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CHEMISTRY-PRACTICAL PROCEDURE

 INSTRUCTIONS
 Write blue colour content on left
hand side
 Write Red colour content on both
side.
 Write black colour content on
right hand side.

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CHEMISTRY-PRACTICAL PROCEDURE

pH of Samples
Expt:No:1

Date:

Aim:

To find the PH of the following samples using PH paper/Universal indicator.

(i)Dilute HCl

(ii)Dilute NaOH

(iii)Dilute CH3COOH

(iv)Lemon juice

(v)Water

(vi)Dilute Na2CO3

Materials Required:

Test tubes, Droppers , PH paper, Test tube stand, Glass rod, White tiles

Procedure:

Take 6 test tubes, wash them with distilled water and place them on the test tube stand. Mark
these test tubes as A,B,C,D,E and F.

Take 2ml each of the above chemicals and add it to the test tubes marked.

Test tubeA-add 2ml of dil.HCl acid

Test tube B-add 2ml of dil.NaOH solution

Test tube C-add 2ml of dil.ethanoic acid

Test tube D-add 2ml of lemon juice

Test tube E-add 2ml of distilled water

Test tube F-add 2ml of dil.Na2CO3.

Take a white tile ad place small strips of pH paper on it, mark them as A to F.

Take clean droppers rinsed with distilled water.

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Use each dropper to suck the contents present in the test tube A to F and pour a drop of each
content on marked pH paper respectively.

Observe the colour change in the pH paper and match it with the colour pH chart given.

Observations:

Test tube Sample Colour of pH paper pH range

A Dil.HCl Red colour 1
B Dil.NaOH Dark blue colour 14
C Dil.CH3COOH Orange Colour 3
D Lemon Juice Pink colour 2
E Water Green colour 7
F Dil.NaHCO3 Light blue colour 9

Result:

S.No Sample Nature

1 HCl Strong Acid
2 NaOH Strong Base
3 Ethanoic Acid Weak Acid
4 Lemon Juice Weak Acid
5 Water Neutral
6 Na2CO3 Weak Base

Precautions:

 Use clean and rinsed droppers.

 Use clean test tubes and mark them carefully.
 Rinse the test tubes and droppers with distilled water only

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Properties of Acids and Bases

EXPT:No:2

Date:

Aim:

To study the properties of acids and bases (dil.HCl and dil.NaOH) by their reaction with

a.Litmus solution(Blue/Red)

b.Zinc Metal

c.Solid sodium carbonate

Materials Required:

Test tube stand, test tubes, match box, test tube holder, droppers, a bent delivery tube, burner
and cork, dil.HCl, dil.NaOH,blue litmus solution, red litmus solution, Zinc granules, Powder
zinc, solid sodium carbonate , freshly prepared lime water.

Procedure:

Properties of HCl:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Litmus Test: Blue litmus solution Dil.HCl shows acidic
Take two clean test turns red in first test character.
tubes. Pour 1ml of dilute tube.
HCl solution in each test Red litmus solution
tube. Pour a drop of blue shows no change in
litmus in one test tube a second tube.
drop of red litmus
solution in the second
test tube.
2. Reaction with Zinc Zinc metal reacts Zn+2HClZnCl2+H2
Metal: with the acid.Test
Take 1ml of dil.HCl in a tube becomes warm
clean test tube. Add a and pressure is Hydrogen gas always burns
small piece of zinc exerted on thumb with a pop sound .
metal/ zinc powder in it. due to release of a
Light a match stick and gas.
bring it near the mouth The matchstick
of the test tube, remove burns with a pop
the thumb and observe. sound.
3.Reactio Take a clean test tube. Dilute.HCl reacts Na2CO3+2HCl2NaCl+H2O
n with Add 2ml of dil.HCl. now with Na2CO3 to +CO2
Na2CO3 add 1g of pinch Na2CO3 release a colourless

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in it. Immediately close gas. The gas turns
the mouth with cork lime water milky. Ca(OH)2+CO2CaCO3+H2O
containing delivery tube.
Hold a test tube with
lime water at the other
end of the delivery tube.

