SECTION 1 Questions 1-10

Questions 1-8
Choose the correct letter. A. B or C.

Example
The man wants to visit the centre with
A a friends
B relative

© colleagues

1 The centre has enough accommodation for

A 18people
B 20 people
C 38 people.

2 The meeting room is currently

A unavailable
B flooded
C booked

3 Visitors must tell the centre in advance if they want to

A use the centre's kitchen.
B have meals cooked for them.
C eat at restaurants outside

4 All visitors on the tour of the farm can

A get information about organic farming
B help to feed the animals
C watch a tractor demonstration
5 On the survival course p eople have to
A learn to use map
B find their own food.
C run through woodland

6 From the centre it is easy to walk to

A Exmoor National Park.
B the beach
C a cycling rout

7 If the weather is bad visitors can go to a

A cinema
B theatre
C museum

8 Groups who wish to stay at the centre must pay

A part of the cost in advance
B all of the cost in advance.
C all of the cost on arrival.

Questions 9 and 10
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR NUMBERS for each answe
Address: Winsham Farm
9 ...............................
Cotehele Rd
Near Sherbome
10 .............................
SH12LLQ .
SECTION 2 Questions 11-20
Questions 11-16
Complete the table below
White NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Vacation Job Main advantage Main Recommendation

disadvantage
Stocktaking 11 ...................
travelling Tiring 12 ...................
get good shoes

Office work Air-conditioning 13wearing formal clothesChoose a 14large

................... ..............
office

theme park attendant 15 ...................

good pay Rude customers 16 ...................
live nearby

Questions 17 - 20
Choose the correct letter,A, B or C.

17 Peter learned about the job

A from a college friend
B on the computer
C from a student job centre

18 Peter mainly enjoyed the job because it was

A easy
B challenging
C unusual

19 The job's most interesting aspect was

A learning about the environment
b working with children
c caring for the animals

20 Peter has decided that next vacation he

A won't take a job
B will work at the zoo.
C will work elsewhere
SECTION 3 Questions 21-30
Questions 21 and 22
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Reasons for having Study Syndicates:

• teaching one another is a good way to learn
• it gives the opportunity to 21 ..................
share ideas .
• shared reading means fuller notes
• You can do 22 .................
much deeper .. research

Questions 23-25
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

PLAN FOR STUDY SYNDICATE

Date Geology Topic Name of Presenter

gth May 23 Mountain

...................
building Bob

24 ...................
17th May glaciated areas Andy

23 rd May rock formation Helen and John

25 ...................
29th May Volcanoes John

Questions 26-30
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.ao

• Presentations should last for26..................

30-40 minutes .
( plus time for27 ................... and ................... )
question discussion

• Sources of information
- bibliography
- library books
- 28 ..................
articles from. journal

- 29 ..................
internet .

• For the presentations, use:

- overhead projector
- whiteboard
- 30 .................
photocopy ..
SECTION 4 Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
HEALTH ON THE NIGHT SHIFT
Background:
31 Health increase
..................in number of night workers because of
24-hour shopping/services
Need to examine effects of changing work and sleep habits
US and British research found these lead to health problems
Main Causes:
Internal clock
A) 32................. ..
• regulates daily life
• connected to behavioural patterns and cycles of
33...................
Light and dark
...................
• programmes us to be awake and asleep at certain times
B) Sleep Debt
• impossible to get enough sleep during daytir
C) 34 ..................
unsocial hours .
• different working/ sleeping times ,'dislocation'
Effects:
A) Physical
• higher incidence of 35 ................... Heart problems and stomach
.................. .
problems
• more minor illnesses, suggesting that immunity of shift workers is
affected
B) Psychological
depression
• most common:36.................. .
• 37 ...................
mental ability affected, e.g. decision-making,planning,which
regulate our 38 performance
.................. .
C) Social
Night shift work can lead to:
family life and other
• destruction of 39 ...................
relationships,e.g.40 ..................
peer group .
• eventually, for individuals: social isolation
READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1

Caral: an ancient South American city

Huge earth and rock mounds rise out of the desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of
Peru in South America. These immense mounds appear simply to be part of the
geographical landscape in this arid region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the
Andes mountains.But looks deceive. These are actually human-made pyramids Strong
evidence indicates they are the remains of a city known as Caral that flourished nearly
5,000 years ago. It true, it would be the oldest known urban center in the America and
among the most ancient in the world.

