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UNIT 1 Longevity Leaders

Narrator: The elderly are found across all countries and People today are turning to medical science to help live
cultures. And their numbers are increasing as people longer lives. Some scientists have started to treat aging
live longer. (1) as a disease instead of a natural part of human life.
There are over seven billion people in the world today. For now, though, there are few centenarians like this
And this number could reach nine billion by the year 102-year-old in the world. However, if we follow their
2050. There will be more elderly in the world than ever example—eat healthy, stay active, and keep our
before. We will see aging populations all over the world families close—then we may see more centenarians in
in the 21st century. our future. And our future may be very long indeed.
Andrew Zolli: In places like the United States,
Europe, even China, we see populations that are
getting much older much faster. Narrator: But how
old is old?
In the natural world, there are animals that live for
centuries. Some researchers believe that some whales
can live for 200 years or more. Giant tortoises are
known to live for 150 years or more. Elephants are
known to live for up to 70 years. (2)
Humans live longer than most animals. They can live to
a maximum of about 120 years. Of course, most
humans don’t live that long. But there are places in the
world where people live longer—and healthier—lives.
This is Sardinia, an island off the coast of Italy. It has a
very high number of centenarians. These are people
who live to see their 100th birthday. One example is
Antonio Bruno, who was still healthy and happy at 103
years old. Japan also has a very high number of
centenarians. The secret to longevity may be found on
the Japanese island of Okinawa, where people live
longer and healthier lives than anywhere else in the
world.
In some ways, centenarians in Okinawa and Sardinia
have similar lifestyles, even if their cultures are
different. They tend to stay active and eat locally grown
food. They have hobbies, like this Okinawan woman
who works in her garden every day. Most centenarians
also have access to good medical care, and they have
the support of their friends and family. (3)
These centenarians seem to be very healthy—but how
much longer will such healthy lifestyles last? Younger 101
people are eating more processed foods, and may be
less active than their parents and grandparents. (4)
With increasing globalization, these traditional lifestyles
are fast disappearing.

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UNIT 2 Solar Solutions 102 UNIT 4 Saving Bluefin Tuna The next step is I group three cards at a time. The first card is
Narrator: This is the Egypt familiar to most people. Cairo is a Narrator: Japanese scientist Shukei Masuma is on a always a person, the second card is an action, and the third
of the need to just dust these as they are dusting their
big, busy city. But there’s a whole other world up here, high mission. He is trying to save the bluefin tuna from card is an object. So I basically make this little story of a
kitchen table. Once they accept that, solar is a no-brainer
on the city’s rooftops. becoming extinct. Their numbers have declined person doing something with an object. So it’s kind of like
here. It’s an easy thing to do. Narrator: Culhane hopes the
significantly over the last decade, largely due to the game Clue, almost. I’m making this, you know, who did
Many Egyptians use the space on rooftops for water tanks, water heater project will lead to other innovations using
overfishing. what with what.
satellite dishes, and even livestock. The garbage piled recycled materials. As the saying goes, one man’s garbage is
everywhere is considered valuable because it’s often another man’s treasure. Masuma’s solution? To breed them in captivity. He feeds the The next step is I place that image around [a] familiar mental
recycled and reused. Cairo has been “going green” long tuna himself. Here, he visits the huge pools where adults are map in my mind.
before it became fashionable. UNIT 3 Citizen Scientists separated from the young. Says Masuma: “I’m realizing more So at the 2011 USA Memory Championship, the particular
That’s why National Geographic Emerging Explorer Thomas Dr. Fredrik Hiebert: The Burkhan Khaldun, it’s not just a and more how difficult it is to uncover knowledge about the deck of cards that I memorized, I could still remember. I
Taha Culhane’s program has been so special. He’s been mountain. It’s a whole mountain range. It’s more than bluefin. At this point, I’m relying on all my strength and decided to choose my girlfriend’s apartment. So if you walk
helping lower-income Egyptians build solarpowered water 12,000 square kilometers. To begin to investigate that area, energy.” When evening comes, he waits at the edge of the to the first room, you can see the first three cards grouped
heaters—partly out of recycled trash— and putting them on it would take more than 100 archaeologists all their lives pool. He hopes to see the beginning of bluefin life. Once the together, which is a horse running around with Harry Potter’s
their rooftops. just to begin to look. big fish have laid their eggs, Masuma slowly puts the eggs wand. To me, that translates to five of diamonds, that’s the
into special tanks. From this stage on, he will take care of horse; running around is eight of spades; and then the four
Thomas Culhane: People will come to this community, and Dr. Albert Lin: So we’re asking the public to scan the entire
them. His goal is to keep them alive until they are old of clubs is Harry Potter, but his object is a wand.