B.Properties of NaOH:

Experiment Observation Inference

1.Litmus Test: Blue litmus solution shows Dil.NaOH shows basic character.
Take two clean test tubes. no change. Red litmus
Pour 1ml of dilute NaOH solution changes to blue
in each test tube. Add a colour.
drop of blue litmus
solution in one test tube of
red litmus solution in the
second test tube.
2.Reaction with Zinc On heating the mixture Zn+2NaOHNa2ZnO2+H2
Metal: reaction begins, colourless Hydrogen gas always burns with
Take a clean test tube. gas is evolved. a pop sound.
Add Zinc granules in it.
Pour 2ml of NaOH
solution in a test tube.
Hold the test tube with a The burning matchstick
test tube holder and heat burns with a ‘PoP’ sound
it.
Bring a burning
matchstick near the mouth
of the test tube.
3.Reaction with Na2CO3: No change No reaction.
Take a clean test tube.
Add 2ml of NaOH
solution in a tube and 1g
of Na2CO3. Heat the
mixture.

Result:
Acids and bases reacts with metals to form salt and hydrogen gas.
Acid changes the blue litmus paper to red .
Base changes the red litmus paper to blue.
Precautions:

 Use clean test tubes

 Use very small amount of chemicals.
 For H2 gas test, be careful as H2 gas catches fire.

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Types of Reactions

EXPT:No:3
Date:
Aim:

To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into

i.Combination reaction-Action of water on quick lime

ii.Decomposition reaction-Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals.

iii.Displacement reaction-Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution.

iV.Double displacement reaction-Reaction between Na2SO4 and BaCl2 solutions.

Materials Required:

A beaker, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, dropper, Bunsen burner, FeSO4, iron
nails,CuSO4, Na2SO4,BaCl2, distilled water.

Procedure:

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Combination reaction Reaction occurs with An exothermic and combination reaction
Action of water on crackling sound and occurs.
quick lime: steamy vapours are CaO(s)+H2OCa(OH)2 +heat
Take a clean beaker, released. The beaker
add a small piece of becomes hot.
lime in it. Add water
drop by drop into the
beaker.
2.Decomposition The green crystals FeSO4 green crystals decomposes due to
reaction becomes reddish heat. Water of crystallization is collected
Action of heat on brown, tiny droplets of in the test tube. SO2 gas has choking
FeSO4 water are settled near smell. It changes K2C2O7 paper green. It
Take a clean and dry the neck of the test tube is a decomposition reaction.
test tube, add few and a colourless gas is
crystals of FeSO4. Fix evolved. The acidified
it on a test tube holder. potassium dichromate
Heat the test tube on changes its colour from
burner, keeping the orange to green when 2FeSO4.7H2OFe2O3+SO2+SO3+14H2O
mouth of test tube held in gas.
away from your face.
Waft the gas released
to smell and test it with
acidified potassium
dichromate paper.
3.Displacement The blue colour CuSO4 Iron metal is reactive than copper

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reaction slowly changes its displaces it to form iron sulphate
Iron nails kept in a colour. The iron nail solution. It is a displacement reaction and
CUSO4 solution. gets the deposit of red deposit of copper is formed on the
Take a clean test tube, reddish copper ions. nail.
add 2-3ml of CuSO4 The blue colour of CuSO4+FeFeSO4+Cu
solution in it. Place a CuSO4 changes to
clean iron nail in it. green.
Keep it on the test tube
stand and observe the
changes for 30
minutes.
4.Double Displacement Both Na2SO4 and The white insoluble precipitate BaSO4 is
Reaction: BaCl2 solutions are formed. It is a double displacement
In a clean tube, take colourless, on mixing reaction.
Na2SO4 solution to together a white Na2SO4(aq)+BaCl2(aq)BaSO4+2NaCl
this, add BaCl2 precipitate is formed.
solution. Shake the
contents and observe

Result:

 In combination reaction two reactant combines together to give a single product.

 In decomposition reaction single reactant decompose to give two or more product.
 In displacement reaction a higher reactive metal displaces the lower reactive metals.
 In double displacement reaction the exchange of ions takes place between the
reactant.

Precautions:

 Do not touch quick lime with hands, use tongs.

 Mixing of quick lime and water releases large amount of heat, so add water drop and
use borosil beaker
 For heating, use hard glass tubes.
 Never inhale any gas, just waft the gas.
 Do not touch any chemical with hands.
 Keep the mouth of the test tube away from your face while heating.

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CHEMISTRY-PRACTICAL PROCEDURE
Reactivity Series

EXPT:No:4
Date:
Aim:

i.To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the following salt solutions:

a.ZnSO4(aq)

b.FeSO4(aq)

c.CuSO4(aq)

d.Al2SO4(aq)

ii.Arrange Zn,Fe, Cu and Al metals in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the above
result.