Research undertaken by Peruvian archaeologist Ruth Shady suggests that the 150-acre
plex of pyramids, plazas and residential buildings was a thriving metropolis when
Egypt's great pyramids were still being built. Though discovered in 1905, for years Caral
attracted little attention, largely because archaeologists believed the structures were
rainy recent. But the monumental scale of the pyramids had long interested Shady, who
began excavations at the site in 1996, about 22 kilometers from the coast and 190
kilometers north of Peru's capital city of Lima.

Shady and her crew searched for broken remains of the pots and containers that most
such sites contain. Not finding any only made her more excited: it meant Caral could be
what archaeologists term pre-ceramic, that is, existing before the advent in the area of
pot-firing techniques. Shady's team undertook the task of excavating Piramide Mayor,
the largest of the pyramids. After carefully clearing away many hundreds of years' worth
of rubble and sand, they identified staircases, walls covered with remnants of colored
plaster, and brickwork. In the foundations, they found the remains of grass-like reeds
woven into bags. The original workers, she surmised, must have filled these bags with
stones from a nearby quarry and laid them atop one another inside retaining walls,
gradually giving rise to the pyramid's immense structure. Shady had samples of the
reeds subjected to radiocarbon dating and found that the reeds were 4,600 years old.
This evidence indicated that Caral was, in fact, more than 1,000 years older than what
had previously been thought to be the oldest urban center in the Americas.

What amazed archaeologists was not just the age, but the complexity and scope of
Caral. Piramide Mayor alone covers an area nearly the size of four football fields and is
18 meters tall. A nine-meter-wide staircase rises from a circular plaza at the foot of the
pyramid. passing over three terraced levels until it reaches the top. Thousands of
manual laborers would have been needed to build such a project, not counting the
many architects. craftsmen, and managers. Shady's team found the remains of a large
amphitheater, containing almost 70 musical
instruments made of bird and deer bones Clearly music plaved an important role in
Caral's society. Around the perimeter of Caral are a series of smaller mounds and
various buildings. These indicate a hierarchy of living arrangements: large, well-kept
rooms atop pyramids for the elite, ground-level quarters for shabbier outlying dwellings
for workers

.But why had Caral been built in the first place? Her excavations convinced Shady that
Caral once served as a trade center for the region, which extends from the rainforests of
the Amazon to the high forests of the Andes. Shady found evidence of a rich trading
environment, including seeds of the cocoa bush and necklaces of shells, neither of
which was native to the immediate Caral area. This environment gave rise to people
who did not take part in the production of food, allowing them to become priests and
planners, builders and designers. Thus occupational specialization, elemental to an
urban society, emerged.

But what sustained such a trading center and drew travelers to it? Was it food? Shady
and her team found the bones of small edible fish, which must have come from the
Pacific coast to the west, in the excavations. But they also found evidence of squash,
sweet potatoes and beans having been grown locally. Shady theorized that Caral's early
farmers diverted the area's rivers into canals, which still cross the Supe Valley today, to
irrigate their fields.But because she found no traces of maize, which can be traded or
stored and used in times of crop failure, she concluded that Caral's trade leverage was
not based on stockpiling food supplies.

It was evidence of another crop in the excavations that gave Shady the best clue to
Caral's success. In nearly every excavated building, her team discovered evidence of
cotton - seeds, fibers and textiles. Her theory fell into place when a large fishing net
made of those fibers, unearthed in an unrelated dig on Peru's coast. turned out to be as
old as Caral. 'The farmers of Caral grew the cotton that the fishermen needed to make
their nets, Shady speculates. And the fishermen gave them shellfish and dried fish in
exchange for these nets.' In essence, the people of Caral enabled fishermen to work
with larger and more effective nets, which made the resources of the sea more readily
available, and the fishermen probably used dried squash grown by the Caral people as
flotation devices for their nets.
Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Caral was built at the same time as the construction of the Egyptian pyramids. false

