Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Schools Division of Batangas
SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas

Definition of Research
Research
- the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of facts that links an individual’s speculation with reality
- systematic study of trend or event which involves careful collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of quantitative data or facts that relates man’s thinking with
reality
- systematic and refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments,
and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem than would
be possible

Importance of Research
- extension of knowledge and solution of problems
- improve various processes, whether educational, economic, social, political and
cultural through the refinement and extension of knowledge … improvement of lives

Purpose of Research
- principal goal of research:
• preservation and improvement of the quality of life
- specific purposes and goals of research:
• discover new facts of known phenomena
• find solutions to problems that are only partially solved
• improve or develop new products
• discover unrecognized substances or elements
• validate generalizations into systematic order
• provide basis for decision making in any undertaking
• satisfy the researcher’s curiosity
• acquire better and deeper understanding about one phenomenon to another
• verify existing knowledge
• improve educational practices by raising the quality of school products
• promote health and prolong life
• enhance man’s basic life

Characteristics of Research
▪ Empirical
✓ research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher
▪ Logical
✓ research is based on valid procedures and principles
▪ Cyclical
✓ research is a process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem
▪ Analytical
✓ research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data (whether
historical, descriptive, experimental and case study)

SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas
sanluis_shs@yahoo.com
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Schools Division of Batangas
SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas

✓ Four research designs: Descriptive, Experimental, Historical and Case Study

➢ Descriptive – focuses on present situation (most common among
graduate students)
➢ Experimental – focuses on the future (seldom applied by graduate
students as it is time consuming but is highly encouraged)
➢ Historical – data gathered focus in the past (least conducted by
researches)
➢ Case Study – focus on the past, present, and future (commonly
conducted by guidance counselors)
▪ Critical
✓ research exhibits careful and precise judgment
▪ Methodical
✓ research is conducted without bias using systematic method and procedure
▪ Replicability
✓ research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

Differences Between Research and Problem – solving

Research Problem – solving

there may not be a problem, only interest in there is always a problem to be solved
answering a question or query
research problem is more rigorous and a problem to be solved is less rigorous and
broader in scope less broad
the research problem is not necessarily the problem to be solved has to be defined
defined specifically specifically and identified definitely
all research is intended to solve some kind problem – solving does not always involve
of problem, but this is not the primary aim research
research is conducted not primarily to solve problem – solving is always intended to
a problem but to make a contribution to solve a problem
general knowledge
research is concerned with broad problems, problem – solving is concerned with a
recurrent phenomena, and wide application specific problem and once the problem is
through generalization solved that is the end of it

Qualities of a Good Researcher

➢ Research Oriented ➢ Resourceful
➢ Efficient ➢ Creative
➢ Scientific ➢ Honest
➢ Effective ➢ Economical
➢ Active ➢ Religious

SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas
sanluis_shs@yahoo.com
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Schools Division of Batangas
SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas

Characteristics of a Researcher
1. Intellectual Curiosity
- a researcher undertakes reflective thinking, raises questions to find answer, and
continues to read the related literature. As problem becomes clear he formulates and
tests hypothesis which may be accepted or rejected. The result of hypothesis depends
on the analysis of data he gathers. Intellectual curiosity serves us well. It stimulates
our brains, exercise our research skills, and can even make you a smart and interesting
person.
2. Prudence
- researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and the right place
wisely, efficiently, and economically
- a researcher uses 7 Ms (Manpower, Money, Materials, Method, Machinery, Moment
of Time, and Marketing) effectively and economically.
3. Healthy Criticism
- researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results
4. Intellectual Honesty
- a researcher’s success and failure depend on his honest collection of data and its
interpretation
- an intelligent researcher is honest in collecting or gathering data in order to arrive at
honest result
5. Intellectual Creativity
- a researcher is productive and a resourceful investigator, always creates a new
researches. Enjoys inventing unique, original researches and considered it as a hobby.
Basically, a creative researcher is innovative.

Approaches to Research
1. Scientific or Positive Approach
- discover and measure information as well as observe and control variables in a
impersonal manner
- gives stress to measurable and observable facts instead on personal views, feelings
or attitudes
- data gathering techniques appropriate for this approach are structured interviews,
questionnaires, and observational checklists; data are expressed through numbers
2. Naturalistic Approach
- uses words to express data
- deals with qualitative data
- happens in a natural setting
3. Triangulation Approach
- combines two approaches, the scientific and naturalistic approach
- one is free to gather and analyze data using multiple methods.

SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas
sanluis_shs@yahoo.com
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Schools Division of Batangas
SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas

Types of Research
1. Based on Application of Research Method
• Pure Research - contains facts, principles, concepts, theories. It aims to increase
your research about something.
• Applied Research – contains solution to a certain problem.
2. Based on Purpose of the Research
• Descriptive Research - aims at defying or giving a verbal portrayal of a person,
thing, event, group, situation, etc.
• Correlational Research - shows relationship of two factors, circumstances. or
agents called variables that affect the research.
• Explanatory Research - elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind the
relationship of two factors, but also the ways by which such relationship exists.
• Exploratory Research - discover ideas that could trigger your interest.
• Action Research - studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization,
community or institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring
improvements in the system.
3. Based on Types of Data Needed
• Qualitative Research - requires non-numerical data. It uses words to express the
results, investigation about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and
lifestyles regarding the study.
• Quantitative Research - involves measurement of data. It presents research
findings, referring to the number or frequency of something in numerical forms.