Materials required:

Clean test tube, marker, test tube stand, Al2SO4, CuSO4, FeSO4 &ZnSO4 solutions, metal
strips of Fe, Cu,Zn and Al, test tube holder.

Procedure:

Reaction with CusO4 solution:

Take four clean test tubes, with a marker label them as A,B, C and D. Take copper sulphate
solution in each test tube. Dip a small, clean piece of Al, Zn, and Cu metals in test tubes A, B,
C and D respectively. Record the observations.

Metal Test tube Metal Experiment Observation Inference

solution
CuSO4 A Al Al+CuSO4 Blue solution Al is more
of CuSO4 reactive
becomes
colourless.
B Zn ZnCuSO4 Blue solution Zinc is more
of CuSO4 reactive
becomes
colourless
C Fe Fe+CuSO4 Blue solution Fe is more
becomes reactive
green
D Cu Cu+CuSO4 No change Equilibrium

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Reaction with FeSO4 Solution

Take four clean test tubes, with a marker label them as A,B, C and D. Take Ferrous sulphate
solution in each test tube. Dip a small, clean piece of Al, Zn, and Cu metals in test tubes A, B,
C and D respectively. Record the observations.

Metal Test tube Metal Experiment Observation Inference

solution
FeSO4 A Al Al+FeSO4 Green Al is more
solution reactive
becomes
colourless.
B Zn Zn+FeSO4 Green Zinc is more
solution reactive
becomes
colourless
C Fe Fe+FeSO4 No Change Equilibrium
D Cu Cu+FeSO4 No change Cu is less
reactive than
Fe.

Reaction with ZnSO4 Solution:

Take four clean test tubes, with a marker label them as A,B, C and D. Add ZnSO 4 solution in
each test tube. Dip a small, clean piece of Al, Zn, and Cu metals in test tubes A, B, C and D
respectively. Record the observations.

Metal Test tube Metal Experiment Observation Inference

solution
ZnSO4 A Al Al+ZnSO4 Reaction Al is more
seen reactive than
Zn.
B Zn Zn+ZnSO4 No reaction Equilibrium
C Fe Fe+ZnSO4 No reaction Fe is less
reactive than
Zn.
D Cu Cu+ZnSO4 No reaction Cu is less
reactive than
Zn.

Reaction with Al2(SO4)3 solution:

Take four clean test tubes, with a marker label them as A,B, C and D. Add Al2(SO4)3
solution in each test tube. Dip a small, clean piece of Al, Zn, and Cu metals in test tubes A, B,
C and D respectively. Record the observations.

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Metal Test tube Metal Experiment Observation Inference
solution
Al2(SO4)3 A Al Al+ No reaction. Equilibrium
Al2(SO4)3
B Zn Zn+ No reaction Zn is less
Al2(SO4)3 reactive than
Al.
C Fe Fe+ No reaction Fe is less
Al2(SO4)3 reactive than
Al.
D Cu Cu+ No reaction Cu is less
Al2(SO4)3 reactive than
Al.

Result:

Al, Zn and Fe metals are more reactive than Cu.

Al and Zn metals are more reactive than Fe and Cu.

Al metal is more reactive than Zn metal.

Al metal is the most reactive metal.

Arrangement of metals in decreasing reactivity order is

Al>Zn>Fe>Cu

Precautions:

 Use very little amount of saturated solution of CuSO4 , Al2(SO4)3 , FeSO4,

and ZnSO4 .
 Use very small pieces of metal every time
 Do not touch any chemical.

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EXPT:No:5
Date:

PROPERTIES OF ACETIC ACID (ETHANOIC ACID)

Aim

Study of the following properties of acetic acid (ethanoic acid)

i) Odour
ii) solubility in water
iii) effect on litmus
iv) reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate.

Theory:
Acetic acid is present in vinegar. It can be obtained by wood tar distillation. It is sour
in taste. Acetic acid has vinegar like smell. It burns litmus red but does not affect red
litmus.
Acetic acid is an organic acid. It belongs to carboxylic acid group because it has
COOH as functional group.
Acetic acid is soluble in water because it gets ionised in aqueous solution due to
which it is acidic in nature.
CH3COOH(l) +H2O(l )CH3COO-(aq )+H3O(aq)
Acetic acid reaction with sodium bicarbonate and gives brisk effervescence due to
the formation of CO2 gas which turns lime water milky.
CH3COOH(l) +NaHCO3(s) CH3COONa(s) +CO2(g)+H2O(l)

