[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
16 views10 pages

Part 1

The document provides an introduction to machine learning, defining it as the study of algorithms that improve performance on specific tasks through experience. It outlines when machine learning is applicable, such as in scenarios where human expertise is lacking or difficult to articulate, and presents various applications across fields like finance, robotics, and web search. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of defining learning tasks with respect to performance metrics and experience.

Uploaded by

jihilaj100
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views10 pages

Part 1

The document provides an introduction to machine learning, defining it as the study of algorithms that improve performance on specific tasks through experience. It outlines when machine learning is applicable, such as in scenarios where human expertise is lacking or difficult to articulate, and presents various applications across fields like finance, robotics, and web search. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of defining learning tasks with respect to performance metrics and experience.

Uploaded by

jihilaj100
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

CIS 419/519

Introduction to
Machine Learning
Instructor: Eric Eaton
www.seas.upenn.edu/~cis519
These slides were assembled by Eric Eaton, with grateful acknowledgement of the many others who made
their course materials freely available online. Feel free to reuse or adapt these slides for your own academic
purposes, provided that you include proper attribution. Please send comments and corrections to Eric.
1
Robot Image Credit: Viktoriya Sukhanova © 123RF.com
What is Machine Learning?
“Learning is any process by which a system improves
performance from experience.”
- Herbert Simon

Definition by Tom Mitchell (1998):


Machine Learning is the study of algorithms that
• improve their performance P
• at some task T
• with experience E.
A well-defined learning task is given by <P, T, E>.
3
Traditional Programming

Data
Computer Output
Program

Machine Learning

Data
Computer Program
Output

4
Slide credit: Pedro Domingos
When Do We Use Machine Learning?
ML is used when:
• Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars)
• Humans can’t explain their expertise (speech recognition)
• Models must be customized (personalized medicine)
• Models are based on huge amounts of data (genomics)

Learning isn’t always useful:


• There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
5
Based on slide by E. Alpaydin
A classic example of a task that requires machine learning:
It is very hard to say what makes a 2

6
Slide credit: Geoffrey Hinton
Some more examples of tasks that are best
solved by using a learning algorithm
• Recognizing patterns:
– Facial identities or facial expressions
– Handwritten or spoken words
– Medical images
• Generating patterns:
– Generating images or motion sequences
• Recognizing anomalies:
– Unusual credit card transactions
– Unusual patterns of sensor readings in a nuclear power plant
• Prediction:
– Future stock prices or currency exchange rates
7
Slide credit: Geoffrey Hinton
Sample Applications
• Web search
• Computational biology
• Finance
• E-commerce
• Space exploration
• Robotics
• Information extraction
• Social networks
• Debugging software
• [Your favorite area]

8
Slide credit: Pedro Domingos
Samuel’s Checkers-Player
“Machine Learning: Field of study that gives
computers the ability to learn without being
explicitly programmed.” -Arthur Samuel (1959)

9
Defining the Learning Task
Improve on task T, with respect to
performance metric P, based on experience E
T: Playing checkers
P: Percentage of games won against an arbitrary opponent
E: Playing practice games against itself

T: Recognizing hand-written words


P: Percentage of words correctly classified
E: Database of human-labeled images of handwritten words

T: Driving on four-lane highways using vision sensors


P: Average distance traveled before a human-judged error
E: A sequence of images and steering commands recorded while
observing a human driver.

T: Categorize email messages as spam or legitimate.


P: Percentage of email messages correctly classified.
E: Database of emails, some with human-given labels
10
Slide credit: Ray Mooney
State of the Art Applications of
Machine Learning

11

You might also like