they’ll look on the rooftops and they’ll say why is there so area through the human computation network and tell us
much trash on the roofs, but if you talk to the homeowners where to go so we can find any possible traces of Burkhan enough to be returned to the sea. He hopes his tuna will OK, so if we walk around the corner from the bathroom,
they’ll say, “What trash? I’m saving this for the future when I Khaldun. grow large enough to breed in the wild. we’re in kind of this hallway area, and there’s my exgirlfriend
can figure out a good way to use it.” So there is no trash. And It’s a difficult job. Many hatchlings, or baby fish, do not swallowing a sword. Ace of clubs is my exgirlfriend; queen of
Narrator: To find the tomb of Genghis Khan, Dr. Lin’s team
that is, I think, the message that inner-city Cairo, and the survive. But after years of hard work, Masuma has found a spades is the action of swallowing something; and seven of
use what they call a “human computation network.” The
informal communities of Cairo, have for the world. Forget stable temperature and the right food for his hatchlings. diamonds is a sword.
team shared 85,000 satellite images of the region on their
this idea that there is garbage. One man’s garbage is website. Citizen scientists around the world scan the images Now he is able to breed them in large numbers. He shows Through the balcony, through the bedroom, and then to the
another’s gold mine. and tag anything that looks unusual. Some of these might be ocean scientist Sylvia Earle how life begins for these giant bathroom, we have Arnold Schwarzenegger dancing with a
Narrator: The water heaters take advantage of Egypt’s great ancient structures. Dr. Lin: This is the data that just came in fish. car. So Arnold Schwarzenegger is ace of spades; dancing, the
national resource—abundant sunshine. When the system is today, huh? Sylvia Earle: Already you see the eyes. Is that what these are action of dancing, is queen of clubs; and the car is nine of
placed just right … Culhane: Oh, you’re good. You are good. —the eyes beginning to form? spades.
Member of team: Mm-hmm. These are the most recent tags
You know what you’re at? 39.9 degrees. Whoa. Whoa. that have been uploaded onto the data pads. Shukei Masuma: Eyes, they have formed … and heart is And then, if we go down outside into the lobby, you’ll see my
Narrator: Solar panels heat up water that circulates beating, of course. former boss dropping a Rubik’s Cube. The seven of hearts is,
Dr. Lin: Hundreds of our citizen scientists tagged this unusual
through metal tubes, eventually filling a tank with Earle: Masuma, you were the first to actually pull off this is her. Two of spades is Britney Spears, and her action is
rectangle shape on the satellite map. Straight lines are
extremely hot water. Culhane: This is a hand-made solar great miracle. always saying “Oops, I did it again,” like in her song—to me
usually a good indicator that something’s man-made. The
hot water system, and it’s made out of local community that’s dropping something. Ace of diamonds is me, and I’m a
site is less than two miles from our camp. Could it be the Masuma: Thank you very much.
materials, recycled materials, and even some garbage. And big fan of doing the Rubik’s Cube, so my object is the Rubik’s
tomb of Genghis Khan? We’re going to go check it out. We’re Narrator: Someday, Masuma will send these hatchlings back
we put it together as cheaply as possible to demonstrate Cube.
going to scan every single one of the human computation into the ocean. There, they will hopefully have a positive
that anybody can make a solar hot water system; that sites that have been picked out on that mountain and try to effect on the population. But first they have to avoid getting
renewable energy is not some exotic technology; that it figure out what people saw. caught.
can be made from found materials and it works. Narrator: Lin and his team get on horses and ride out to the Scientists estimate that the bluefin tuna population in the
Narrator: The solar heaters allow urban dwellers access to a site. There, they find something interesting. Atlantic Ocean is now only one-fifth of its population in the
plentiful supply of hot water. The heaters improve the Dr. Lin: We come upon this thing, this thing that was 1970s. And their numbers have dramatically decreased in
quality of life and sanitation, and they cut down on potential
identified by the public, made of rocks sticking out of the the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
energy costs. Culhane says the only problem is the dust from
earth. This is it. Whoa, cool! The future for the species does not look good. Unless we
the nearby desert that coats the city and the panels.