2 The absence of pottery at the archaeological dig gave Shady a significant clue to
the age of the site. true

3 The stones used to build Piramide Mayor came from a location far away FALSE

4 The huge and complicated structures of Piramide Mayor suggest that its
construction required an organised team of builders. TRUE

5 Archaeological evidence shows that the residents of Caral were highly skilled
musIcIans. NOT GIVEN

6 The remains of housing areas at Caral suggest that there were no class
distinctions in residential areas. FALSE

Questions 7-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

Caral as a trading centre

Items discovered at Caral but not naturally occurring in the area
• the 7.............
seeds of a certain plant

• 8 ............ used to make jewellery

shells

• the remains of certain food such as 9.........

fish
.
Clues to farming around Caral
• 10 ............
canals still in existence today indicate water diverted from rivers
 maize
• no evidence that 11 ............ was grown
Evidence of relationship with fishing communities
• the excavation findings and fishing nets found on the coast suggest Caral
farmers traded 12 ..........
cotton .
flotation
• dried squash may have been used to aid 13 ............. of fishing nets

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix. in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet

List of Headings
Robots on Earth - a re-evaluation
II The barriers to cooperation in space exploration
Ill Some limitations of robots in space
IV Reduced expectations for space exploration
V A general reconsideration of human/robot responsibilities in space
VI Problems in using humans for space exploration
VII The danger to humans of intelligent machines
VIII Space settlement and the development of greater self-awareness
IX Possible examples of cooperation in space

14 Paragraph A VI

15 Paragraph B III

16 Paragraph C I

17 Paragraph D V
18 Paragraph E IX
19 Paragraph F VIII
 Should space be explored by robots or by humans?

A The advisability of humans participating directly in space travel continues to

cause many debates. There is no doubt that the presence of people on board a
space vehicle makes its design much more complex and challenging, and
produces a large increase in costs, since safety requirements are greatly
increased, and the technology providing necessities for human passengers such
as oxygen, food water must be guaranteed. Moreover, the systems required are
bulky and costly, and their complexity increases for long-duration missions.
Meanwhile, advances in electronics and computer science allow increasingly
complex tasks to be entrusted to robots, and unmanned space probes are
becoming lighter, smaller and more convenient

B However, experience has shown that the idea of humans in space is popular
with the public. Humans can also be useful; there are many cases when only
direct intervention by an astronaut or cosmonaut can correct the malfunction of
an automatic device. Astronauts and cosmonauts have proved that they can
adapt to conditions of weightlessness and work in space without encountering
too many problems, as was seen in the operations to repair and to upgrade
the Hubble Space Telescope. One human characteristic which is particularly
precious in space missions, and which so far is lacking in robots, is the ability
to perform a great variety of tasks. In addition, robots are not good at reacting
to situations they have not been specifically prepared for. This is especially
important in the case of deep space missions. While, in the case of the Moon,
it is possible for someone on Earth to 'tele-operate' a robotic device such as a
probe, as the two-way link time is only a couple of seconds, on Mars the two-
way link time is several minutes, so sending instructions from Earth is more
difficult

C Many of the promises of artificial intelligence are still far from being fulfilled. The
 construction of machines simulating human logical reasoning moves towards
ever more distant dates. The more the performance of computers improves, the
more we realise how difficult it is to build machines which display logical abilities.
In the past it was confidently predicted that we would soon have fully automated
factories in which all operations were performed without any human intervention,
and forecasts of the complete substitution of workers by robots in many
production areas were made. Today, these perspectives are being revised. It
seems that all machines, even the smartest ones, must cooperate with humans.
Rather than replacing humans, the present need appears to be for an intelligent
machine capable of helping a human operator without replacing him or her. The
word 'cobot', from 'collaborative robot', has been invented to designate this type

