

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1.3 The primary system of the displacement method

The unknowns of the method are rotation angles of rigid joints and inde-
pendent linear translations. Imposing additional (fictitious) constraints to joints
(preventing displacements) we obtain kinematically determinate system:

N ldF

In the primary system all displacements of joints are zero due to imposed addi-
tional constraints.

1.4 Analysis of a pin-connected system

It is important to know the relationship between angles w; (chord rotation)

and displacements of joints A; (relative vertical translation of member nodes in
the direction perpendicular to axis of non-displaced member) in a chain com-
posed by pin-connected frame members (hinged system). The values we determ-
ine analysing any continuous chains of members®. The figure below shows the
system before and after (dashed lines) unit displacement Z; = 1.

1) the values of displacements A; are obvious but the analysis will be done for teaching purposes

The Displacement Method 5/1 7‘

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For a displaced kinematic chain (hinged system) of 3 or 4 members, we can write

equations from which the displacements perpendicular to the axes of these mem-
bers could be determined. The equations have the general form

z’rx' Y, =AY, —AY,

z’rv' Y, = AX,—AX,
i=1,..., number of members/links in a chain

I - length of the "i-th" member projection on the X axis

Iy - length of the "i-th" member projection on the Y axis
AX o - displacement of the first/last joint in a chain along X axis
AY, o - displacement of the first/last joint in a chain alongY axis
AX,—AX, - the difference of displacement components
of the ending and starting node in the chain analysed along X axis
AY,—AY - the difference of displacement components
of the ending and starting node in the chain analysed alongY axis
(1) Chain of members 2 -3-4

Z’rx'l/}rzo = 0:yp+lyy3+0-y,=0 = y3=0 = A;=0

Dlyw=0 = —ly,+0-ys+l, 4, =0
= —é-¢5+0-z/}3—21w4—0
Ay _1_2
= ly E ZI 7

| 2
= 75-7=21-U}4

= p=gt=o3l = a=-1 =)
A,

4
(2) We know the displacements A, A,, A;, A, of joints, the remaining dis-

‘ The Displacement Method 6/1 7‘

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placements of joints we determine analysing e.g., chain of members

1-3-6-7 or any other in witch we know at least one value of displace-
ment A, .
Eg. equations for chain 4 - 6 -7 are as follows:

Dlewy=0 = 0-y+lgy+0-4,=0 = y,=0 = A;=0

z’ry'l//rzo = lpy+0y—
Iy, =0

poniewaz A, =1

= 1_
2"5—’1/}7
1 A A
A R
Because of A;=A,=1, all values of linear displacements of joints are
known:

1.5 Canonical equations and values of coefficients

The number of canonical equations equals to the degree of kinematic inde-

terminacy. General form of equations for this structure is as follows (nx = 3)

ryZy+ry-Z,+r;3-Z;+R =0
(r Zy+ Ty Zy+ Ty Z3+Ry=0
ryZy+ryp Zy+ry-Z3+Ry=0

Coefficients r;j are equal to the values of reactions in constraint “i” in kinematic-
ally determinate system caused by displacementZ; = 1 in direction “j” (the first
numeral in ry is the label of the constraint where the reactive moment or force
arises, and the second numeral is the label of the constraint, which is displaced).
Coefficients Ri; are equal to reactions in the primary system due to external load.
We determine them in steps (1)-(4) of an analysis procedure presented below.
In a kinematically determinate system each member of a structure can be classi-
fied as single-span beam appropriately supported (according to imposed - artifi-
cial/fictitious and real constraints).
The static scheme of each frame member in kinematically determinate system is
depicted on the figure

The Displacement Method 7/1 7‘

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The Displacement Method 8/1 7‘

 P
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(1) The corresponding deflected shape of members - bending moments dia-

gram - and values of virtual reactions - for unit state Z; = 1

¥
ZZ

a5 ¥
1

= 8 ZZ

z, !
-
A= L] 21

[ P12
24E]
2 s z
< E 24E) 2
z, .
11T jaans
EER= |
R | T 3g
ar ar?
g2
Ly

We get the following unit reactions

ry=- 8+3+23|EL_q1,1H
i 122’

r,, =0

r31:{—24+3\g:—21f71

The Displacement Method 9/17]