Culhane: Solar works tremendously well if there’s sun. Cairo Dr. Hiebert: It’s clearly a tomb, but it’s too old to be greatly reduce the number of fish we catch each year, these
has sun. But it also has dust. Until people appreciate that, Genghis Khan’s. It’s Bronze Age, it’s more than 3,000 giants of the sea will eventually die out.
they won’t come up and just do the simple thing of just years old. UNIT 5 House of Cards
wiping the dust away. So really it’s a matter of just a few Dr. Lin: Well, you can see this is a very well-structured Nelson Dellis: My name is Nelson Dellis, and I’m the 2011 V I D E O T R A N S C R I P T S 103
seconds to wipe it down and then the system is functioning rectangular shape, these rocks set up like a home, you know. USA Memory Champion.
again. But because people don’t do this, they will say, “Solar And the opening there represents a door, and always the
To sum up, basically what I do to memorize a deck of cards in UNIT 6 The Frog Licker
does not work in Cairo.” And what we have to do is get them door is facing south, so south is directly that way. I mean, if
simple steps, the first is I code each card in a deck to Narrator: Off the southeastern coast of Africa lies the island
to be as aware people hundreds of miles away can guide us through
someone familiar, with an associated action, and an of Madagascar. Madagascar is known for its wideeyed
satellite images to this ancient grave site, then I feel like
associated object. lemurs, but it also has one of the world’s most colorful
we’ve got a chance to find the tomb of Genghis Khan.
amphibians—the Mantella poison frog.
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Poison frogs aren’t born poisonous. Instead, they are proof the end of her journey, Clark has collected 500 tubes of UNIT 8 A Daring Design able to use their rough, overlapping scales to push against
of the old saying: “You are what you eat.” Their toxins are insects. These could lead her to some sources of the frogs’ Narrator: Imagine this. It’s 1418 in Florence, Italy. You’ve tree bark and move upwards.
actually a side effect of their diet, which is made up of ants, toxins. been challenged to build a great dome for the Santa Maria No. What makes this species so unique is its ability to fly!
millipedes, and mites. But which insects, specifically? And The message is clear. In order to save the poison frogs of del Fiore, one of the grandest cathedrals ever built. And you These are flying snakes. They fly from tree to tree. In the
will the loss of these insects endanger the frogs? Madagascar, people will have to save the rain forest with its have no formal architectural training. No pressure, right? dense forests of Indonesia, it’s the quickest and most
Meet scientist Valerie C. Clark. Valerie encounters Mantella amazing diversity of insects. For Filippo Brunelleschi, a goldsmith and clockmaker, it efficient way to get from here to there.
betsileo, a very widespread species of poison frog. This one was the opportunity of a lifetime. He considered the First, the snake hangs off the end of the branch in a “J”
appears to be carrying eggs. Valerie Clark: How do I know? UNIT 7 Lightning challenge carefully, then proposed a daring plan, using shape. Then it launches itself, “flying” through the air and
Because it’s just very, very fat, and this is the season for love. Narrator: A lightning storm. It’s an incredible natural event— methods that experts don’t fully understand even to this down to the ground or another tree. The snake can flatten
Narrator: Clark and her colleagues use GPS data to record one that scientists are still learning about. day. itself to about twice its normal width. This makes it more of
the frog’s location, and other useful information. Clark: On hot summer days, it’s common to see flashes of lightning At the time, domes were often built as semicircles. But the a glider than a flyer. By twisting its flexible body into an “S”
We’re right at sea level. in the sky. It’s estimated that lightning occurs 50 to 100 town fathers required that Brunelleschi build an eight-sided shape, the snake can even make turns. This helps the snake
Narrator: They also need to collect as many insects as times a second around the world. Regions with the most dome. It would also have no central support system to hold cross distances of up to 100 meters.