The type of Data you deal with are either:

o Primary Data - obtained through direct observation with people, objects, etc.
o Secondary Data - have already been written about or reported on and are available
for reading purposes.

SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas
sanluis_shs@yahoo.com
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Schools Division of Batangas
SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas

Identifying the Problem and Asking the Question

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background
▪ Contents:
➢ Introduction (Background of the Problem)
➢ Theoretical Framework / Conceptual Framework
➢ Statement of the Problem
➢ Hypothesis of the Study
➢ Significance of the Study
➢ Scope and Delimitation of the Study
➢ Definition of Terms

The Scientific Method of Investigation

(Simplified Steps or Guidelines in the Research Process)
• define the problem
• formulate a hypothesis
• review of related literature
• develop a research design
• collect the data
• analyze the data
• draw conclusions

Research Problem
- must be stated vividly and explicitly expressed in interrogative form

Five Factors to Consider in Determining if a Problem is Researchable or Not:

the problem is existing in the locality or country but no known solution to the problem;
the solution can be answered by using statistical methods and techniques;
there are probable solutions but they are not yet tested;
the occurrence of phenomena requires scientific investigation to arrive at precise
solution;
serious needs or problems of the people where it demands research;

Characteristics of a Research Problem

❖ S M A R T (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time Bound)
o Specific - problem should be specifically stated
o Measurable – easy to measure by using research instruments, apparatus, or
equipment
o Achievable – data are achievable using correct statistical tools to arrive at
precise results
o Realistic – real results are attained because they are gathered scientifically and
not manipulated or maneuvered
o Time Bound – time frame is required in every activity because the shorter
completion of the activity, the better

SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas
sanluis_shs@yahoo.com
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Schools Division of Batangas
SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas

Example of a Research Problem: “Correlation Between Job – Related Problems and Job
Performance of Staff Nurses in Private and Government Hospitals in the City and Province of
Iloilo, Philippines”

The Hypothesis
- wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts
covered by the study
- guides the researcher in that it describes the procedure to follow in conducting the
study
- Importance of Hypothesis: tells the researcher what to do and how to go about solving
a research problem
- Types of Hypothesis: null hypothesis (𝐻0 ) and alternative hypothesis (𝐻1 ) (stated in
declarative sentence and are always based from the specific problems or objectives)

Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝟎 )

➢ denial of an existence of a trait, characteristic, quality, value, correlation or difference
of the result
➢ always stated in negative form
➢ Example:
Specific Problem: Is there a correlation between job – related problems and
performance as perceived by staff nurses in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines?
Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝟎 ): There is no correlation between job – related problems and job
performance of staff nurses in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines.

Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝟏 )

➢ affirmation of the existence of phenomena
➢ always stated in the positive form and is the opposite of null hypothesis
➢ Example:
Specific Problem: Is there a significant difference on the educational qualification and
socioeconomic status of professors in state universities and colleges in the
Philippines?
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference on the educational
qualification and socioeconomic status of professors in state universities and colleges

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Theoretical Framework
- shapes the justification of the research problem in order to provide the legal basis for
defining its parameters
- symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and their
relations that explain and predict how an observed phenomenon exists and operates
***A researcher is required to formulate existing theories which link the study because theories
are useful devise for interpreting, criticizing, and unifying established scientific laws or facts
that serve as guide in discovering new generalizations.

SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas
sanluis_shs@yahoo.com
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Schools Division of Batangas
SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas

Conceptual Framework
- presents specific and well – defined concepts which are called constructs
- its function is similar to theoretical framework because the constructs used are derived
from abstract concepts of the theoretical framework

Significance of the Study

- presented either in the inductive or deductive perspective
- The researcher should prove that the study has important contributions in relation
to:
➢ solving the problem and need
➢ bridging a knowledge gap
➢ improving social, economic and health conditions
➢ enriching research instruments, methods and strategies
➢ supporting government thrusts

Scope and Limitations of the Study

- includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the research apparatus,
equipment or instrument, the research issues and concerns, the duration of the study,
and the constraints that have direct bearing on the result of the study

Definition of Terms
- key terms are defined clearly
- do not include this portion if there are more than 15 terms to be defined, use the
glossary instead of this
- Two Ways of Defining the Key Terms Used in the Study:
➢ Conceptual Definition - definition of terms are based on concepts or hypothetic
ones which are usually taken from dictionary, encyclopedia, and published
journals
➢ Operational Definition - definition of terms are based on observable
characteristics and how it is used in the study
*** It is advisable that the researcher should use two ways in defining the terms to make the
meaning clear. The operational definition is preferable when defining technical terms.

SAN LUIS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Calumpang West, San Luis, Batangas
sanluis_shs@yahoo.com