Paper 2

COMPUTER SCIENCE 9618 PAPER 2

 String Concatenation

String concatenation is the process of combining two or

more strings into a single string. In pseudocode we use &
symbol to combine two strings

FirstName <-- "Taha"

LastName <-- "Ali"
FullName <-- FirstName & LastName

TahaAli

If you need space between them then you would

have to concatenate space character aswell

FirstName <-- "Taha"

LastName <-- "Ali"
FullName <-- FirstName & “ ” & LastName

Taha Ali
 Selection Statement
Selection statements are programming constructs that allow
the execution of certain blocks of code based on conditions.

IF ...........THEN..........ELSE..........ENDIF
CASE.......OF..........OTHERWISE.........ENDCASE

Syntax Of IF Statement
IF statements may or may not have an ELSE clause.
IF statements without an else clause are written as follows:

IF <condition> THEN
<statement(s)>
ENDIF

IF statements with an else clause are written as follows:

IF <condition> THEN
<statement(s)>
ELSE
<statement(s)>
ENDIF
 Logical Operators
AND OR
Both Condition Any one Condition
Should Be True Should Be True

Relational Operators
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
= Equal to
<> Not equal to

The result of these operations is always of data type

BOOLEAN. In complex expressions it is advisable to use
parentheses

Practice Question
Write a pseudocode of a program in which Input
three numbers and print the Largest Number
 Syntax Of CASE Statement
CASE statements allow one out of several branches of code
to be executed, depending on the value of a
variable.

CASE statements are written as follows:

CASE OF <identifier>
<value 1> : <statement1>
<statement2>

<value 2> : <statement1>

<statement2>
ENDCASE

An OTHERWISE clause can be the last case:

CASE OF <identifier>
<value 1> : <statement1>
<statement2>

<value 2> : <statement1>

<statement2>

OTHERWISE : <statement1>
<statement2>
ENDCASE

Each value may be represented by a range, for example:

<value1> TO <value2> : <statement1>

<statement2>
 Practice Question
Write a program that Outputs grades based on the
following criteria:
Score >= 90: "A"
Score >= 80: "B"
Score >= 70: "C"
Else: "F"
 Practice Question
Create a calculator that takes two numbers and an
operator (+, -, *, /) and performs the operation
using a CASE statement.
Built in Function
 ISNUM() And String Comparison

ISNUM() is basically a built in function that takes

string value as a parameter and return true if that
string value are Numbers
In pseudocode you can compare the strings for eg
“Z” > “A”

Character >= “A” and Character <= “Z”

Practice Question
There are Certain Conditions for a password to be
correct

1) First Digit Should Be Capital

2) 2nd, 3rd, 4th Digit Should be Numbers
3)Length Of the Password Should Be 9

Write a pseudocode of a program in which take

input the password and print "Approve” If these
Conditions are met and print "Re write Password"
If not

Note : First think how you are going to solve this

Problem. Imagine and write Correct Value and
Expected output this will help you in thinking
about the solution
Solution
 Loops
Count-controlled (FOR) loops Post-condition (REPEAT) loops Pre-condition (WHILE) loops

FOR LOOP
FOR <identifier> ← <value1> TO <value2>
<statement(s)>
NEXT <identifier>

Practice Question
Input One Name and then Output “Good Morning”
23 Times concatenated with the Name
Repetition Known
The identifier must be an INTEGER variable.
No condition
Fixed Loops and will always execute
Values must evaluate to integers.
The loop runs from value1 to value2 inclusive.
Statements inside the loop execute for each assigned
value.
If value1 = value2, the loop runs once.
If value1 > value2, the loop does not execute.

FOR <identifier> ← <value1> TO <value2> STEP <increment>

<statement(s)>
NEXT <identifier>

The increment must evaluate to an integer.

The identifier starts at value1 and increases by the
increment.
The loop runs until the identifier reaches or exceeds
value2.
If the identifier goes past value2, the loop ends.
The increment can be negative.
 WHILE LOOP Pre Condition

WHILE <condition>
<statement(s)>
ENDWHILE

The condition must evaluate to a Boolean.

The condition is tested before executing the
statements.
Statements run only if the condition is TRUE.
After each execution, the condition is tested again.
The loop stops when the condition is FALSE.
If the condition is FALSE initially, the statements are
not executed
 REPEAT LOOP Post Condition

REPEAT
<statement(s)>
UNTIL <condition>

The condition must evaluate to a Boolean.