D A similar trend is also apparent in the field of space exploration. Tasks which
were in the past entrusted only to machines are now performed by human
beings, sometimes with the aim of using simpler and less costly devices,
sometimes to obtain better performance. In many cases, to involve a person in
the control loop is a welcome simplification which may lower the cost of a
mission without compromising safety. Many operations originally designed to be
performed under completely automatic control can be performed more efficiently
by astronauts, perhaps helped by their 'cobots'. The human-machine relationship
must evolve towards a closer collaboration

E One way this could happen is by adopting the Mars Outposts approach,
proposed by the Planetary Society. This would involve sending a number of
robotic research stations to Mars, equipped with permanent communications
and navigational systems. They would perform research, and establish the
infrastructure needed to prepare future landing sites for the exploration of Mars
by humans. It has also been suggested that in the most difficult environments,
as on Venus or Jupiter, robots could be controlled by human beings located in
spaceships which remain in orbit around the planet. In this case the link time for
communication between humans and robots would be far less than it would be
 from Earth.

F But if space is to be more than a place to build automatic laboratories or set up

industrial enterprises in the vicinity of our planet, the presence of humans is
essential. They must learn how to voyage through space towards destinations
which will be not only scientific bases but also places to live. If space is a
frontier, that frontier must see the presence of people. So the aim for
humankind in the future will be not just the exploration of space, but its
colonisation. The result of exploring and living in space may be a deep change
in the views which humankind has of itself. And this process is already under
way. The images of Earth taken from the Moon in the Apollo programme have
given humankind a new consciousness of its fragility, its smallness, and its
unity. These impressions have triggered a realisation of the need to protect and
preserve it, for it is the place in the solar system most suitable for us and above
all it is the only place we have, at least for now

Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
According to the writer, which TWO predictions about artificial intelligence have not yet
been fulfilled?
A Robots will work independently of humans.
B Robots will begin to oppose human interests.
C Robots will be used to help humans perform tasks more efficiently.
D Robots will think in the same way as humans.
E Robots will become too costly to use on space missions.

Questions 22 - 26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

 Humans in space - the Mars Outposts approach and its implications
One way of exploring space would be through collaboration between humans and
robots. For example, when exploring the planet Mars, robots could be used to set up 22
infrastructure
............ and do initial research before humans arrive. In other cases, humans could stay
spaceships
in orbiting 23 ............ and give orders to robots working on the surface of the planet.
communication
This would increase the speed of 24 ........... with the robots.
In such ways, robots might be used to work in space in commercial enterprises or
laboratories
25........ However, the final aim of humankind may be the 26 ............
colonisation
of space and this
could in turn change people's attitudes towards Earth.

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3

The dark side of the technological boom

What are the effects on the individual of working in modern technological workplaces?

Changes in the way we work and how our offices are structured come at us faster and
faster. Waves of state-of-the-art information technology and instant telecommunications
let us reach anyone, anywhere, and speed is the key. Most of us are too busy struggling
to keep pace with ongoing innovations to question the implications of our new electronic
authority figures. According to a number of psychologists, however, the need to stay on
top of the information flow and the vent degree to which we remain in touch with our
offices exact a profound toll on us as individuals.

Mass exposure to technological innovations in the workplace has come too recently for
psychologists to reach a consensus on its societal implications. Many agree, however,
that one of the first signs of the struggle to adapt to the electronic office is often
'technostress, a cognitive shift that results from an over-identification with information
systems. Psychologist Craig Brod says people become accustomed to the patterns set
by electronic tools - accelerated time and yes/no logic - and internalize these patterns.
When they leave the office or go home, Brod says, they need complete isolation to
recover from the effects of the technology

Brod warns that over-reliance on electronic tools could also have serious repercussions
on our ability to think creatively and develop new ideas. Because we don't create in a
vacuum, he points out, we need to avoid the temptation to replace informal gatherings
for bouncing ideas off colleagues with electronic networking. It's also more difficult to
spot errors or even evaluate the shape of a project displayed in a flat, two-dimensional
way on a screen.
Electronically networked offices can also make it increasingly difficult to convince
ourselves that we're doing an adequate job and accumulating enough information to
make informed decisions. Philosopher Daniel Dennett points out that modern
technology eliminates the possibility of unavoidable ignorance. As the opportunity to
amass information grows larger, the obligation to make accurate predictions - the right
decisions - becomes more onerous. Instead of consoling ourselves that we're doing as
good a job as we can, we are tormented by the knowledge that the world of information
is limidess.

