DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
III B. TECH II SEMESTER (R20)
MACHINE LEARNING (R2032051)
UNIT – I
SYLLABUS
INTRODUCTION
ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE
MACHINE LEARNING
DEEP LEARNNG
TPES OF MACHINE LEARNING SYSTEMS
MAIN CHALLENGES OF MACHINE LEARNING
STATISTCAL LEARNING
SUPER VISED AND UNSUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING
TRANING AND TEST LOSS
ESTIMATING RISK STATISTICS
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF AN ESTIMATOR
EMPIRICAL RISK MINIMIZATION
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UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING
Introduction to AI: -
The AI is branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machine,
which can be have like a human & think like human & able to make decisions.
Artificial + Intelligence
Man made Thinking Power
AI can create a machine with programmed algorithm. Which can work with own
intelligence.
AI cannot need to use preprogram machine to do some work.
(or)
Definition of AI: -
AI is a branch of computer science which deals with helping machines finding
solutions to complex problems like a human.
Human beings
Convert
Algorithms
Implement
Machine
AI is not related to computer science. It is also related with maths, biology, Psychology, etc.,
Example: - 1. Automated Driving Systems (Self Driving Cars)
2. To calcite 100 students marks.
Human takes more time but computer can perform very fast.
Needs of AI: -
AI can create software / devices which can solve real world problems vary easily&
accuracy.
Example: Health Issues, Supermarket, Traffic issues, etc.,
AI can create your personal virtual assistant such as “siri”, “cortana”, “Google
Assistant”, “Gemini” etc.,
AI can create robots. Its work just like a human.
Example: Sofhia, Alexa.
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Goals of AI:
1. Replicate human intel
2. Solve Knowledge
3. An intelligence connects of perception tasks.
4. Building a machine
Application of AI: -
Every branch of Science, Engineering and Technology shares the tools and techniques
available in the domains of AI.
1. Game Playing: -
Game playing is one of the leading domains where AI has been applied with
great successful.
2. Expert Systems: -
An expert system is a software that manipulated encoded knowledge to
problems in a specialized domain that normally requires human experts.
An expert system is in AI program in which the system’s knowledge is obtain
from an expert source such that intelligence advice or intelligence decision in
solving a problem.
3. Natural Language Processing: - (NLP)
NLP is a technique that builds ability in machines to ready & understand the
languages that humans speak.
4. Image Understanding: -
Many of AI programs are engineered to solve some problems without humans.
2D array contains grey levels can be used to received digital images that
recognized by video camera.
5. Robotics: -
AI is applied in robotics in order to see, hear & react to other sensor
simulations.
Example: Erica and Sophia they can behaves like humans.
6. Finance: -
The banks we use AI to perform different operations.
Organize operations (credit, debit)
Invest in stocks
Finance institutions have used AI to detect changes or claims etc.,
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7. Music: -
Composition of songs, performance sounds and research in music.
8. Transportation: - Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for automatic gear
box in auto mobiles.
Example: Audi TT (Tourist Trophy), Volkswagen, etc.,
9. Hospitals: -
A medical clinic use AI system to organize bed schedule, make a staff rotation,
heart sound analysis identify tumors.
10. Computer Vision: -
It is able to extract information from its vision computer vision plays its role
here to recognize the object as an image & identify the task.
The image data can be in the form of picture, videos, multidimensional data
from a medical scanner or multiple cameras.
Advantages of AI: -
High accuracy with less error.
High speed
High reliability
Useful for risk area
Digital Assistant
Useful has a public utility
Disadvantages of AI: -
High Cost
No feelings / emotions
No original creations
Can’t think out of book
MACHINE LEARNING: -
UNIT – I (MACHINE LEARNING) 4
Machine learning is the branch of artificial Intelligence concerned with the design and
development of algorithms.
It allows the computer to behave in a way based on the empirical data, such as from
electronic sensors or database.
Machine learning is a field of studying that gives computers a capability to learn
without being explicitly programmed.
Example: Online shopping
(Or)
Machine learning is an sub field of AI that provides system that ability tool
automatically improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.
Features of Machine Learning:
ML is used to detect various patterns in a given data set.
It can learn from past data and improve performance perfectly.
It is a data driven technology. ML is similar to data mining and it can work large
amount of data.
Types of ML:
There are three (3) types of Machine Learning:
1. Supervised Learning
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Reinforcement learning
1) Supervised Learning: -
In supervised learning we teach the machine using label data to predict
outcome for new unseen data.
An external supervision is there.
The labeled data means some input data is already tagged with current output.
If any wrong data is given then send feed back given to machine.
There are two (2) types of supervised learning algorithm
i. Regression ii Classification
i. Regression: It is used for prediction of continuous variables.
Example: Price, age, salary, wheather report, temperature, etc.,
ii. Classification: It is used for prediction of output variables.
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Example: True or False, Male or Female, Positive or Negative, Yes or No,
etc.,
2) Unsupervised Learning:
Unsupervised Learning is a learning method with any supervision.
The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that not been
classified and the algorithms needs to act on that data without any supervision.
The input data is unlabeled data.
No supervision and No Feedback.
There are two (2) types of Unsupervised learning algorithms:
i. Clustering
ii. Association
i. Clustering: Grouping the objects into clusters.
ii. Association: To find out the relationship between two objects.
3) Reinforcement Learning:
It is a feedback based learning approach. Here an agent learn the environment
and perform the action to get result of actions.
The reinforcement learning is an example of semi - supervised learning,
because it works based on supervised data and unsupervised learning data.
There are two (2) types of reinforcement learning:
i. Positive reinforcement learning
ii. Negative reinforcement learning
UNIT – I (MACHINE LEARNING) 6
