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Turnover Number

Turnover number refers to two concepts: in enzymology, it is the maximum number of substrate conversions per second by an enzyme, while in organometallic catalysis, it indicates the moles of substrate converted by a mole of catalyst before inactivation. The turnover frequency measures the rate of these conversions over time, with values varying significantly across different enzymes and catalysts. Notably, enzymes like acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase exhibit high catalytic constants, indicating their efficiency in substrate conversion.

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285 views2 pages

Turnover Number

Turnover number refers to two concepts: in enzymology, it is the maximum number of substrate conversions per second by an enzyme, while in organometallic catalysis, it indicates the moles of substrate converted by a mole of catalyst before inactivation. The turnover frequency measures the rate of these conversions over time, with values varying significantly across different enzymes and catalysts. Notably, enzymes like acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase exhibit high catalytic constants, indicating their efficiency in substrate conversion.

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Turnover number

Turnover number has two different meanings:

In enzymology, turnover number (also termed kcat) is defined as the maximum number of chemical
conversions of substrate molecules per second that a single catalytic site will execute for a given enzyme
concentration for enzymes with two or more active sites. For enzymes with a single active site, kcat is
referred to as the catalytic constant[1]. It can be calculated from the maximum reaction rate and
catalyst site concentration as follows:

(See Michaelis-Menten kinetics).

In other chemical fields, such as organometallic catalysis, turnover number (abbreviated TON) has a
different meaning: the number of moles of substrate that a mole of catalyst can convert before becoming
inactivated. An ideal catalyst would have an infinite turnover number in this sense, because it wouldn't ever
be consumed, but in actual practice one often sees turnover numbers which go from 100 up to 40 million for
catalase. The term turnover frequency (abbreviated TOF) is used to refer to the turnover per unit time, as in
enzymology. For most relevant industrial applications, the turnover frequency is in the range of 10−2 - 102 s
−1 (enzymes 103 - 107 s−1).[1] Turnover frequency of catalase is maximum i.e. 4 X 107 s−1.

Turnover number of diffusion-limited enzymes


AChE is a serine hydrolase with a reported catalytic constant > 10,000/s. This implies that AChE reacts with
acetylcholine at close to the diffusion-limited rate.[2]

Carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest enzymes, and its rate is typically limited by the diffusion rate of its
substrates. Typical catalytic constants for the different forms of this enzyme range between 104 and 106
reactions per second.[3]

See also
Catalysis

References
1. Leskovac V (2003). Comprehensive Enzyme Kinetics. New York, USA: Kluwer
Academic/Plenum.
2. Quinn DM (1987). "Acetylcholinesterase: Enzyme Structure, Reaction Dynamics, and Virtual
Transition States". Chemical Reviews. 87: 955–79. doi:10.1021/bi00349a019 (https://doi.org/1
0.1021%2Fbi00349a019).
3. Lindskog S (1997). "Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase". Pharmacology &
Therapeutics. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00198-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F
S0163-7258%2896%2900198-2). PMID 9336012 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9336012).
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