the

Same
Potcol mction far Tn
Rauing
puup and
TP
noiH and errDYS detec JCMP
detet ot n 1n cto o(aannceton
les) TP
trol Con he nhane
Pnotoo Contnol
chelsing eror penform
physicd
loo
deirea
by iim)tations size patket required
h
easkot reassembly
dind pocket pertsmtA -i4
hor tove ceroh hettrened
Cut
Cre hot
tobles routtay dynamic uhliz
9in by
etco0r
fs tn through
in Packeh te Yo
fYames as trensmi
Heo
ahh packeti to ded appen headen
is
Protocol.
qun data
eommonly Mest PacKeS
dataaram
Sau, efferdt Pmvide protocol ConnecHon
less
Unit-s
Page.
Date.
 Page
diskane Ve Ctor meth od
hopstho Colculcing Hhe numb) o
muitbeCnssedtote a Packe
Ahat
tii5nide limit

hpiflsdistúnscvtctor
More
requires
robte i dis CoveN mthl
netoorK
tryfithanothen metheds
linke stete kote dSeave
metho d

) Open shartut Path Eiet losPE

lip k Stete vOte
ditavey mud
Ov co mehe Limittins
can Tdentiyintonetork
Pea fur Munce topalog
by imple ment ny
1ocd badanieng
uing.
Tronsmj ssíon Cosicol PotoA

to th
Pntuldesfll doplered to en
Connetiroa
end to endd Cemmuoietion cOknotslkda
eq uire]
ar assmbyand (an. Cueept
ad
Of Onyieng th from
pP|Cuyea Prptolo
cnn ection ienteo Senvt e
Tcp addy
prform> Seyme Syn n nia a
 Date.
Page...

Prtoco) CoDp).
sportcyen Protco
lontecHon Lexstn
ttunspol fsdlucgtum) Cohenhig
riabie
beal
delie
Crfitalhun
mike
dat
andcloseCanDcetions or onto)

to pvi de
ema ble
Deto[K nanage m

PhysicaladdneS Useel by data ln k ce

PrpvideLaglccl neta ork Cod

TP Gddreas
hust id

te olotttal delnal
134: 13 tu0, 3

Logiclnede nums: Spitic host ottt

alphanåmeriie
ideni fhens

DNS (Damh aee Systn adda resolaH

Pro del ngmcCnd
cient app liatihs
to usr Joujcalts
 Date.
Page.
forge
te Of
in, o
Ce a

Pro t o c o shanng files bertecn

usens to 1a4 on t mma te host

has cpablity aftrunuftping 4le betewesa
dissimian a file heguest Sute.
hast by SupporHy
Trunsfto Photol )

outHngmalf thug ibtont

Pho tocel for

ProtoCo l3
doesn'1pmude moil
1)
10RCMOT
ETermin od Cmulatio n (TELNE
Ter min cs
4einmicl emlotgn protocxl
orkstections ito fun hon as
enahle PCG and
teemiocds in Sessions with hoss
Ldmb avelahle for mast
e
imple mentttioy CnSincluding Lonu
encd plat tom

ile systtm Sun miKOSysttn

9 Netagrik doucloped by ouea ererk TElNe
Considerable due nccmnht
 netoor
ks
nUsed scheme
de ig kecdda classless
ur Kplaed
by agely
is eat domin Thehc
Standard ultnt Obsoletc
S0bnat thleng -rilc
ob boundrie).
OndeYootingpntocots
to
hct rMOre, requio
onlpleaDoHl4 RoutHP Simple
in
ast specicdly
A
bea DomSigniicht
qowth -the
Scalabliy Addesse fel'Bwas
Secakabitiky
ned). achual Cn ecaling ered
miaiaizes
Elexibiliy imited
hast
VLSM Qaith
BachdrieD
aadd divide)
P
lurda netwarle Moriable Exed
ddássia
iasigclaie lass.fodi
Page.
Date.
 Date.....
Page.

Scsitehing Ruutig
DOperatesat tyen2i Operates ct
"DUO4

ACon nects deuices within tonnet dife ent neteure

lCLAN)
Fotward dati based LFoILaOrd dota bused o
-On AC aaldtes ses addresss
Uses fo0Hng
Obsenuing the SOvre denten oine the bst path qpr
addresses ofinamìng datu pa(Ires to reach fhei
destinaho Deteuork

Use Slwltohìnq tobie more Comple s

to deeamine th destiocho decis i on making th ar so dy

Slouen then Scittbing bu

fusto Cnd
e tiient o For CompyniCai
bettuten ditferN net sta

Ethant stchu Rolten

 Date.
Pag

Unauld media
megpaHc twcwe) olthalu usin
tanspart eleco
th tor
Physkcl Consti Comnuaicctiu
-
ojrtles

ngudc signed can tawel ftDm he

ceatioction in
SOure
Propogati on.
Sky
line-o{- Sight

Tnerucal

) Gound Proeo gctioni

vel thrpughHhe lowat
Portion
ditun.ce depencls 0n
the slgnal
dstance

highes frequncy radiowawes fodiat e

iD to the 1onos phene
clistone

Jeny high fequtacy aigocis Qae ttonm

n Staight line, dicctly
to ontenna

The section Speium

 Date.