The statements are executed at least once.
The condition is tested after the statements run.
If the condition is TRUE, the loop terminates.
If the condition is FALSE, the statements run again.

Practice Question
Input 500 Names and Print in the
format "Hello Name" and Prompt the user aswell
 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES
1) SUM TECHNIQUE
SUM <-- 0 (Outside the loop)
SUM <-- Sum + Number (Inside the loop)

2) Counting TECHNIQUE
Count <-- 0 (Outside the loop)
Count <-- Count + 1 (Inside the loop)

QUESTION
Input 10 Numbers and Print the
sum of those 10 Numbers
 QUESTION
Input 500 Numbers and print
how many numbers are Positive
 PRACTICE QUESTION
Input 499 and print how many
number are positive , negative
and zero with a suitable message
 Flag Looping

Whenever we need to stop the loop or to make the

code efficient we use a flag and conditional loops

Flag <-- TRUE

WHILE Flag = True
INPUT Response
IF Response = "No" THEN
Flag <-- FALSE
ENDIF
ENDWHILE

QUESTION
Condition for a password to be correct is that first
digit should be capital

Write Pseudocode in which take input again and

again until the Password is correct and print
approve if it is correct and if it is wrong print re
write password and take input again
 PRACTICE QUESTION
Take Numbers as input again and again until the
user types in 0 and find the average of those
Numbers
 DIV AND MOD

2 11

19 DIV 3
19 MOD 3

27 DIV 4
27 MOD 4
 PRACTICE QUESTION

Take numbers as input repeatedly until the user

types in -1. Count how many of those numbers are
even and display the count when the loop ends.
Hint : Use Built-in Function
Solution For Even Numbers
Solution For Odd Numbers
 Array
Upper
6 "Pappan"
Bound
5 "Banto"
4 "Bano"

3 "Pappu"

2 "Ahmed"
Lower
Bound 1 "Taha"

Names

What Is Array ?
Arrays stores multiple values of same datatype and
the data is stored on position known as index

How to access Individual Element in an array

5 "Pappan"

4 "Banto"
Names[3] "Bano" 3 "Bano"
Names[0] "Taha"
2 "Pappu"
Names[4]
1 "Ahmed"
Names[5]
0 "Taha"

Names
 How to Declare the Array
DECLARE NameOfArray : ARRAY [ LowerBound : UpperBound ] OF DataType

Practice Question
Create an array with the name "FoodItems" with
the Lower Bound (1) and Upper Bound (6) Of
DataType String

DECLARE FoodItem : ARRAY [ 1 : 6 ] OF STRING

Question
Construct an array of 10 Elements and store
Names in it which User Will Input.
 Practice Question
construct an array of 100 Elements and store
"No Data" in all the elements and the
name of Array is " ResultArray"
 Linear Searching
In this each element of an array is compared with
the value to be found in order from lower bound to
upper bound until the item is found or upper
bound is reached

Note: For Searching purpose you need to use

Selection Statement

Question
There is an Array which contains names of 500
students. Search at which index position "Bano" is
stored

Name Of Array : STName

 Practice Question
Already there is an Array with the name
"SearchBox" with 500 Elements of DataType
String.

Search through the array and find how many times

"Empty" was Repeated
 Practice Question
There is an Array which contains names of 500
students. Output found if “Bano” is in the array
and Not Found if not in the array

Name Of Array : STName

 Practice Question
There is an Array which contains 10 numbers. Write
an algorithm which will find the values which are
less than 3 and will make them 5

Name Of Array : NumArray

 Practice Question
There is an Array which contains 6 numbers.
Reverse the array so for example the number at
position 1 should be at position 6

Name Of Array : NumArray

 2 Dimensional Array
A 2D array is a data structure that stores elements
in a grid or matrix of rows and columns. It consists
of multiple rows and columns, where each element
is uniquely identified by its row and column values.
2D arrays are commonly used in programming to
represent images, screens and game boards

Create an Array with 5 rows and 4 Columns

1 2 3 4
1

Declaration Of 2D Array
ROWS COLUMN

DECLARE NameOfArray : ARRAY [ L.B : U.B, L.B : U.B ] OF DataType

DECLARE Numbers : ARRAY [ 1 : 5 , 1 : 4 ] OF INTEGERS

 Practice Question
Declare an array of datatype String (Names) of 545
rows and 250 columns