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(2) The corresponding deflected shape of members (%2, bending moments dia-
gram - and values of virtual reactions - for unit state Z, = 1

[~ A

Z,
2, z,=1
-

26
[ <A

z, 31
Z;
3.(26)) 4E
= T
_6E
T

[ A

Fd

6E/
By <—F
z, 35 AL
3pApE
z, )
-

o57
[ —2

We get the following unit reactions

r,=0

= \3+4+6‘\IE—/ = 13IE—/
ry, =0

The Displacement Method 10/1 7‘

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(3) The corresponding deflected shape of members (%3, bending moments dia-
gram - and values of virtual reactions - for unit state Z; =1

We get the following unit reactions

ris= \724+3‘\’E7/= —21 E

P
rys= \—6+6‘\€l =0 t;—j
/ /
_ 3
ry;=(96+3 +§+ 12+6 E_1173E
§=1T 5

The Displacement Method 11/17]

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(4) The corresponding deflected shape of members (%, bending moments dia-
gram - and values of virtual reactions - for static external load q

z
. z zZ,

af

The Displacement Method 12/1 7‘

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1.6 Calculation of unknowns displacements Z;

The system of canonical equations of displacement method in the example

takes the form

12082,
1E) + 0z, - afz
El 4+ 0=
_

|| 0.2, E
+ 1371-22 + 0z, + 0=0
‘721%-21 + 0.2, + 117%%-23 . gql =0
The matrix of coefficients of the canonical equations is symmetrical with respect
to the main diagonal r; =r;. The values of displacements we obtain solving the
system of equations, we get:

__168 g _ 336 g’
175473 F/ 10946 £
Z, =0
_ 100 gi* _ 200 g*
3T 5473 10946 £

1.7 Diagrams of internal forces in the structure

(1) Bending moment diagram

Using the principle of superposition M =M,-Z, + M, Z, + My-Z;+ M, , we ob-
tain

2688

504

The Displacement Method 13/1 7‘

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4% 1200

4? 4800
4800 1 1200,

600 120

I A
1 2
. *g06 9
150

. * 10;45[‘7'21

10946

11096

The Displacement Method 14/1 7‘

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(2) Shear force diagram

The value of the maximum bending moment M, in member DE:

_ 16344 8172
V(x)= 10946ql -2g'x,=0 = x,= 10946 1~0.751

B _ 16344 8172 , 8172 (1 8172 | 1669539 ., _ 2

Mnae
=M (x0)= 10626 910026 ~ 27 10946 (2 10946 )’ 299537299 ~ 035744l

(3) Axial force diagram

1 252
* 10845 ¥
© compression
@ tension

The Displacement Method 15/1 7‘

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2 Verification

The method of verification is independent of the method used in the structure

analysis (it is the same after analysis by the force or the displacement method).
We will verify only three displacement? along directions of real support constrains
(real displacement are zero). For the sake of simplicity we decompose final bend-
ing moment diagram into simple areas as shown below:

1 3
_
%7{ 59igr= = Tooag
L 9111509501+
g |2 3 22 (1) + L35 aas6 o1y
3456(-1)+ 21 .(Z.
311160851+
25 .1046()
+3210946(1)+2211096‘ + L2 .(,z.32) I=0
|
2 this type of verification should be carried out in @ number equals to degree of statical indeterminacy of a structure

The Displacement Method 16/1 7‘

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(2) Calculation of vertical displacement value v, for support C

4]

MM, 1 g1 ( 2 1 (2 2
Ve 7{ g dl = 10946-E|E-1-1608-‘—§-2)+ 5-2-504-5-2) +5210946/-2) +

+1-2-11096-(3 =0
2 \3

R
(MM, 1
ur{ 5 dl=155a6" gP1 2
g 2-1-1608-[—3-1)+ 11 2
2-2-2112-(73-1)», 11 1
2-2-3456-(3-1)4-

+ 5101 51 1200(E23).1
i)"i 1 1200(§23).1
E)"E 1 1200[7513)_
i)} =0
becauseof
GH member
stiffness
equals to 2E)

The Displacement Method 17/1 7‘