possible to try to track down exactly what these frogs are lightning strikes include Central Africa, the Himalayas, and it up during construction. Even worse, the dome’s base was Other animals have evolved in similar ways. This is the Draco
eating. First, Valerie’s team chops up the leaves, then puts South America. an octagon with irregular sides and no true center. lizard, or “flying dragon.” It is prey for the paradise tree
them into mesh bags—ones that have lots of little holes. Lightning is often seen flashing between storm clouds and But Brunelleschi knew what to do. There would be two snake and other predators of the jungle. The lizard puffs
They hang the bags up inside another bag, with a little the earth. These flashes of light are pure electricity. domes instead of one—an inner and an outer shell, itself up as a warning, but the snake doesn’t seem put off by
plastic bag filled with alcohol attached to the bottom. As the Scientists aren’t exactly sure how lightning escapes from the connected by brick arches and rings made of stone and this display.
soil dries out inside the mesh bag, the insects escape to find cloud. They think it occurs because of movement of air wood. The rings would keep the dome from expanding So the lizard spreads its wings and takes off. These wings are
water and fall out. These become their samples. How do you within rain clouds. outwards. actually thin folds of skin that extend from its body. The
test the toxins in a frog’s skin? There are a couple of Lighter particles moving toward the top of clouds become Draco uses them to glide from tree to tree, up to 10 meters
Brunelleschi also designed innovative machines to lift heavy
methods. One way is to wipe their backs with tissue soaked positively charged, while heavier particles heading toward apart. Like the snake, this ability to “fly” helps it move
materials hundreds of feet up.
in alcohol. But another way is what Clark calls the “quick the bottom become negatively charged. In conditions where around the forest quickly and easily.
lick” taste test. Clark: Well, let’s see. Oh, it’s definitely bitter. Since there was no support system in the center of the
positive and negative charges grow big enough, lightning As for the tree snake, looks like it’ll have to find another prey
dome, the bricks would have to support themselves during
Narrator: Bitterness equals toxic. It seems like a risky thing to occurs between these regions. —one that won’t escape so easily.
construction. To do this, Brunelleschi placed the bricks in an
do, but Mantella are only mildly toxic to humans. They are Most lightning occurs within the cloud, but some strike the unusual way. He used a herringbone pattern, which ran all
brightly colored to warn predators to stay away. These toxins earth in bright flashes. In these cases, the lightning escapes the way to the top of the dome, with vertical bricks to hold
in the frogs’ skin may be harmful to other animals, but may the cloud and extends toward the ground in a branching the others in place.
be very valuable to humans. They could be an important pattern, like a tree. Just one lightning strike contains
contribution to medical science, providing pain relief and The builders laid about one row a week, giving the cement
hundreds of millions of volts, and lasts less than a second.
cures for diseases. time to dry. At this rate, the dome grew very slowly, about a
Lightning seems to take the form of a single flash, but it’s foot a month. But how were the bricks placed so perfectly?
Clark: By sampling frogs for their toxic chemicals, we’re actually several flashes reaching up into the clouds. Lightning Many experts agree that Brunelleschi used ropes. One
effectively taking a shortcut to the many, many chemicals reaches temperatures of more than 28,000 degrees Celsius. theory is that ropes ran from the work platform to the top of
that exist in countless insects in the rain forest. Narrator: This heat causes air around the lightning to expand, which the dome to show where the bricks should go. Another
Back in the village, the results look promising. Clark: Oh! creates the sound of thunder. theory is that ropes ran from the center, forming cones that
Here we go! I’m very excited about these samples. This is
In the U.S., lightning occurs most frequently in Florida. Its grew smaller as they moved to the top. Still another theory
certainly making up the great portion of the Mantella diet
hot, wet climate is particularly suited for creating thunder suggests that central ropes were used with wooden
and has great potential to end up being some of the sources
clouds. structures.
of their chemicals.
Lightning kills a significant number of people each year— However it was done, it worked. The eight sides of the dome
Narrator: The frogs need to eat many types of insects for
nearly 100 people on average in the U.S., more than met at the top perfectly, just as Brunelleschi had planned.
their toxins to work. The bigger the forest, the more
hurricanes or tornadoes. During thunderstorms, reduce In all, it took 16 years to complete the dome. When
insects to choose from. If we start cutting down
your risk of getting struck by finding shelter inside a building Brunelleschi died in 1446, he left behind no drawings and no
or in vehicles. If caught outside, avoid high ground and details as to exactly how he achieved his masterpiece. Today,
104 isolated trees. it remains the largest brick dome in the world, more than
rain forest and affecting the ecosystem, it reduces our Lightning is a natural and common event, but one that can 500 years after it was built.