Materials Required:
Acetic acid, blue and red litmus paper or solution, sodium hydrogen carbonate, lime
water, test tubes.
Draw in left hand side

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S.No Experiment Observations Inference

1. Odour: A small amount of acetic Pungent smell. It has an irritating
acid is taken in a test tube and its pungent smell.
odour is detected by wafting.
2. Solubility in water:A small A homogeneous Acetic acid is
amount of water is taken in a test solution is formed soluble in water.
tube and a small amount of acetic
acid is added to it and shaken
well.
3. Effect on litmus :A small amount Blue litmus turns It is acidic in
of acetic acid is taken in a test red. nature.
tube and a strip of blue litmus
paper is dipped in it.
4. Reaction with sodium A gas is evolved The gas produced
bicarbonate: A small quantity of which turns lime is carbon dioxide
sodium bicarbonate solution is water milky. due to the action
taken in a boiling tube. The tube of CH3COOH on
is corked with a double bore cork NaHCO3 which
and a thistle funnel is inserted turns lime water
into the tube. Then a boiling tube milky.
is placed containing lime water
near the tube containing NaHCO3
solution. One end of the delivery
tube is inserted into the tube
containing NaHCO3 solution and
the other end is inserted into the
tube containing lime water.
Acetic acid is added into NaHCO3
solution through the thistle
funnel and the change in colour
of the lime water is observed.

Precautions:
1. Do not inhale vapours of pure acetic acid. Handle it carefully.
2.Add little amount of Na2CO3 in acetic acid.

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CHEMISTRY-PRACTICAL PROCEDURE

STUDYING THE COMPARATIVE CLEANING CAPACITY OF A SAMPLE OF

SOAP IN SOFT AND HARD WATER.

EXPT:No:6
Date:
Aim:
To study the comparative cleaning capacity of a sample of soap in soft
and hard water.
Apparatus and Chemical:
Three test tube (20 mL),Dropper
Test tube stand three beakers (100 mL) :three glass rod
A measuring cylinder (50 mL),A measuring scale, Underground water
Hard water, Distilled water, Soap solution
Theory:
Hardness of water is generally due to the presence of salts of calcium
and magnesium (hydrogen carbonates, Chloride and sulphates) in
water. These salts are soluble in water. When soap is added in hard
water, it reacts with the salts to form a scum, which is insoluble and
floats on top of the water surface. The scum is formed due to the
formation of insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of the fatty acid used
in the soap formation. The soap in solution then becomes ineffective.
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2Na+ stearate– → Ca(stearate)2 + 2NaHCO3
MgCl2 + 2Na+ stearate– → Mg(stearate)2 + 2NaCl

As shown above the salts of calcium and magnesium show similar

reaction. Therefore, the presence of calcium and magnesium salts in
water precipitates the soap thereby reducing its cleansing power and
foaming capacity.

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CHEMISTRY-PRACTICAL PROCEDURE
Draw the diagram on left hand side

Procedure
 Take three 100 mL beakers and label them as A, B and C
 Take 20 mL of distilled water in beaker A. In beaker B take 20 mL of
underground water. In beaker C take 20 mL of hard water.
 Put 10 drops of soap solution in each beaker with a dropper and stir the
content of each beaker with separate glass rods.
 Place three test tube in test tube stand and label them as A, B and C
 Pour 3 mL of the above solution in the corresponding test tubes.
 Take test tube A and shake it ten times by placing thumb on its mouth.
 Foam or lather will be formed by shaking the test tube. Measure he
length of the foam produced immediately with the help of a measuring
scale
 Similarly, repeat steps 6 and 7 with the remaining two samples.

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Observations and Calculations:
Volume of the distilled water, underground water or hard water=-5-ml
Drops of soap solution added to each beaker= 5ml.
S.NO Mixture(Water+Soap) Test tube Test tube Length of the
reading- reading- foam
initial(ml) Final(ml) produced(cm)
1 Distilled water-Soft 5 10 4cm
water
2 Well water or 5 10 3cm
underground water
3 Hard water 5 10 1cm

Result:

For cleansing purpose, the foam needs to be produced which depends

on free availability of soap. In hard water it is trapped due to scum, this
makes the hard water unsuitable for washing.

Precautions:

Stir the mixture carefully so as to avoid spilling of soap solution.

Shake every tube for equal numbers of times and in similar manner.

Measure the length of the foam produced immediately after its

production.

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