For executives near the top of the office pyramid, the benefits of the electronic
revolution - like telecommuting and flexible scheduling - may outweigh the
disadvantages of being continuously on call. But in Workplace 2000, authors Joseph
Boyett and Henry Conn describe a future in which millions of people now charged with
analyzing information and making routine decisions will be replaced by less skilled
workers using 'intelligent' software to make decisions for them. They predict that a cult
of performance excellence will engulf most businesses.

The millions of people on the bottom levels of electronic hierarchies are increasingly
likely to spend heir days in an isolated no-man's land, subservient to intelligent
information systems that report their progress to unseen supervisors far away. Because
computers measure quantity quality, such systems tend to reward employees who work
faster more than those who work better.

Service people on the telephone or at a cash register curtly terminate attempts at idle
conversation because their performance is being electronically monitored. Once judged
on their ability to troubleshoot unexpected situations, they're now evaluated by the
number of transactions they complete in a shift or the number of keystroke required to
draft a sweatshops', the computers are running the people, not the other way around

."I think people are going to feel an increased fragmentation of self. They won't be able
to hold the pieces together,' human resources consultant Philip Nicholson says. "How
do you keep a coherent space if you're going in and out of spaces that don't exist?' He
likens the psychic numbing of electronic information overload to symptoms of post­
traumatic stress syndrome (a mental disorder following a horrific event). In office 'wars',
people become overwhelmed by the sheer amount of information available, internalize
the diversity of the world outside, and fear losing com own lives

If we are to survive the challenges of information-driven, hardwired offices, says

Nicholson, we need to provide psychological support systems. As no one has yet
measured the social cost of the workplace revolution, some psychologists are mobilizing
efforts to pool information as it is derived. Nicholson started the Technostress
International Information Network in Massachusetts to foster an exchange of data and
ideas on the effects of computerization and information technology Meanwhile, Brod
wants to examine the parallels between electronic work environments and sealed- cabin
ecologies' like space capsules or submarines, both totally automated artificial worlds in
which people live in highly confined circumstances surrounded by technology that
dictates the tenor of their days as well as their survival. He is petitioning other
psychologists to convince the American Psychological Association to form a specialized
study group
In addition, Brod suggests that we re-examine our value systems and that we make
greater allowances for privacy in order to circumvent potential revolts against
technology. We need to coevolve with technology,' he says. "These are wonderful tools,
but if we exploit them without imposing appropriate values on their use, they become
alienating and dangerous.'

Questions 27 - 29
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

B
27 The speed of technological changes
28 A dependency on technology and computers C
29 A deterioration in personal service E

A requires more detailed study by psychologists.

B means people bave no time to challenge the
significance of the new technology.
C may reduce inventiveness and innovation.
D suggests computers will take over the workplace.
E results from increased electronic supervision.

Questions 30 - 35
Look at the following statements (Questions 30-35) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person or people, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 30-35 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

30 Technology has placed greater expectations on workers not to make mistakes. B
31 People will need time away from technology to reduce the frustrations caused by it. A
32 Interacting with others at work contributes to creative thinking. A

33 The psychological effect of working with technology is similar to the anxiety felt D
 after surviving a major ordeal.
34 Technology will ultimately increase unemployment for more highly qualified C

personnel.
35 More counselling is required to help people cope with the demands of the D

modern workplace.

List of People
A Craig Brod
B Daniel Dennett
C Joseph Boyett and Henry Conn
D Philip Nicholson

Questions 36 -40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

36 Our knowledge of the effects of technology on workers is still limited. TRUE

37 An early indicator of technological anxiety is a tendency to adopt machine-like TRUE

thinking.

38 We have now started to doubt our ability to perform well at work. TRUE

39 Top level managers may be more negatively affected by changes electronic FALSE
workplace than junior workers.

40 Employees who learn to use new technology quickly will get promoted. FALSE