Page..
Radio to awes
- electomeqncic cwaves
beteueen SkH2 and 1GH tanging n freguen cle
tadio taaves called

gmiditcfiohal
Cnttnna uansmit adiowuves =) thes
PIopogated in all direei09
- Sendin Onteona send oaves frcciLed by

inhesftrence by anotben Ctéo

10 fruvclLon
Cao Lang distante
medium frcuency can Pasttztu

unidiecioAa
antennc tans.mit mitmoats thc cun ke
propogatier
tooen antconas
to be in direct sight.
distonce Communiratio
Vey high frequtny micVOLCes can, not
nke ba is het coti vely cide&lmost 2g9 GHz

UnidiHon al an ttan ca
 Date.
Page.

IDfrurd 400TH2.
to 1mmto 4 Homm
th Fm1 1CoMmunicatn
we eny
sedforshor+ torge
Haviog_ high Arqyeaay
aut penetrate
Can not penctrat o

Cnothe)

ioLA heighbousi

Pac ket Switchin

Dateis bnken into PaLkets
dott Cs one
tnstead of Sendingdott
Con HauouAStteam i+'s diuidedioe
saale) chunkcalled pa(eb

Paceeh tuwe inde pe ndenty

each packet
date Che desfinatin in ormct oh
dllauaing them fotivel through
theattaoiK inde.pen den H
Muliple puth
patkes mayi ake dittrent totesf
tecohiceatio atfor

Reasembls -
Aat dentio ctior

Origihal datd

Sho hete FsóuLi,

 Date

aulk toe run t

poth is becKtd o nobie
Patke Can he kouted fhotasasere
Path

Lcommonly
P.S the

Cicu't Suitchi
Dollatealpatb
Es tablishad beteteh tri deuices
he farear date is tngsritk

Resenved ieiourre
netcuork RSOUres
this ciruit for the dnata
CunoetHon gdentel.

Ensuainq
Taditioed

gàagieed bond taidt

high eliabili
igtiitat brd taid
 Date.
Page

istence vectr Raung

Link state
ousiny
afomoo
gathe
Routen s shanether dbout the cant
aing tobles coii ki nettork
their Deighbarscantcainy Chhd
informcHon abo the
oute.S.
disteince
we Di KS tra's QJgor
Use Belaon fred cclc ce Phe iht
algarithg fo fnd
Patt
shorte t pct
Distunce vecto cohich
desribe steus of
to othe newera
ioks toit
heighbas

LOocal korwledge_, a GiobakOOw ledge

'as tD t s hove o
Cemple te ew of fhe net
Cibo wt theil neighb .
Slower sa s d.ates fusto, as. al outes
Cupdatethet

oopin poblem s Can

chaot peth fiy 1?

bw
Lfuste Canteryene
beH Sclc lbi li
 Date.
Page...s.***.
Arive hu.d Pass) e hob

Pasive hoh,bu cJs

togethaL bredcostiny
dy Singcl
sign cil befofe broadcubi srece vedOn one fort
10 othen poh to Cell
ofherports
Siq nal Goots sjgo alstrength Daes not omplify or
alla ain qfor Iong rrgenrete Gig ncd
Calble lengthh lndmore
relioble connectio

patoes Sorcey PoweSo0re

6) cost
Lmore eipensive tha
Passiue hubs. hib

- for larqen network Cyhen Sbortdobl

Chen Lon4 Cable kngth ength) nCded
 Date.
Page.
Passine thd
Caccéss & Token.

Tokeo passl paçke called a fo

AspeetcL dote

Posbäinghe foken
only the div)ce

Hacot co0rksi
devies anc logicolly a ning
QIrGangd in Q
tok en trovelsgomdeite fo denié
fy
deie teunhaq to trancmit.ewah for
the token
ace tbus fuken i4 sends date
date aN
he tOken tothe 9ext
4hen pases
doviceL

OEA900d fpr Pre ven t o)l'ye.ore

D Elimin tes cotlisi on
when ml Hple dewies thy to trubbt
2 provides fir ates to He chugnel

s Can be jnefti ient ohm eoly ca fee

devices nul to fruasi
@ latty can be highe as dewiio
to wa+ for Hetk
 ch cta nescahehé)
devie al Foir
chlOnct the leell Eftlinyi
HoLO
rationy conside key )
ml
funs to. date has if dewieto
see
dewicepolls
ead device atrel e A Pollinq
291
Ocu comptecan toLusio
dedcesn
ForCLLeAJ
-hájeContentian
Qshclked
Ieglating for
ACceasmehad
DatPagee.
 nettoorKtznpalgy
xplain Vario uJ

Bus topola 34 Slngle Cuble

Connect fo a
-AL denices
and inezpensive to seqfor SYunetn etu
Slade installmaintsin
to can degrede patrra,
adding more deviesdisnpts entie netzun
io Lhe cable
break in solcde
ble Cun be katd
Pro
olden teahinalogyin madetn etuort
Tess Common