DECLARE Names : ARRAY [ 1 : 545 , 1 : 250 ] OF INTEGERS

Concept Of Nested Loops

Accessing The Individual Element

1 2 3 4
Number[1,1] 21 1 21
Number[3,3] 5
2
Number[5,2] 78
3 5

5 78
 Question

Construct an Array Of DataType String and 500

Rows and 45 columns and initialize all the
Elements

(Name Of The Array = EmptyBox)

 Question

There is already an array (SearchBox) with 500

rows and 30 Columns. Search for the word "Empty"
and Print How many times it was repeated
 Question

There is already an array SearchBox with 500 rows

and 356 columns. Search for the word "Empty" and
Replace it with "Bano"
 Files
The purpose of file is to store data permenantly

Three Modes In File

READ MODE WRITE MODE APPEND MODE

Read mode Write mode Append
is used is used mode is
when you when you used when
only want to want to you want to
read data write data write data
from to a new to an
existing file file existing file

Write Mode
Writing to a text file means Creating a text file.
All the previous data would be deleted and a file
will be written from scratch
 Pseudocode For Writing

OPENFILE "FileName.txt" FOR WRITE

WRITEFILE "FileName.txt" , "String"/Variable
CLOSEFILE "FileName.txt"

Question
Input 5 names and store them in a new file
“Names.txt”
 Practice Question
Store all the names which are present in an Array
with the name "School" and contains 700 elements
into a new file "SchoolNames.txt'
 Practice Question
There are 54 employee and they will input their ID
numbers with the names. ID will be the first 4
characters. Store only the ID number in the text file
"New.txt"
E.g : "2675Bano"
 Append Mode
Sometimes we want to add data to an existing file
rather than creating a new file.
Append Mode adds the new data to an existing file

Pseudocode For Append

OPENFILE "FileName.txt" FOR APPEND

WRITEFILE "FileName.txt" , "String"/Variable
CLOSEFILE "FileName.txt"

Question
There is already a File with the name "New.txt"
add one more ID into the file.
The ID "2356"
 Read Mode
Whenever you want to search something from an
existing file we use Read Mode

Pseudocode For Read

OPENFILE "FileName.txt" FOR READ
READFILE "FileName.txt" , Variable
CLOSEFILE "FileName.txt"

READS A LINE AND STORED ALL THE DATA IN VARIABLE

Question
There is an existing file known as sample.txt, Print
all of its content and the file contains 500 line
 Practice Question
There is a file “Student.txt” and contains 300 lines.
Search the whole file and output found if “Bano” is
in the file and Not Found if not in the file
 Concept Of EOF ( End Of File)
If you want to read a file from begining to end and
you don't know how much lines a file contains, we
can use a conditional loop in this scenario

Text files contains a special market at the end of

the file that we can use known as End Of file Marker

EOF (“text file” ) is a built-in function that returns

TRUE if the End Of File Marker Is Reached
 Question
Read a file "Names.txt" and print all of its Content
 Practice Question
There is a music file and it contains data about CD
on each line
FORMAT : Title ArtistName Location
40 Char 40 Char 8 Char

User will input location and you have to search

that location and then print the title and artist
name and how many CDs are related to that
location
 Functions And Procedures
Functions and procedures are essential concepts
in programming. They are both subroutines. Blocks
of reusable code that perform specific tasks

What Are Functions ?

Function Returns A Value

Procedure Does Not Return A Value
 Difference Between Output And Return
Imagine you are making Lemo Pani . If you pour it
directly into glasses and serve it to everyone,
that’s like Output, it is displayed immediately, but
once it's gone, you can't reuse it.

However, if you store the Lemo Pani in a jug, that’s

like Return, you’re keeping it for later use. It’s not
immediately visible, but you can pour it into
different glasses whenever needed.

In programming, Output simply shows the result,

while Return saves it so it can be used again later.

Header Of Function
FUNCTION Name ( Parameter : Datatype, Parameter : Datatype ) RETURNS Datatype

ENDFUNCTION

The keyword RETURN is used as one of the

statements within the body of the function to
specify the value to be returned. Normally, this will
be the last statement in the function definition,
however, if the RETURN statement is in the body of
the function its execution is immediate and any
subsequent lines of code are omitted.
 Header Of Procedure
PROCEDURE Name ( Parameter : Datatype, Parameter : Datatype )

ENDPROCEDURE

CALL is used to run a procedure

Question
Write a program code for module named square
that takes an integer value as a parameter and
returns the square value of the number
 Practice Question
Write a program code for module named Greeting
that takes a name as a parameter and outputs Good
Morning concatenated with the name 10 times.