chances of finding new drug cures. be deadly. UNIT 9 Flying Reptiles
Clark: So the more primary forest that we have, the better Narrator: The paradise tree snake is a special kind of
chance we have of finding new drug leads. Narrator: Near snake. Not because it can climb trees. Many snakes are
V I D E O T R A N S C R I P T S 105

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UNIT 10 The Community Builder 106

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Narrator: Chile is a big country. It stretches over Andrade: First, start small. Don’t let the big problems facing society
4,300 km along the west coast of South America, and get you down. If you’re focused on the resources that you currently
the scenery in many places is breathtaking. have, you’ll find that there are simple things that you can do now
But in some communities there is a lack of green space. to make the world a better place.
In some places there is only 1 square meter of green Also, use social media to promote your foundation.
area per person. Sometimes even less. Now, Mi Parque has its own website, Facebook page,
But a nonprofit organization called Mi Parque is hoping
to change that. and Twitter and Instagram accounts. These social media UNIT 1 Longevity Leaders These centenarians seem to be very healthy—but how
tools help us to educate the general public about the Narrator: The elderly are found across all countries and much longer will such healthy lifestyles last? Younger
Mi Parque—which translates into “My Park”—was
foundation’s goals, and to raise money. cultures. And their numbers are increasing as people live people are eating more processed foods, and may be
founded by Martín Andrade and a few other architects.
Narrator: Mi Parque’s efforts to create more green space longer. less active than their parents and grandparents. With
The organization aims to create more green space in
have impacted the lives of more than 450,000 people in increasing globalization, these traditional lifestyles are
some of Chile’s poorer neighborhoods. So far, Mi There are over seven billion people in the world today. fast disappearing.
Parque has completed over 250 projects and Chile. But its work is not finished yet. Mi Parque continues And this number could reach nine billion by the year
reconstructed nearly 450,000 square meters of park to develop green areas throughout the country, in the People today are turning to medical science to help live
2050. There will be more elderly in the world than ever
longer lives. Some scientists have started to treat aging
land. But it hasn’t been easy. hope of making green space accessible to everyone. before. We will see aging populations all over the world
as a disease instead of a natural part of human life.
Martín Andrade: Well, one of our biggest challenges in in the 21st century.
For now, though, there are few centenarians like this
the beginning was the lack of funding. Many companies Andrew Zolli: In places like the United States, Europe,
102-year-old in the world. However, if we follow their
didn’t want to donate money because they didn’t think even China, we see populations that are getting much
example—eat healthy, stay active, and keep our families
we would succeed. older much faster.
close—then we may see more centenarians in our
Narrator: To deal with this problem, members of Mi Narrator: But how old is old? future.
Parque asked their friends and family to donate plants, In the natural world, there are animals that live for And our future may be very long indeed.
paint, and other construction materials. Using those centuries. Some researchers believe that some whales
materials, Mi Parque built its first park. After that, more can live for 200 years or more. Giant tortoises are known
companies showed an interest and the foundation to live for 150 years or more. Elephants are known to
started to take off. live for up to 70 years.
Andrade: What I’m most proud of is that about Humans live longer than most animals. They can live to
30,000 volunteers from private businesses and local a maximum of about 120 years. Of course, most
communities have joined our efforts to increase humans don’t live that long. But there are places in the
green areas across the country. world where people live longer—and healthier—lives.
Narrator: Andrade’s organization has been hugely This is Sardinia, an island off the coast of Italy. It has a
successful. So what advice would Andrade give to very high number of centenarians. These are people
others who want to start a foundation to improve who live to see their 100th birthday. One example is
people’s lives? Antonio Bruno, who was still healthy and happy at 103
years old. Japan also has a very high number of
centenarians. The secret to longevity may be found on
the Japanese island of Okinawa, where people live
longer and healthier lives than anywhere else in the
world.
In some ways, centenarians in Okinawa and Sardinia have
similar lifestyles, even if their cultures are different. They
tend to stay active and eat locally grown food. They have
hobbies, like this Okinawan woman who works in her
garden every day. Most centenarians also have access to
good medical care, and they have the support of their
friends and family.
101

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