Surr topalag4
te a Centre hub
AlL deuices conhect
Scultch
instd & müntasy
deice fo fa'lujedoDan'taffecto Hhee
easy
easy

qood peLformcINe as eoch deulcehe

a deaicate4 Conne pn
centtul point ot feilwe
-(f hob or s wjtc fu'ls , the
daLon.
than bus topolagy
due to the Centrul hub seoiteh
most Com mon topalogy.
Ring topolagy
devices oe connected in
or ing
Dcde Itauds ih one dire tiar av
dirctiar
the ting.
Simple to implement
MOre omple to troUhleshoa1. tha
Star,
 Date.
Paga.

bteak in the hng disrpt eotie rttuih

devce
-ess Comn enbca sHeror bus

meah topo logy

each deuiceis conneLtc tD even ot

Hlghls redondant &fult tolerant

MulHple path ensunes netoork ailabiliy
tacellexnt pformanc,0s dato con telke
Multiple hou
- l expenske to ioplement d e tn mg
Compleo 1
USed in chy dical syitêr

Tre (HÍreithlcal topolog y

combirs Ster tapolag ies in birhic el taLba
Used lo kgeh néttoorsy to organi 2e
tsihadevie

forusto fedlune0ta high

hyb Iscotth coOn impat - muHiple
towen -Levelneteoo kK,
Complea ta deuign ielem ent than
ta_design
Qimiloo top o log nhaliabin, scalabliM
- qoad balance Df
 Date.
Page.

Hybid tapalag4
mae diff topalogA
-Offcas Meihll due
Can be aample to manaye
ot fechhalag ies
TroubleShaoinq
depncdiny Qn the
Can he opensive
Chasen fomlaga
Of nttiopKbnb

tasce Stoithiy
4is atechnique tabe e aCompletMesaeye
Sent from the soure to the détinaHon hinugt
nteamedlicke nod

store and forcnrdi

each jne) me aiote nodestorts the ente
meis Ce betore poeording it to the net n

JNo dedicated path:

it doe not establish a dediccte ot
betoeen Semdes grdtecelve

) (omplete mesCqe. trans misil i

l t- enirc message is ttc1nsetjted a c
single unit caithaut ibeing 'boken doun
into smallen par h

t Adreusing: each mesage inude the

destinctin addres
 Date.
Page.

Laduantage
C Eclcient
-lBondoidthis only iused ber a meJcye
Dbt ims: bein q transmit ed

mescge Can be hauted through dit feeaf

poth s

stoe 2foto0rd
for hand linq nettsor
for ongesti o0 cith temneoYCM

No dedicaed_Aath requirJ

Gdvantase) oflRacket So)ehiy

Bandtoid th ue
Gohen packt ne being tngoltd

dec
ifem tansmiHd quiek0s
1 Pacet is löst or Curte pte, ony
th at pucket needsto be te ttunsm)ted.

Qplezible tootig
Aacket can be ota Ahrough d)tferd
paths,ioprouinq netteotk tesiliegce
-hadl congeotM

Sharing bard th mak RuCet

Switching mo e elonomical fhe cinwt
Sithln
 Date.
Page.

isteibukedl nehcaorking
Gdedmedlia Wnuide med
ses a phystol Conduchie UKes ielectrD megnt Hc
to transot siggls to tron somit signal ellt
a physical Conduch
SignaJs ane Quwdee) Gno
D ldingthecable clgnals propagae thieu
the alrorspace
less Susce ptbleto into feK ntel more S0scephbl o nt:
ferene fom othea

qenetallu highan bndbodih, to cogi b ahd coidth

Kes

more se(Ae. qsthe in less seCue cssfgna

slgnaLis Cahred to eo Can be iteep4ed.
Cuhe

on be mot eupenSive
to instal due to ablin
mobile csppliteta
e Tuited -pojr Co ble,
iCocoal cable, eihe,
 Date. .ihe
Page.

Sunchonous Trnsni sulo Asynchrnawa Ttcnsoiale

requ'es &sharedl. No Shgred clock slgnads
clocik signcl beteoe en sendea gnd tceivta ely
Sendes Qnd keeiy an t On sart & stop bib
SynchD nize data
data trnsfaidenHy dars
do s ttansmlted in Dato is ttansmlttcd
blaks r frome chatatteh hy chaatte.

Dotei bit aye angi Hed Dca bik moy have

rcqulan intovals tulineqular intehvol.< beteer
the m

Generalls fas ten than AT Eenerlty stocen than ST

Les) ov eahead as thhe MoR aueahead due to
Start Lstop bit
for each chorocto. Chata ttte

GOCasl¬n to deted elDrs dus

to predictable timingy done ot choraL teo lerd

moe edpersve dae a

.need for clock synchn) requlre cloce synchronize.
nizario
Suitchle for SpOlzdio
Auitohle for hiah-spec
Continu0s dete ftahta da trUnste